MODULE 2

Electromagnetic Spectrum – chart showing the different electromagnetic waves.

7 regions of the EM spectrum (Radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-ray, gamma ray)

From Left to right – increasing energy and frequency meaning to say gamma ray has the greatest frequency and energy
while radio waves have the lowest frequency and energy

From left to right – decreasing wavelength meaning to say gamma ray has the shortest wavelength while radio waves
have the longest wavelength

The visible light is composed of the rainbow colors (RED, ORANGE, YELLOW, GREEN, BLUE, INDIGO, VIOLET). The color
with the longest wavelength is Red while the shortest one is Violet.

Applications of EM Spectrum

EM waves Applications
Radiowaves RADAR, TV and radio broadcasting
Microwaves microwave oven
Infrared Considered to be heat waves, used in remote
control
Visible Light Rainbow colors, we can see things around us
Ultraviolet Money detector
X-ray Used in detecting bone fractures
Gamma ray Used in cancer treatment because of its power

MODULE 3

Reflection – bouncing back of light rays.

Types of Reflection:

1. Regular – happens in flat/polished surfaces like mirror, metal spoon etc. There is a formation of image.
2. Irregular/Diffuse - happens in rough/bumpy surfaces like mirror, metal spoon etc. There is NO formation of
image. This is the reason why we can see things around us.

PLANE MIRROR TERMINOLOGIES

1. incident ray (labeled I in the diagram) - the ray of light approaching the mirror.
2. REFLECTED RAY (labeled R in the diagram). - The ray of light that leaves the mirror.
3. Normal line - line that is perpendicular to the surface of the mirror The normal line divides the angle between
the incident ray and the reflected ray into two equal angles.
4. angle of incidence - The angle between the incident ray and the normal line.
5. angle of reflection - is The angle between the reflected ray and the normal is line.
 LAW OF REFLECTION:
The law of reflection states that when a ray of light reflects off a surface, the angle of incidence is equal to the
angle of reflection.

CHARCATERISTICS OF IMAGE FORMED IN A PLANE MIRROR

1. SAME SIZE, COLOR, HEIGHT, WIDTH
2. LOCATED AS FAR AS BEHIND THE MIRROR
3. Erect/upright
4. Laterally reversed or left-right reversed
5. Virtual
Formula for determining the number of images formed
Number of images = 3600/angle between mirrors minus 1

TYPES OF CURVED MIRROR:

1. Concave – reflecting surface is curved inward, light rays meet at a certain point known as focus or focal point,
image formed is usually inverted, used in dentist’s and shaving mirror, the closer the object to the concave
mirror, the bigger the image.
2. Convex - reflecting surface is curved inward, image formed is always erect/upright hence virtual, used in side
mirros and mirrors in groceries to provide a wide field of vision.

CURVED MIRROR TERMINOLOGIES

Principal axis Center of Curvature Vertex

Focal Point Radius of Curvature Focal Length
1. principal axis. – HORIZONTAL LINE THAT DIVIDES THE MIRROR INTO 2.
2. Center of curvature – measured twice the focal length
3. Vertex – point of intersection between the mirror and the principal axis.
4. Focal point/Focus – where light rays converge in concave and where light rays seem to diverge in convex
5. Focal length – distance between the vertex and the focus/focal point.