Country Capital City

Argentina Buenos Aires

Bolivia Sucre

Brazil Brasília

Chile Santiago

Colombia Bogotá

Ecuador Quito

Guyana Georgetown

Paraguay Asunción

Peru Lima

Suriname Paramaribo

Uruguay Montevideo

Venezuela Caracas
South America Countries & Capitals

Freedom or Death. Flag at Cabo Polonio, Uruguay

The continent of South America has a total of twelve independent countries. In

alphabetical order they are:Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile,Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana,
Paraguay, Peru, Suriname,Uruguay and Venezuela.
Map of South America
Capital cities of each country are in parenthesis (and outlined in the chart below):
Argentina (Buenos Aires), Bolivia (Sucre), Brazil (Brasília), Chile (Santiago), Colombia
(Bogotá), Ecuador (Quito), Guyana (Georgetown), Paraguay (Asunción), Peru (Lima),
Suriname (Paramaribo), Uruguay (Montevideo) and Venezuela (Caracas).

History of South America

The history of South America is the study of the past, particularly the written record, oral histories,
and traditions, passed down from generation to generation on the continent of South America. South
America has a history that has a wide range of human cultural and civilizational forms. While
millennia of independent development were interrupted by the Portugueseand Spanish colonization
drive of the late 15th century and the demographic collapse that followed, the continent's mestizoand
indigenous cultures remain quite distinct from those of their colonizers. Through the trans-
Atlantic slave trade, South America (especially Brazil) became the home of millions of people in
the African diaspora. The mixing of races led to new social structures. The tensions between colonial
countries in Europe, indigenous peoples and escaped slaves shaped South America from the 16th
through the 19th centuries. With the revolution for independence from the Spanish crown during the
19th century, South America underwent yet more social and political changes among them nation
building projects, European immigration waves, increased trade, colonization of hinterlands, and
wars about territory ownership and power balance, the reorganization of Indian rights and duties,
liberal-conservative conflicts among the ruling class, and the subjugation of Indians living in the
states' frontiers, that lasted until the early 1900s.

Prehistory
In the Paleozoic era, South America and Africa were connected. By the end of the Mesozoic, South
America was a massive, biologically rich island. Over millions of years, the type of life living in South
America became radically different than that of the rest of the world.[citation needed]

Later on, South America connected with North America. This caused several migrations of
tougher, North American mammal carnivores. The result was that hundreds of South American
species became extinct. However, some species were able to adapt and spread into North America.
These species include the giant sloths and the terror

Pre-Columbian era
Agriculture and domestication of animals[edit]
The Americas are thought to have been first inhabited by people crossing the Bering Land
Bridge from Asia, which is now the Bering Strait. Over the course of millennia, people spread to all
parts of the continent.[citation needed]

The first evidence for the existence of agricultural practices in South America dates back to circa
6500 BCE, when potatoes, chilies and beans began to be cultivated for food in the Amazon Basin.
Pottery evidence further suggests that manioc, which remains a staple foodstuff today, was being
cultivated as early as 2000 BCE.[1]

South American cultures began domesticating llamas and alpacas in the highlands of the Andes
circa 3500 BCE. These animals were used for both transportation and meat.[1]Guinea pigs were also
domesticated as a food source at this time.[2]

By 2000 BCE, many agrarian village communities had been settled throughout the Andes and the
surrounding regions. Fishing became a widespread practice along the coast which helped to
establish fish as a primary source of food. Irrigation systems were also developed at this time, which
aided in the rise of an agrarian society.[1] The food crops were quinoa, corn, lima beans, common
beans, peanuts, manioc, sweet potatoes, potatoes, oca and squashes.[3] Cotton was also grown and
was particularly important as the only major fiber crop.[1]
The earliest permanent settlement as proved by ceramic dating dates to 3500 BC by the Valdivia on
the coast of Ecuador. Other groups also formed permanent settlements. Among those groups were
the Chibchas (or "Muiscas" or "Muyscas") and the Tairona, of Colombia, the cañari of Ecuador, the
Quechuas of Peru, and the Aymaras of Bolivia were the 3 most important sedentary Indian groups in
South America. In the last two thousand years there may have been contact with Polynesians across
the South Pacific Ocean, as shown by the spread of the sweet potato through some areas of the
Pacific, but there is no genetic legacy of human contact.[4]

Cañaris[edit]
The Cañaris were the indigenous natives of today's Ecuadorian provinces of Cañar and Azuay. They
were an elaborate civilization with advanced architecture and religious belief. Most of their remains
were either burned or destroyed from attacks by the Inca and later the Spaniards. Their old city
"Guapondelig", was replaced twice, first by the Incan city of Tomipamba, and later by the Colonial
city ofCuenca.[5] The city was also believed to be the site of El Dorado, the city of gold from the
mythology of Colombia. The Cañaris were most notable to have repelled the Incan invasion with
fierce resistance for many years until they fell to Tupac Yupanqui. It is said that the Inca strategically
married the cañari princes Paccha to conquer the Cañaris. Many of their descendants are still
present in Cañar with a reasonable amount not having mixed and have been reserved from
becoming mestizos.[citation needed]

Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_America

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_America

http://www.realhistoryww.com/world_history/ancient/South_America.htm
Central America

Central America Description

Central America, a part of North America, is a tropical isthmus that connects North America to South
America. It includes (7) countries and many small offshore islands.
Overall, the land is fertile and rugged, and dominated through its heart by a string of volcanic mountain
ranges that are punctuated by a few active and dangerous volcanos.
Positioned in the planet's northern and western hemispheres the Central America isthmus is bordered in the
northwest by the country of Mexico, and in the southeast by the country of Colombia. In addition, it's bordered
by the Caribbean Sea, Pacific Ocean, and numerous bays, gulfs and inlets.
 This page was last modi

10 Most Famous Natural Landmarks In South America

NATURE

We comprised a list of the 10 most famous and must-see natural landmarks in South America.
These locations are spread all over the continent, each has it’s own characteristics and unique
features that got it to the list, but they all have in common the natural beauty, amazing
phenomenons, and breathtaking unforgettable views that will last you a lifetime

1. Iguazu Falls, Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay – These falls are located on the border
of Argentina and Brazil and are one of the new 7 wonders of the world. Its brink spanning a distance
of 2 km and an average flow of 1.3 million liters per second. The Iguazu Falls are consisted of about
275 individual waterfalls and cascades
Most Famous Natural Landmarks In South America: Iguazu Falls

2. Perito Moreno Glacier, Argentina – Located 48 miles from the town of El Calafate. The Perito
Moreno Glacier is a huge tourists attraction, most of which arrive to El Calafate to the soul purpose
of visiting this Glacier. The tourists can view the glacier from a small boat on Lake Argentino, or from
three viewing areas on land. Lucky visitors witness huge chunks of ice breaking from the glacier and
plummeting into Lake Argentino. The more adventurous can go on a walk on the glacier, or a
helicopter flight. The Perito Moreno is 30 km (19 mi) in length
Most Famous Natural Landmarks In South America: Perito Moreno Glacier
3. The Salt Flats (Salar de Uyuni), Bolivia – the world’s largest salt flat at 10,582 km2 (4,086 sq
mi). It is located in southwest Bolivia, at an elevation of 3,656 meters (11,995 ft) above mean sea
level. The consistent white landscape and lack of reference points cause the sense of perspective to
be undermined. The lack of perspective can baffle visitors, but at the same time enable them to take
funny pictures to send home

Most Famous Natural Landmarks In South America: The Salt Flats (Salar de Uyuni)
Playing with perspective at the Salt Flats, Bolivia (source: Ricampelo)

4. Torres del Paine, Chile – The Torres del Paine National Park is located in southern Chilean
Patagonia. It consists of mountains, glaciers, lakes, and rivers, with the Cordillera del Paine small
mountain group being the heart of the park. The most famous and most spectacular summits in this
group are the three Towers of Paine, after which the entire park is called. The Towers of Paine are
gigantic granite monoliths ranging in sizes from 2260 m to 2500 m (7414 – 8202 ft)
Most Famous Natural Landmarks In South America: Torres del Paine

5. Amazon Rainforest, Brazil and 8 other countries – A moist broadleaf rainforest that covers
5,500,000 square km (2,100,000 sq mi). This region is located within 9 nations: 60% of the area is in
Brazil, and the rest is in Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname and
French Guiana. The Amazon represents over half of the planet’s remaining rainforests, and it
comprises the largest and most species-rich tract of tropical rainforest in the world
Most Famous Natural Landmarks In South America: Amazon Rainforest

6. Galapagos Islands, Ecuador – Not located on continental South America, but considered part of
it, the Galapagos Islands are an archipelago of volcanic islands in the Pacific Ocean, 926 km
(575 mi) west of Ecuador. The Galápagos Islands and their surrounding waters are a national
park and a biological marine reserve. The islands are world famous for their vast number of endemic
species and were studied by Charles Darwin. Darwin’s observations helped to form
his theory of evolution by natural selection
Most Famous Natural Landmarks In South America: Galapagos Islands (source: Alvaro Sevilla Design)

7. Mount Fitz Roy, Argentina – Also known as Monte Fitz Roy or Cerro Fitz Roy, this mountain is
located near El Chaltén village, in the Southern Patagonian Ice Field. The mountain area is very
popular for hiking among tourists who arrive to El Chalten for a day from the nearby city of El
Calafate, or for overnight stay. The mountain itself was first climbed in 1952, and remains among the
most technically challenging mountains on Earth for mountaineers
Most Famous Natural Landmarks In South America: Mount Fitz Roy

8. Mount Roraima, Venezuela, Brazil and Guyana – Mount Roraima is the highest of the
Pakaraima chain and has a huge 31 km2 summit area. On all sides of the summit there are cliffs
rising straight up for 400 metres (1,300 ft). The summit is at an elevation of 2,810 m (9,220 ft). The
mountain also serves as the triple border point of Venezuela (which holds most of it), Brazil and
Guyana
Most Famous Natural Landmarks In South America: Mount Roraima (source: Paulo Fassina)

9. Angel Falls, Venezuela – The world’s highest uninterrupted waterfall, with a height of 979 m
(3,212 ft) and a plunge of 807 m (2,648 ft). The falls are located inside the Canaima National Park
Most Famous Natural Landmarks In South America: Angel Falls

10. Lençóis Maranhenses National Park, Brazil – Located in northeastern Brazil, the Lençóis
Maranhenses National Park is a low, flat and occasionally flooded land, filled with large sand dunes.
It encompasses about 1,500 km2 (580 sq mi), and despite large amounts of rainfall, it has almost no
vegetation. The rains cause an amazing phenomenon where fresh water collects in the valleys
between the dunes, spotting the desert with blue and green lagoons. When the lagoons are at their
fullest, between July and September, they can interconnect and connect to rivers, allowing fish to
enter the lagoons
Most Famous Natural Landmarks In South America: Lençóis Maranhenses National Park
Lençóis Maranhenses National Park (source: Augusto Pessoa)

10 Most Famous Natural Landmarks In South America

NATURE

We comprised a list of the 10 most famous and must-see natural landmarks in South America.
These locations are spread all over the continent, each has it’s own characteristics and unique
features that got it to the list, but they all have in common the natural beauty, amazing
phenomenons, and breathtaking unforgettable views that will last you a lifetime

1. Iguazu Falls, Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay – These falls are located on the border
of Argentina and Brazil and are one of the new 7 wonders of the world. Its brink spanning a distance
of 2 km and an average flow of 1.3 million liters per second. The Iguazu Falls are consisted of about
275 individual waterfalls and cascades
Most Famous Natural Landmarks In South America: Iguazu Falls

2. Perito Moreno Glacier, Argentina – Located 48 miles from the town of El Calafate. The Perito
Moreno Glacier is a huge tourists attraction, most of which arrive to El Calafate to the soul purpose
of visiting this Glacier. The tourists can view the glacier from a small boat on Lake Argentino, or from
three viewing areas on land. Lucky visitors witness huge chunks of ice breaking from the glacier and
plummeting into Lake Argentino. The more adventurous can go on a walk on the glacier, or a
helicopter flight. The Perito Moreno is 30 km (19 mi) in length
Most Famous Natural Landmarks In South America: Perito Moreno Glacier
3. The Salt Flats (Salar de Uyuni), Bolivia – the world’s largest salt flat at 10,582 km2 (4,086 sq
mi). It is located in southwest Bolivia, at an elevation of 3,656 meters (11,995 ft) above mean sea
level. The consistent white landscape and lack of reference points cause the sense of perspective to
be undermined. The lack of perspective can baffle visitors, but at the same time enable them to take
funny pictures to send home

Most Famous Natural Landmarks In South America: The Salt Flats (Salar de Uyuni)
Playing with perspective at the Salt Flats, Bolivia (source: Ricampelo)

4. Torres del Paine, Chile – The Torres del Paine National Park is located in southern Chilean
Patagonia. It consists of mountains, glaciers, lakes, and rivers, with the Cordillera del Paine small
mountain group being the heart of the park. The most famous and most spectacular summits in this
group are the three Towers of Paine, after which the entire park is called. The Towers of Paine are
gigantic granite monoliths ranging in sizes from 2260 m to 2500 m (7414 – 8202 ft)
Most Famous Natural Landmarks In South America: Torres del Paine

5. Amazon Rainforest, Brazil and 8 other countries – A moist broadleaf rainforest that covers
5,500,000 square km (2,100,000 sq mi). This region is located within 9 nations: 60% of the area is in
Brazil, and the rest is in Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname and
French Guiana. The Amazon represents over half of the planet’s remaining rainforests, and it
comprises the largest and most species-rich tract of tropical rainforest in the world
Most Famous Natural Landmarks In South America: Amazon Rainforest

6. Galapagos Islands, Ecuador – Not located on continental South America, but considered part of
it, the Galapagos Islands are an archipelago of volcanic islands in the Pacific Ocean, 926 km
(575 mi) west of Ecuador. The Galápagos Islands and their surrounding waters are a national
park and a biological marine reserve. The islands are world famous for their vast number of endemic
species and were studied by Charles Darwin. Darwin’s observations helped to form
his theory of evolution by natural selection
Most Famous Natural Landmarks In South America: Galapagos Islands (source: Alvaro Sevilla Design)

7. Mount Fitz Roy, Argentina – Also known as Monte Fitz Roy or Cerro Fitz Roy, this mountain is
located near El Chaltén village, in the Southern Patagonian Ice Field. The mountain area is very
popular for hiking among tourists who arrive to El Chalten for a day from the nearby city of El
Calafate, or for overnight stay. The mountain itself was first climbed in 1952, and remains among the
most technically challenging mountains on Earth for mountaineers
Most Famous Natural Landmarks In South America: Mount Fitz Roy

8. Mount Roraima, Venezuela, Brazil and Guyana – Mount Roraima is the highest of the
Pakaraima chain and has a huge 31 km2 summit area. On all sides of the summit there are cliffs
rising straight up for 400 metres (1,300 ft). The summit is at an elevation of 2,810 m (9,220 ft). The
mountain also serves as the triple border point of Venezuela (which holds most of it), Brazil and
Guyana
Most Famous Natural Landmarks In South America: Mount Roraima (source: Paulo Fassina)

9. Angel Falls, Venezuela – The world’s highest uninterrupted waterfall, with a height of 979 m
(3,212 ft) and a plunge of 807 m (2,648 ft). The falls are located inside the Canaima National Park
Most Famous Natural Landmarks In South America: Angel Falls

10. Lençóis Maranhenses National Park, Brazil – Located in northeastern Brazil, the Lençóis
Maranhenses National Park is a low, flat and occasionally flooded land, filled with large sand dunes.
It encompasses about 1,500 km2 (580 sq mi), and despite large amounts of rainfall, it has almost no
vegetation. The rains cause an amazing phenomenon where fresh water collects in the valleys
between the dunes, spotting the desert with blue and green lagoons. When the lagoons are at their
fullest, between July and September, they can interconnect and connect to rivers, allowing fish to
enter the lagoons
Most Famous Natural Landmarks In South America: Lençóis Maranhenses National Park
Lençóis Maranhenses National Park (source: Augusto Pessoa)

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