CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Hasan Nyambe
 Cardiovascular System
• Heart
• Blood Vessels
• Circulation
– Pulmonary
– Systemic
– Hepatic Portal
 HEART (COR)
• Thoracic cavity
• Muscular organ
• “conus” shape
• Muscular Organ
• Double Pump
• Fist-Sized
• Weighs Less than a Pound
 Location in Thorax

• Largest organ in
thorax
• Lies posterior to
sternum and
costal cartilages
• Rests on
superior surface
of diaphragm
Location in Thorax
Position :
• Basis at cranial
• Apex at caudal
• 2/3 of it is on the left of
linea mediana

Axis of cordis :
• From basis to apex
• Tilted from craniodorsal to
caudoventral
 APEX CORDIS
• Part of ventriculus
sinister
• Place at :
- left 5th intercostal
space
- 9 cm from linea
mediana sinistra
 BASIS CORDIS

• cranially : right
craniodorsal direction
• Formed by :
- partialy by atrium
sinistra and dextra
- proximal part : Great
blood vessels
 Coverings - Pericardium
• 3 Layers
– Fibrous pericardium
• Outermost
• Connective tissue
• Holds heart in place
and prevents over-
filling
– Parietal pericardium
– Visceral pericardium
• Pericardial cavity
filled with serous
fluid
Layers of the Heart Wall
• 3 Layers
– Epicardium = visceral
pericardium
– Myocardium = heart
muscle
• Cardiac muscle tissue
– Endocardium =
endothelium resting on
layer of connective
tissue
• Lining
• Forms heart valves
• Adult Cor :
– Size : L = 12 cm, W = 8-9 cm, H
= 6 cm
– Weight : Male = 280-340 gr,
Female = 230-280 gr

• Triple Layer wall:

– Epicardium (outmost)
– Myocardium (middle)
– Endocardium (inner most)
 MORFOLOGY

• Base
• Sternocostal surface
• Sinister surface
• Diaphragm surface
 The Heart

Aortae
Vena cava superior Truncus pulmonalis

Auricula dextra Auricula sinistra

Atrium cordis
dextra

Ventriculus dextra Ventriculus sinistra

Vena cava inferior Apex cordis

 Chambers

 Four chambers
 Atria
 Receiving chambers
 Right atrium
 Left atrium
 Ventricles
 Discharging chambers
 Right ventricle
 Left ventricle

Slide 11.6
 Chambers of the Heart - Atria
• Right and Left
• Divided from each other by
interatrial septum
• Divided from ventricles by
coronary sulcus
• Receiving chambers
 Right Atrium
• Receives oxygen-poor
blood
– Superior vena cava
– Inferior vena cava
– Coronary sinus
• Posterior Wall = smooth
• Anterior Wall = ridged =
pectinate muscles
• 2 part : sinus venorum &
left auricle
Left Atrium

• Receives oxygen-
rich blood
– 2 Right pulmonary
veins
– 2 Left pulmonary
veins
• Walls smooth except
for pectinate muscles
in auricle
 Chambers of the Heart - Ventricles

• Right and Left

• Muscular
• Pumping Chambers
• Separated Internally by
Interventricular Septum
• Externally by Interventricular
Sulcus
 Right Ventricle
• Trabeculae Carnae =
muscle ridges along
ventral surface
• Papillary Muscle =
cone-shaped muscle
to which chordae
tendinae are
anchored
Left Ventricle
• Receives blood from
Left Atrium
• Pumps blood into
aorta
• Trabeculae carnae,
Papillary muscles,
Chordae tendinae
 Valves of the Heart
• Right
• Left
– Pulmonic
– Aortic
• Between right
• Between left ventricle and
ventricle and pulmonary
aorta trunk
– Bicuspid (Mitral) – Tricuspid
• Between left • Between right
atrium and left atrium and
ventricle right ventricle
 Bi- and Tricuspid Valves

• Cusps anchored ventricle by chordae tendinae

• Chordae tendinae prevent inversion of cusps
into atrium
• Flow of blood pushes cusps open
• When ventricle is relaxed, cusps hang limp in
ventricle
• Ventricular contraction increases pressure and
forces cusps closed
• Prevent backflow of blood into atria
Atrioventricular Valves
 Semilunar Valves

• Prevent backflow from large arteries to

ventricles
• Pulmonary Valve
– Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
• Aortic Valve
– Between left ventricle and aorta
• 3 cusps
– Open during contraction, close if blood
pushes back toward ventricle
Semilunar Valves
 Heart Sounds
• Lub Dub
• Lub is closing of bicuspid and
tricuspid valves
• Dub is closing of semilunar valves
 Innervation

• External Innervation
– Vagus Nerve (parasympathetic)
– Cervical + Thoracic sympathetic
chain ganglion
 Blood Supply

• Right and Left Coronary Arteries

– Branch from Ascending Aorta
– Have multiple branches along heart
– Sit in Coronary Sulcus
• Cardiac Veins
– Coronary Sinus (largest)
– Many branches feed into sinus
– Sits in Coronary Sulcus
 Left coronaria artery
Right coronaria artery
 a.Carotis communis sinistra

Arteri Anonyma
a.Subclavia sinistra
Arcus aorta
Aorta descendens
Aorta ascendens

a.Coronaria sinistra
a.Coronaria dextra
Vein cordis
Coronary sinus
 Blood Vessels

The Great Vessels and

Basic Structure
 Aorta

• Ascending
– Right and left coronary
arteries
• Aortic Arch
– Brachiocephalic trunk
– Left common carotid artery
– Left subclavian artery
• Descending
(thoracic/abdominal)
– Many branches to organs
– Divides to form common iliac
arteries
 1 23

AORTIC ARCH

1. Brachiocephalic trunk
- Right common carotid artery
- Right subclavian artery

2. Left common carotid

artery : Internal and External
carotid artery

3. Left subclavian artery

 Descending aorta
• thoracic aorta
• abdominal aorta

Abdominal aorta

Common iliac
External iliac
Femoral
 Descending Aorta
- Thoracic Area

Bronchial arteries - supply bronchi

and lungs
Pericardial arteries - supply
pericardium
Mediastinal arteries - supply
mediatinal structures
Esophageal arteries - supply
esophagus
Paired intercostal arteries- thoracic
wall
Superior phrenic arteries - supply
diaphragm
 Descending Aorta
- Abdominal Area

Celiac trunc - 3 branches – to liver,

gallbladder, esophagus, stomach,
duodenum, pancreas, and spleen
Superior mesenteric– to pancreas and
duodenum, small intestine and colon
Paired suprarenal - to adrenal glands
Paired renal – to kidneys
Paired gonadal – to testes or ovaries
Inferior mesenteric – to terminal colon
and rectum
Paired lumbar – to body wall
 Pulmonary Trunk
• From right ventricle
• Divides into right
and left pulmonary
arteries
 Veins
• Superior Vena Cava
– Drains upper body
– Empty into right atrium
• Inferior Vena Cava
– Drains lower body
– Empties into right atrium
• Pulmonary Veins
– 2 right
– 2 left
– From lungs to left atrium
Flow of vein blood :

• Inferior extremities : vein saphena

magna - v.saphena parva – v.femoralis
– v.iliaca – inferior vena cava
• Superior extremitees : v.cephalica,
v.ulnaris-v.radialis – v.brachialis –
v.axillaris-v.subclavia

CAPUT dan COLLUM :

• V.JUGULARIS INTERNA – SUPERIOR
VENA CAVA
• SUPERIOR VENA CAVA and INFERIOR
VENA CAVA inflow into RIGHT ATRIUM
 SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

• Blood flow
• ARTERY : smooth muscle
wall, pulsating
• VEIN: thin wall, valvula

• COR – AORTA – ARTERY –

ARTERIOLE – CAPILLARY –
TISSUES
• capiller – venule – vein –
vena cava superior et
inferior - cor
 Systemic Circulation
Aortic Arch

Left common
2 carotid
Brachiocephalic 3 Left subclavian
1 trunk
Aorta ascendens – arcus aortae
– aorta descendens (= aorta
thoracalis ) – aorta
abdominalis – arteria iliaca
communis – a.iliaca interna-
a.ilica externa – a.femoralis –
a.poplitea – a.tibialis anterior –
a.tibialis posterior – a.dorsalis
pedis

SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY –
axillary a. – brachialis a. –
ulnaris a. – radialis a.
(processus styloideus)
 PULMONARY
CIRCULATION

• Right ventricle
• pulmonary artery
• Lungs
exchange of CO2 with
O2 (blood – erytrocyte)
• Pulmonary vein
• Left atria
Pulmonary Circulation

Right ventricle into

pulmonary trunk to
pulmonary arteries to lungs
Return by way of 4
pulmonary veins to left
atrium
Pathway of Blood Through the Heart and
Lungs
 Fetal
• Must bring blood to and from placenta
– Umbilical Vessels
• 2 Umbilical Arteries
– bring blood that contains waste & low O2 from fetus to
placenta
• 1 Umbilical Vein
– brings blood high in O2 and nutrients to fetus from
placenta (some goes to portal vein to process in liver)
– Ductus Venosus
• Bypasses portal circulation
• Fetal lungs not functional
– Foramen Ovale (Fossa Ovalis)
• Small opening in interatrial septum
• Blood flows from right to left atrium
– Ductus Arteriosus (Ligamentum
arteriosum)
• Blood from pulmonary trunk shunted to
aorta
Remnants of Fetal Circulation

• Ductus Venosus
– Ligamentum venosum
– inferior surface of liver
• Umbilical Vein
– Ligamentum teres = Round ligament
– Anterior abdominal wall
• Umbilical Arteries
– Medial Umbilical Ligaments
– Anterior abdominal wall below navel
– Also gives arterial branch to urinary bladder
 Hepatic Portal
• Specialized circuit
• Nutrients from GI tract to liver
• Capillary beds in stomach and intestines
drain to veins of portal system
• Portal vein right and left liver
sinusoids hepatic veins IVC
 HEPATIC PORTAL

• Superior mesenteric vein

• Inferior mesenteric vein
• Splenic vein

→ Vein portal – HEPATIC PORTAL

• Food absorbsion
• Retention : ascites – hemorrhoid -
hematemesis
Medical term. Arteries

• Carry blood AWAY from heart

• Walls thicker than veins
• 3 Types
– Elastic
• Large, conducting
• Aorta and major branches
– Muscular
• Medium, distributing
– Aterioles
• smallest
 Capillaries
• Smallest with
thinnest walls
• Endothelium with
basal lamina
• Nutrients, oxygen
to cells
• Wastes to
bloodstream
• Capillary Beds =
networks
 Veins
• Carry blood from capillaries INTO the
heart
• Thinner walls than arteries, less elastin
• Larger lumen
• Valves
• Venules
 Vascular Anastomoses
• Interconnection or union of blood vessels
• Arterial
– Provide collateral circulation
– Joints, abdominal organs, brain & heart
• Veins anastomose freely
 Vaso Vasorum
• Little veins, arteries, and capillaries
• Supply tunica externa of larger arteries
and veins