1N4002
68 Vin
Part 1 Semiconductor 78xx
Devices
VoltageRegulators
Voltage Regulatorsand
Vreg = xx
LM317
outand Basic Applications
and +12 to 20V 22W
Power Supplies
in in out
Power Supplies
05, 06, 09, etc.
to 5V, 6V, 9V,
Cin grnd R1 adj 220Ω +
etc. 0.1µF
grnd
78xx
out
Cout
device
Lab05
Diode
rectifiers
and
IL =
dc
power
supplies
2K _
12V
age
It is important that
you age cal
and
choose and cord that
convert
convert
the right isitplugged
it into into a
a usable
transformer into
usable a wall
dc
dcyour socket
voltage.
voltage. and attached to a television, for example, is
There
are
two
approaches
to
forthis.
The
power
more
supply.
traditional
The approach
is
to
use
transformer’s secondary voltage connected
There
There are are
shouldtwo to
twoa rectifier
approaches
approaches
not be much circuit
tolarger to inside
this.this.
The
than the
The themore
more TV. Intraditional
addition,
traditional
output battery
volt- approachapproach chargers
is to is use to use for portable
a step-
a step-
a
step-‐down
down electronic t ransformer
transformer.devices beThe
a
suchnd
other a
as
l inear
cell r
phones
approach egulator.
isand to use T
laptop he
awill o ther
computers a
“switch-mode” pproach
contain i
power s
t o
rectifiersupply. circuits.
age of the regulator; otherwise,
down energy willThe
transformer. wasted
other because
approach theis toregulator
use be
a “switch-mode” power supply.
1
ThisThis
latter Figure
method 2.1 is a diagram of a dc power supply. The output voltage v is usually
use
latter
forced to dissipate heat. aHowever,
“switch-‐mode”
method at thehashas pall
same
all but but
ower
time, staken
taken upply
theover over
secondary
from from
(SMPS).
Fstep-down
voltage
step-down or
the
must transformers
ftransformers
ormer
not infigure
one,
tinhe
recent
recent years, Oyears,
andand
drop below700 is in
the the
reason rangeyour of 3 to
“wall-wart” 24 V depending
black plastic on
power the particular
toadapters electronics
have become application.
smaller
PRACTICAL
the required
below
is minimum
the ELECTRONICS
reason
is
Throughout
diagram
input
your FOR INVENTORS
voltage
“wall-wart”
and
efirst
of theblack
xample
regulator
ad
dplastic
of
this
(typically
power
c
power
2adapters3V
start
have
rom
become smaller andand
above its output voltage). lighter. They
the
also have
partadvantage
the
of chapter,
that they
wesupply
will
will
analyze
often
fand
work
a
step-‐down
design
without
various
modification
stagesorin
lighter. They Now also have
there theproblem
is one advantage withthatthis theysupply—it will often work without
is unregulated. This means modification
that or
transformer:
the power supply circuit.
switch
switch flipping
ifflipping
there are on
onanythethe higher
higher
sudden line
surges line voltages
voltages
within found
the found in voltage
in other
ac input otherpartsparts of the
of the
(spikes, world.
world.
dips, We’ll
etc.), We’ll
dis-dis-
ifier Packages cusscuss both both
these methods
variations
Power in will
methods in
thisthis
be chapter,
expressed
chapter, beginning
at the supply’s
beginning with with the
output
the step-down
(notice the
step-down transformer
spike
transformer that gets approach.
approach.
throughtransformer
in Fig. 11.1). Using an unregulated supply to run sensitive circuits (e.g.,
Three basic rectifier networks TheThe used trick
trick to
intopower converting
convertingsupplythe the
designsac ac line line
voltage
include voltage theinto into
half- a usable
a wave,
usable (typically
(typically lower-lower- level)
level) dc dc
+
digital IC circuits) is a bad idea. The current spikes can lead to improper+operating
voltage
voltagecharacteristics
full-wave, and bridge rectifiers, is
isshown to first
to firstinuse use
Fig. a transformer
a transformer to
toetc.) step
stepand down down the
the recti- ac voltage.
ac voltage. After that,
After that, the trans- the trans-
(e.g.,11.7.
false To understand
triggering, how may these
destroy the ICs in the process. An
formed
fiers work, see Chap. 4.formedunregulated AC voltage
voltage is supply is applied
applied through
through
also
Diode has a problem a rectifier
a rectifier network
network
maintaining Voltageato
to get rid
get ridoutput
constant of theof the negative
negative
voltage as swings swings
voltage Filter LOAD vO
(or(or positive
positive
the load
source
swings
swings
resistance ifrectifier
if you
full-wave rectifier
you areare
changes. Ifdesigning
designing a highlyaresistive a negative
negative (low-voltage
regulator voltage
current) supply).
supply).
load Once
is replaced Once the with the negative
negative
swings
swings aare are
lower- eliminated,
resistance (high-
eliminated, a filter
a filter current)
network network
load,is the is used
used to flatten
unregulated
to flatten outout
output the the
voltage rectified
rectified will signal
drop signal intointo
a a
(Ohm’s
– law). _
nearly
nearly flatflat (rippled)
(rippled) dcdc voltage
voltage pattern.
pattern. Figure
Figure 11.111.1 shows shows thethe process
process in action.
in action.
Fortunately, there is a special circuit that can be placed across the output of an
ac input
C filter R load
e rectifier unregulated supply to convert it into aVload
regulated supply—a supply that eliminates
reduced
reduced
2.1 ac ac voltage rectified
voltage of rectified
Diagram dc pulses
dc pulsespower supply. The circuits that characterize each block
Vload
Vripple Figure
the spikes and maintainsan electronic
a constant output voltage with load variations (see Fig. 11.2).
diagram are considered in this chapter.
This special circuit is called a voltage regulator.
C filter R load bridge rectifier
Rectification~ is
the process of converting f =120an Hz alternating (ac) voltage into one that
t t
f =60 Hz
voltage
voltage
spike
spike is limited to one polarity.
ac input
rectifier
rectifier
rectifier The diode is useful for this function high-
bypass filter used to eliminate because of its nonlin-
- + frequency noise generated by load
ear characteristics, that is, current exists for one voltage polarity, but is essentially
~ ~
C filter R load
filter
zero for the opposite~polarity. half-wave full-wave,
- ~+
ac Rectificationvoltage
filter
filter is classified as +
~ dc voltage or
spike gets gets
spike
line regulator
ac ac with half-wave being - - ++ the simpler and full-wave being
+ + more efficient.
~ dc dc voltage through
~voltage through
lineline ~ Vout
(regulated)
step-down ~~ C1 C2 Cn 0.1µF
Vout Vout
Vrms =120 V
f =60 Hz
2.1.1 transformer Half-Wave Rectification(unregulated)
C C C C C C (unregulated)
step-down
step-down 1 1 2 2 n n
VHalf-
Vrms =120 Vwave,
=120 V full-wave, and bridge rectifiers can be constructed entirely from indi-
rms transformer
transformer
f =60
vidual Hz
f =60 Hz FIGURE
diodes. However, Figure
both 2.2(a)and
full-wave shows a power
bridge transformer
rectifiers also comewith
in apreas-
diode and resistor connected to the
a. Use
a
transformer
to
step
down
the
ac
voltage.
11.2
secondary of the transformer. We will use the piecewise linear approach in analyzing
sembled packages (see Fig. 11.8).
FIGURE 11.1
b. Transformed
this circuit, vregulator
A voltageassumingoltage
through
the diodea
forward
is designed rtoectifier
network
automatically
resistance isto
adjust rthe get
rid
of
ofthe
amount current
f = 0 when the diode is “on.”
FIGURE 11.1
flowing through a load—so as to maintain a constant output voltage—by compar-
negative
The(or
input signal, vswings.
positive)
I , is, in general, a 120 V (rms), 60 Hz ac signal. Recall that the
ing the supply’s dc output with a fixed or programmed internal reference voltage. A
secondary voltage, v , and primary voltage, v I , ofamplifier,
an ideal atransformer
699699
are related by
S
c. Use
simple
a
filter
network
regulator to
fof
consists latten
out
the
a sampling rectified
circuit, an error signal
into
a
nearly
ele-
conduction flat
ment, v I and aNvoltage
1 reference element (see Fig. 11.3).
(rippled)
=
d c
v oltage
pattern.
(2.1)
vS N2
control element
d. Convert
the
ripple
voltage
into
a
stable,
regulated
dc
voltage
with
a
ndd699699 12/6/12 3:14 P3
12/6/12
voltage
1
Ideally,regulator
(such
the output voltage Iofaas
Zener
circuit
rectifier C
diode,
is aLdc
M78XX,
voltage.
I LM317,
asewe
tc.)
12/6/12
However, 3:14 PM
will see, there may be an
L
ac ripple voltage superimposed on a dc value. For this reason, we will use the notation v O as the instanta-
sampling circuit
IB
Vin Vout
error
The turns ratio should then be
N1 120
= Practical∼
= 16.3
Practical Electronics for Inventors, 3rd Edition / Paul Scherz / 133-6 / Chapter 3
N2 7.35 Electronics for Inventors, 3rd Edition / Paul Scherz / 133-6 / Chapter 3
For the center-tapped rectifier, the peak inverse voltage
PIV = v R (max) = 2v S (max) − Vγ = 2(9.7) − 0.7 = 1
Chapter 3: Basic Electronic Circuit Components 383
2. Center-‐tapped
transformer
For the bridge rectifier, the peak inverse voltage of a diode i
actical Electronics for Inventors, 3rd Edition / Paul Scherz / 133-6 / Chapter 11 PIV = v R (max) = v S (max) − Vγ = 10.4 − 0.7 = 9.7 V
Input
voltage:
ACV
0/110/220
EX
provide you with the voltages between the various tap points, usually specifying
CT as the center-tap voltage. Center taps provide flexibility in design and allow
varying outputs, which you implement by incorporating switches, for example.
Ex 2.2: Consider the bridge 11:
circuit shownRegulators
in Figure 2.6(a)
3. Rectifier
circuits
Chapter Voltage and P
We’ll see how a center-tap transformer is used to split incoming 240 VAC for the
main into two 120-VAC legs within the circuit breaker of your house, and we’ll also
v = V sin ωt . Assume a diode cut-in voltage of Vγ = 0.7
discover howS full-wave vO V
M center-tap rectifier circuits are used in building dc power
a. Half-‐wave
rectifiers
tion (percent) of time that the diode
supplies.
nea80644_ch02_067-124.qxd 06/08/2009 07:28 PM Page 72 F506 Tempwork:Dont' D is conducting for pea
Del
This figure shows a siR 1
Real Transformer VM = 12
of (a)Characteristics V and (b) V M = 4 V. (Ans. (a) 46.3% (b)
nal dc power supply38i
Most
inefficient.
Rarely
used
in
60-‐Hz
N N 1 2
A perfect or ideal transformer has a primary-to-secondary coupling coefficient of 1.
ext device. With no
+ both coils link with all the magnetic flux lines, so+that the voltage
This means that
+
rectification.
Considerable
use
in
con
induced per turn is the same for both coils. This also means that the induced adapter
volt- plug not
I Because ofS the advantages demonstrated acts toinswitch
Example 2.2
age per turn is
v the same for both primary and secondary
R coils. Ironv core transform-
O power v
high-‐frequency
switching
power
supplies
cuit is used more often than the center-tappedwhen transformer
external dc cip
– – – 0a
Both full-wave rectifier circuits adapter
discussed plug, the
(Figures sho
2.5
in
some
topologies.
72 Part 1 Semiconductor Devices and Basic Applications
tiveFIGURE
output voltage. As we will see in thefrom nextthe batterydiscu
chapter to th
11.11 (a)
b. Full-‐wave
center-‐tap
rectifiers
there are times when a negative dc voltage is also required. W
Figure 2.2 Half-wave rectifier (a) circuit and (b) voltage transfer
11.6 Technical
rectification by reversing thePoints directionAbout of the diodes Ripple in eithR
Good
for
high-‐current,
low-‐voltage
shows + the bridge + circuit with the diodes
+ reversed compared
Thewhere N1 and
direction vof N2Dare
S current
1 the number
is When
shown
R of primary
vusing
during
O
a the
supply and to
positive seconda
powe
half
applications,
as
there
is
only
one
diode
drop
voltageratio
vI
N /N
is1 now is
– called
2 negative with the transformer
output
respect – voltage turns
to ground ratio.
as small The
as pos
potential. trD
be designed to+ provide a particular secondary Slope ∼ –1
voltage,
– v , w
FIGURE 11.11 cycle of v S , the complementary diodes turn
5-V supply, the on and the in
variation dire
S ou
per
positive
half
cycle.
a particular output
vS voltage v .
the –load is the same, D2producing
V, ifanot
O negative output voltage. Th
11.6 Technical FIGURE 3.104 Points About Ripple –
ages are shown in Figure 2.7(b).
Reduction lower. In fact, digita
Problem-Solving Technique: Diode Circuits margin around critical logic–Vleg
c. Full-‐wave
bridge
rectifiers
When using a supply to
(a) power sensitive circuits,
icky when it comes it is essential
to outputt
output voltage In using as the
smallpiecewiseas linear model
possible. For of the
example, v diode, when thedriving
first o
N1 : N2 less than 1 percent to operate
Most
efficient.
Best
for
high-‐voltage
5-V supply, thethelinear region
variation vin output(conducting or
voltage not conducting)
should in which
+
03-ch03.indd 383
To do this,+ we can: D3 low?
Vg DYou use filterbe no more
capacitors
vS 12/6/12 2:57 PM
1 v
outputs.
V, if not lower. In fact, digital v logic circuits
–v O usually have
act toared m
RL Filter capacitors
S S
11.1 Voltage-Regulator
11.5 ICs
A Few Simple Power Supplies
There are a number of different kinds of voltage-regulator ICs on the market
Regulated +5-V Supplies
b. Linear
vtoday. Some of these devices are designed to output a fixed positive voltage, some
oltage
regulator
1.5A 1N5400 The first supply
are designed to output
fuse
a fixed negative voltage, and others
1N5400 are designed to be
black a center-tapped tr
Such
aadjustable.
s
LM78XX
series
LM317,
etc.
These
ICs
usually
have
a
in out former rated at
ac line 7805 +5V V at 1.2 to 3 A.
ripple-‐rejection
characteristic
white of
around
1N5400 65
dB
to
C180
dB.
Below
Ci2s
an
Vout voltage after re
(ground)
4700 µF grnd
green
0.1µF (regulated) cation resides at an
117 to 12.6V 35V
11.1.1 Fixed example
of
LM7805:
Regulator ICs 1.2 or 3A
50V
V peak pulse. The
transformer -
Positive voltage regulator positive voltage regulator One popular line of regulators includes capacitor (C1) smoo
the three-terminal LM78xx series shown the pulses, and
Vin 1.5A Vout here. The “xx” digits represent the out- 7805 outputs a r
(unregulated) fuse (regulated)
put voltage, e.g., 7805 (5 V), 7806 (6 V), lated +5 V. C2 is pl
78XX
in
78xx
out
+ xx V
~ 7808 (8 V), 7810 (10 V), 7812 (12 V), 7815 BF1509 across the outpu
(15 V), 7818 in V), and 7824
(18 out (24 V). These
ac line grnd - + 7805 +5V the regulator to by
devices
Offline can handle a maximum
Primary-side PWM+PFM+BURST output Power Switch
BYD Microelectronics Co., Ltd.
~ Controller Vout high-frequency n
current of 1.5 Agrnd if properly heat-sunk. To
C 1 remove
C 2 unwanted
C3 0.1µF (regulated) that might be ge
12.6V, 3A input or output spikes/
transformer noise, capacitors can be attached to the ated by the load.
Input Output
Ground General Description
C1 , C 2 , C3 = 1000
regulator’s output terminals,
input and Features
µF, 35V diode placed a
BF1509 is a high performance asoffline
shown in the figure. AMulti-mode
PWM+PFM+BURST popular series
Operation the 7805 helps prote
for Highest Overall Efficiency
Negative
voltage regulator FIGURE 11.9 power switch controller, which
regulator from damaging ofoperating
negative
reverse-in primary side regulator
voltage-
current surges±5% Constant
IC is the
generated Voltage/Current Regulation at
by the load. Such surges may r
sensing and regulation. It is used in low power AC/DC Universal AC Input
whenchargers
the power supply LM79xx
is turned regulators,
off. For where
example, “xx”the repre-
capacitance across the output may
c. Switch
regulator
negative voltage regulator
(or
SMPS)
charge more
operates
and adaptor applications and etc. The BF1509
slowly
in PFM than
in CC mode.
sent
In CV the
the negative
mode,capacitance
output
in order to achieve across
Built-in Soft-Start Circuit
voltage.
the input.
Programmable
These
Cable This would reverse-bias the regu
Drop Compensation
Vin
and could
Vout
damage
high efficiency, it operates
devices
it ininPFM
theat large
can handle
process. Theanddiode
load condition
a maximum
diverts the
Built-in Output
output
unwanted
Constant-current andcurrent away from the reg
Constant-voltage
SMPS
can
achieve
power-‐conversion
79XX (unregulated)
79xx tor. The
(regulated)
second
in PWM+PFM efficiencies
power
+ xx V at light/medium
current
supply
of 1.5 exceeding
is similar
load condition. BF1509A. will
A number
to the first 9ofbut
Control 0%
different
with uses a bridge
Primary-side Feedback rectifier.
in out operate in BURST mode at nomanufacturers
load condition to meetmake
low theirNoown kinds
pto-coupler of Required
and TL431
percent
(typically
1–10µF 50%
in
linear
0.01–0.1µ
C
grnd in power regulator)
C
avoltage
consumption. In addition,
F nd
the eliminating
BF1509
out has a built-in DC SometLow
regulators. he
hefty
ofStart-up
the regula-
Current (Max.5uA)
output cable drop compensation, tors
so itcan handle
is easy more
to achieve the current than
Built-in Short others.
Circuit Protection, VOUT Over Voltage
-264VAC
600mA
—5.25V
--800mA
0mW
11-ch11.indd 701 12/6/12 3:14 PM
70%
50mV
Datasheet TS-POM-PD-0035 Rev.A/1 Page 1 of 7
BF1509
Total shipments in 2011 about
10 million.
3
III. Experiment
Exp_1:
Measure
AC
voltage
of
transformer:
Measure the Vpp/2 between 6V-‐6V leads of the transformer with oscilloscope, and then
Build following three circuits with diode 1N4001 or 1N4002. Measure the Vpp, Vdc (with
1. Half-‐wave rectifiers
2. Full-‐wave
center-‐tap
rectifiers
Questions:
2. What will happen if we disconnect center tap in full-‐wave center-‐tap rectifiers? Why?
a. Please introduce the linear voltage regulator and ICs LM78XX, LM317.
4