Running Head: 3D ULTRASOUND 1

3D ultrasound imaging in obstetric and gynecological applications

Student’s Name

Professor’s Name

Date:

20-4-2017
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Abstract:

Ultrasound is widely used in the field of medical since 50 years, and ultrasound recognized

as non-radiative, less expensive imaging modality and non-invasive. In medical nowadays

three dimensional imaging is widely used by doctors and physicians in clinical settings.

This study makes definitive diagnosis of almost 80 percent defect and anomalies with 2D

ultrasound. And the use of 3D ultrasound technique improved the percentage of diagnosis

up to 94 percent. They will experience not very good standard of life due to spinal and

nerve cord dysfunction. In some cases malformations were diagnosed correctly by 3D and

2D techniques but still 3D provides better quality diagnosis. The conditions are fatal for

mother and associated with extensive bleeding and require full care and monitoring during

pregnancy. Polydactyly is a condition which deals with too many and too few fingers or is

a common defect in extremities created by genetic mutation. Our report puts light on

development of ultrasound, its practical applications in the field of medical and its methods

of functioning in fatal obstetrics and embryology.

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Contents
Introduction: .......................................................................................................................................4
3D printing in medical field: ................................................................................................................4
A brief history of ultrasound: ..............................................................................................................5
Imaging techniques from 2D to 3D: ....................................................................................................5
Printing: ...........................................................................................................................................6
Post-processing: ..............................................................................................................................6
Verification and process validation: ...............................................................................................6
Testing:............................................................................................................................................6
Miniature and Relatively Simple .................................................................................................6
Accuracy Issue .............................................................................................................................7
Sustaining Metabolic Function....................................................................................................7
Patient’s informed about device:........................................................................................................7
Building case for 3D ultrasound: .........................................................................................................8
Common Congenital Anomalies: ........................................................................................................8
Conclusion: ........................................................................................................................................10
Reference: .........................................................................................................................................11
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Introduction:

The term Ultrasound is referred to the medical sonography, this technique is used

to diagnose different problems and diseases in the human body. It is stated that in physic,

the term ultrasound refers to the acoustic energy that is outside of the human hearing range.

Medial sonogrphic scanner operates with the new and unique relationship between the

depth and resolution which operates between the 2 to eighteen megahertz (Dietz, 2004).

The FDA develop the regulatory framework through which the medical centers

only uses the 3D printed devices. The framework of the 3D printing allows the designers to

make changes easily without to setup the additional tools and equipment. Regulatory

concerns are the issues in the implementation of 3D medical applications. The requirement

on the larger scale can cause the hurdle as well as regulatory barriers to continuing the

same application in future.

3D printing in medical field:

3D bioengineering in the medical field is a useful application which is facilitating

many of patients who are suffering from by birth disorder, any accidental loss or any other

incident (Peltola, Melchels, Grijpma, & Kellomäki, 2008). As a thickness of new organ

exceeds from150-200 micrometers, then diffusion of oxygen between transplanted tissue

and host tissue become limited.

To reduce the oxygen diffusion issue needs the precision in a building of new tissue

which is not yet achieved. The material that is used in the manufacturing process contains

the high-quality material because it can meet all the requirements of the specification to

build the consistent quality of good and services. The procedure that is used to fulfill the
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requirement that is used to test the material and this will establish the agreement in the end

users, suppliers and purchasers.

A brief history of ultrasound:

The first commercial ultrasonic locators was introduced in 1950, by general

precisions. He was first person who studied the gallstones in the muscle tissues in the human

body. Improved Quality and care experienced by patients through 3D printed implants and

prosthetic. This feature was never seen before. Tissue engineering for building of tissues and

organs with inkjet technologies (Merz, Weber, Bahlmann, & Miric‐Tesanic, 1997).

Imaging techniques from 2D to 3D:

The 2D ultrasound is based in the high frequency reflection of the sound waves by the

muscles and bones. The hollow structure and the soft tissues in the human body cannot

appear in the print it will appear as the dark in the image. The sound waves are generally

reflect in re sound waves which is shown in the human body and it will regulate the body

of the humans. The 3D ultrasound was famous in the European journal of the ultrasound in

1994, this technique is used for the different steps such as

 Visualization

 Scanning

 Reconstruction

There are four different techniques for scanning such as

 2D array

 Free-hand with the position sensing

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 Free-hand without sensing

 Mechanical

The different 2D and 3D apparatus is used to manage all the ultrasound of the system that

is used to maintain all the activities of the clients. The reconstruction that is feature based

is

Printing:

The file of the design is present in the objects with the specification.

Post-processing:

When the post processing is completed the users can measure the efficiency of the

3D printing through the device and its component.

Verification and process validation:

The characteristics of the devices can be checked individually and it is used to

make sure that all the functions are working accurately or not.

Testing:

All the devices are tested by the FDA and they can prove the devices after testing

it. If the reduce can easily meet of all the requirements of the FDA it is said that the device

is accurate as well it provides the efficient and effective results.

Miniature and Relatively Simple

Organs which are developed with 3D printing are relatively simple and having

problem where there is any curvy shape. New organs are usually avascular,
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aneural, alymphatic, thin, or hollow, and are nourished by the diffusion from host

vasculature from which it is cultured.

Accuracy Issue

To reduce the oxygen diffusion issue needs the precision in building of new tissue

which is not yet achieved.

Sustaining Metabolic Function

Most of the organs have thick and complex structure and on reengineering the

organs needs accuracy enough to sustain the metabolic functions but due to large and

complex structure can be a hurdle. Collecting data from different sources it was

demonstrated that detection of anomalies was 20 percent greater with 3D ultrasound.

There seems no difference between modalities of ultrasound for the surface of body

and it reflects the reality that diagnosing these defects by utero can be extremely

challenging (Hinkson, Weichert, Armbrust, & Kalache, 2016).

Patient’s informed about device:

With the advanced in the technology the 3D ultrasound printing technology has introduced

in the medical field. The patients know about the use of the 3D printers in their treatment.

The physician can make the 3D ultrasound printing model for the liability system. The

educated patients know about the 3D ultrasound printing, and they can better coordinate

with the surgeons in the complex procedures. The physician can recommend the device

according to the tort liability that is most important factor in the 3D ultrasound printing

system. As per human nature of getting excellence, there is greed to get the best. People
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have been taking the support of plastic surgery to look better or like they want. And this

method goes for natural grow of cells by host cells of a patient.

Building case for 3D ultrasound:

The 2D ultrasounds is conventionally as the physician left the patiently integrate

the multiple 2D images to understand the 3D structures. Anencephaly is also a disorder

caused by infants in syndromes in which infants starting reproducing without a forebrain.

If still birth or spontaneous abortion does not occur then death may occurs instantly during

delivery.

Common Congenital Anomalies:

Embryology suggests the incidence defect during birth approximately 5 percent.

Common congenital anomalies have been classified in four types for the purpose of this

paper. The extremities of body, spine, body surface and face. Due to the development of

3D ultrasounds the detection of various anomalies in these four groups improved up to

large extent. Tumors, conjoined twins, placental defects and edema are different anomalies

of the surface of body. These different conditions are vary according to severity and are

very difficult to diagnose and detect (Pieris, Dias, Palihawadana, & de Silva, 2016).

Teratomas is also the cause of unregulated division of cells especially pluripotent

stem. Sacrococcogeal appear at the bottom of tailbone in form of teratomas and is among

the most severe type of tumor among newbies. Teratomas can also obstruct regular passage

of fluids from different surrounding organs. Placental Previa and placental abruption are
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the types of placental defects. Placental lining impedes the cervix and separates it from

uterus.

These conditions are fatal for mother and associated with extensive bleeding and

require full care and monitoring during pregnancy. Polydactyly is a condition which deals

with too many and too few fingers or is a common defect in extremities created by genetic

mutation. It can also affect as a part of defects in cluster related to induced-teratogen

syndromes. Induced-teratogen syndrome is fatal alcohol syndrome and Accutane exposure.

Other defects related to extremities includes growth stunted osteogenesis foot club and

imperfecta.

This group of defects is not concentrated life threatening and it may occur in 3 live

births per 100 and it has higher incidence in males. Spina bifida is that condition in which

the neural line tube does not get properly closed. Only the surgeries can correct the

openings it also affect individuals. They will experience not very good standard of life due

to spinal and nerve cord dysfunction. Some of the fetuses with that condition will

spontaneously abort.

Recent research by Pooh, Merce, Kurjak, Andonotope and Salihage suggested that

condition may diagnose with 3D ultrasound during 9 weeks gestation. With the neural tube

defect many other defects can also be diagnosed with 3D like scoliosis and neural tube

defects. Maternal retinoid intake and cigarette smoking like other environmental influences

may interact with genetics to cause cleft palate and cleft lip.

Hydrocephalus is also caused by fluid cerebrospinal and by accumulation to

manifest in large head abnormally. This defect may occur in one of every 100 live child
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births and it seems to be more viral then down syndrome. Anencephaly is also a disorder

caused by infants in syndromes in which infants starting reproducing without a forebrain.

If still birth or spontaneous abortion does not occur then death may occurs instantly during

delivery. Extrapolating 20 percent improvement in exact diagnosis suggests a cascade of

public health benefits associated with improved prenatal care and early detection of

defects.

Collecting data from different sources it was demonstrated that detection of

anomalies was 20 percent greater with 3D ultrasound. There seems no difference between

modalities of ultrasound for the surface of body and it reflects the reality that diagnosing

these defects by utero can be extremely challenging. This study also reveals conjoined

twins, rare abnormalities and those abnormalities can be easily detected by ultrasound.

Spinal defects also be detected with ultrasound but only with low size of sample data in

initial analysis.

Conclusion:

As the medical field and medicines are evolving day by day and thus imaging

techniques are also improving to overcome the challenges facing by modern medical

science. The three dimensional ultrasound technique gives accurate representation of

improved visualization capacity and internal structures. By integrating traditional 3D

ultrasound and 2D imaging techniques medicine experts improve the statistical diagnosis

and probability of defects. Congenital anomalies can also be detected by implementing

prenatal care regiments and physicians substantial latitude in formulating and hence it will

improve public health.

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Reference:

Dietz, H. (2004). Ultrasound imaging of the pelvic floor. Part II: three‐dimensional or
volume imaging. Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology, 23(6), 615-625.
Hinkson, L., Weichert, A., Armbrust, R., & Kalache, K. (2016). Three-dimensional
Ultrasound in the Second Stage of Labour. Advanced Topics on Three-Dimensional
Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 215.
Merz, E., Weber, G., Bahlmann, F., & Miric‐Tesanic, D. (1997). Application of
transvaginal and abdominal three‐dimensional ultrasound for the detection or
exclusion of malformations of the fetal face. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and
Gynecology, 9(4), 237-243.
Peltola, S. M., Melchels, F. P., Grijpma, D. W., & Kellomäki, M. (2008). A review of
rapid prototyping techniques for tissue engineering purposes. Annals of medicine,
40(4), 268-280.
Pieris, V., Dias, T., Palihawadana, T., & de Silva, J. (2016). Study on age-ralated variation
in ovarian volume and proportion of endometrial thickness abnormalities in women
of advanced and post-reproductive age.