Digital Microwave Communication Principle ISSUE 1.01

Digital Microwave
Communication
Principle
www.huawei.com
Copyright © 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Foreword
 This course is developed for the requirement from OptiX RTN
equipments.
 This course mainly introduce the basic knowledge of digital
microwave communication. Engineers can have a basic to
understand the further OptiX RTN equipments after finish the
course.
Copyright © 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page1
1
Learning Guide
 Before this course, you may refer to these references first:
 SDH Principle
 Network Communication Technology
 Electromagnetism Basics
Objectives
 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Describe the concept and characters of digital microwave
communication
 Describe the theory and function of every parts in the

digital microwave system
 List the networking application for digital microwave

systems
 List the fadings in microwave propagation
 List the common technologies of antifading
2
Contents
1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview
2. Digital Microwave Equipment Introduction
3. Networking and Application of Digital Microwave

Equipment
4. Microwave Propagation and Antifading Technologies
Transmission Methods for Communication

Coaxial Cable
Fiber
MUX MUX
Radio Microwave Radio
Ter. Ter.
Satellite
3
Fiber and Microwave transmission
Microwave (MW) Optical Fiber
Easy to cross the space, few land Optical cable construction,
needed, avoid the private land large land used.
Low investment, short period, High investment, long

easy to maintain Construction period
Anti-natural disaster strongly , Outside cable maintenance,
easy to be restored fast natural disaster influence
Need to apply the frequency

No frequency license required
license
Performance affected by weather Performance stable, less
and landform influence from outside
Low transmission capacity High transmission capacity
Microwave (MW) Definition

 Microwave (MW)
 A kind of electromagnetic wave.
 Radio frequency range is from 300MHz to 300GHz.

 Be regard as plane wave.
 The electric field and magnetic field exist at vertical of

transmission direction of plane wave. So it is called as
Transverse Electric and Magnetic field wave (TEM).
4
Digital MW communication concepts
 The communication that use microwave as carrier is
microwave communication.
 The microwave communication with digital baseband

signal is Digital microwave communication.
 There is an intermediate frequency between digital
baseband signal and radio frequency signal.
Developing of MW communication
Capacity（/ch）
SDH Digital
155M
MW system
PDH Digital
34/140M
MW System
Medium, low
2/4/6/8M capacity Digital 1990’s to now
MW System
Analog MW
480 tone System 1980’s
channels
1970’s
1950’s
Note: capacity less than 10M is considered as low capacity, from
10~100M is medium capacity, and more than 100M is large
capacity.
5
Frequency Band and Radio
Channel
 The common frequency bands :
 7G/8G/11G/13G/15G/18G/23G/26G/32G/38G (by ITU-R rec. )
1. 2.5GHz
5 region
networks
2
8 3.3 11 GHz
long-distance
34 Mbit/s area and local network,
backbone
boundary network
34 network
2
140 8
155 34
Mbit/ 140
s 155
Mbit/ GHz
s
1 2 3 4 5 8 1 2 3 4 5
0 0 0 0 0

Channel (cont.)
 The central frequency, T/R spacing and channel spacing are
defined in every frequency band.
Frequency scope
f0(central freq.) High frequency
Low frequency band
band
Protectio T/R Protection
n spacing T/R spacing spacing
spacing
Channe
Channe Adjacen l
l t T/R spacin
f1 spacing f2 fn spacing f1’ g f2’ fn’
6
Channel (cont.)
Frequency scope（7425－7725MHz）
f0(7575M)
T/R spacing: 154M
28M
f1=7442 f2=7470 f5 f1’=7596 f2’ f5’
Freq. scope F0 (MHz) T/R spacing (MHz) channel spacing(MHz) High site / low site
7425--7725 7575 154 28 Fn , Fn’
7575 161 7
7110--7750 7275 196 28
7597 196 28
7250--7550 7400 161 3.5
……. …… …… …… ……
Modulation modes for Digital MW

 The microwave carrier is digital modulated by the
baseband signal.
Service
signal
Base band Channel

Signal modulation bandwidth
rate
Digital base band signal

Intermedia frequency
(IF) signal
7
Modulation modes for Digital MW
(cont.)
 The frequency carrier signal can be described as:
A*COS（Wc*t+φ） PSK and QAM

are commonly
used in digital
MW
Amplitude Frequenc Phase
y
 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK): A is variable, Wc and φ are constant
 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK): Wc is variable, A and φ are constant
Phase Shift Keying (PSK): φ is variable, A and Wc are constant
 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM): A and φ are variable,
Wc is constant
MW Frame Structure
 Radio frame complementary overhead (RFCOH):
171.072Mb/s
15.552Mb/s STM-1 155.52Mb/s
RFCOH SOH Payload
MLCM DMY XPIC ATPC WS RSC INI ID FA

11.84Mb/ 64Kb/s 16Kb/ 64Kb/s 2.24Mb/ 864Kb/s 144Kb/s 32Kb/s 288Kb/s
s s s
RSC：MW service control
MLCM: Multi-level coded modulation IN: N:1 switch instruction
DMY: Dummy ID: Identification
XPIC: Cross polarization interference counteract FA: Frame synchronization
ATPC: Automatic transmitter power control WS： Wayside services
8
MW Frame Structure (cont.)
 RFCOH and STM-1 data are blocked by multi-frame, there are
six rows in a multi-frame, 3564 bits per rows. A multi-frame
consists of two sub-frames, and 1776 bits for one row in a sub-
frame. The other 12 bits are used as FS.
Multi-frame 3564bit
6rows FS Sub-frame 1 FS Sub-frame 2
6bit 1776bit（148 units） 6bit 1776bit（148 units）
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I b I I C2 I I I I I a I I b I I C2
I I C1 I I C1 I I C1 I I C1 I I C1 I I C1 I I C1 I I C1
12bit first unit 12bit 148th unit

I：STM-1 date bit C1,C2: 2 Level error correction monitor bit FS: Frame sync. a,b: other
RFCOH
Questions
 What is microwave? What is digital microwave communication？
 What are the frequency bands commonly used in digital MW?
 What are the concepts in digital MW frequency band

arrangement ?
 What modulation modes is commonly used? What modulation

modes are used in digital MW?
9
Contents

Equipment
Types of Digital MW Equipment

Modes Digital MW Analog MW
Multiplexing PDH SDH
medium, low Large capacity

Capacit capacity
（STM-0，STM-
y （2～16E1， 1，2 x STM-1）
34M） Discontinued
Trunk MW
Structure split-mount MW
All-outdoor MW
10
Trunk MW Equipment
BRU: Branch of RF unit
MSTU: Main signal transceiver

unit (transceiver, modem, SDH
electric interface, hitless
P
module)
M1
M2 SCSU: surveil, control, switch
unit
…
BBIU: baseband interface unit

(optional: STM-1 optical
interface, C4 PDH interface)
SDH MW Equipment
All-outdoor MW Equipment
RF signal processing unit
IF cable
IF and baseband signal

processing unit
Service and power cable
All-outdoor MW
equipment
11
Split-mount MW Equipment
Antenna
IF Cable
RF unit or Outdoor
unit
(ODU)
Indoor Unit
split-mount MW equipment
Split-mount MW Equipment (cont.)
 Antenna: focus RF signal sent by ODU, enlarge

signal gain
 ODU: RF signal processing，conversion between
IF signal and RF signal.
 IF cable: Transmission for IF service signal , ODU
management signal and supply power for ODU.
 IDU: service access and distribute, multiple,
modem and so on.
12
Split-mount MW Equipment -
Installation
Separate installation Direct installation
Antenna
Antenna
ODU
Soft
waveguide
(ODU) IF cable IF cable
中频
口 IDU
IDU IF interface
IF interface
Antenna
 The antenna propagates the electric wave from transmitter
into one direction, and receive the electric wave. Paraboloid
antenna and Kasai Green antenna are usually used.
 The common diameter of antenna are: 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4,
and 3.0m, etc.
Paraboloid antenna Kasai Green antenna
13
Antenna (cont.)
 Several channels in one frequency band can share
one antenna.
Channel Channel
1 1
Tx
1 1
Rx
n n
Tx
n n
Rx
Antenna Aligning
Side
lobe Side view
Main lobe
Rear lobe
Side
lobe
Top view
Main lobe Rear lobe
14
Antenna Aligning
Wrong Wrong Correct
Antenna Specifications
 Antenna gain
 The input power ratio of isotropic antenna (Pio) to
surface antenna (Pi) when getting the same electric field
intensity at the same point.
 D 
2
P
It can be calculated by formula( unit: dB)
G : io    
Pi   
 Half power angle (3 dB beam width)
 From the main lobe deviates to both sides, the points
where the power decrease half are half power point.
The angle between the two half power points is half
power angle.
 Approximate calculation formula
is:  0.5  (65 0 ~ 70 0 )  Half power angle
D
15
Antenna Specifications (cont.)
 Cross polarization discrimination (XPD)
 The suppressive intensity of power received from expected
polarization (Po) to the other polarization (Px). It should more
than 30db. Formula is:
XdB＝10lgPo/Px
 Antenna protection ratio

 It is the ratio of the receiving attenuation in antenna other lobes
to the receiving attenuation in antenna main lobe. The 180
degree antenna protection ratio also be called as the front / rear
protection ratio.
Outdoor Unit
 The main specifications of transmitter

 Working frequency band:
 One ODU can cover one frequency band or some part of a
frequency band.
 Output power:
 The power at the output port of transmitter.
 The typical range of power is from 15 to 30 dBm.
16
Outdoor Unit (cont.)
 The main specifications of transmitter (cont.)

 Frequency stability
 The oscillation frequency stability of microwave device is from 3
to 10 ppm.
 Transmitting frequency spectrum frame

 A restricted frequency scope is frequency spectrum frame.
 The main specifications of receiver

 Work frequency band:
 The receiving frequency of local station is the same with the
remote station.
 Frequency stability
 The requirement is from 3 to 10ppm.
 Noise Figure
 The noise figure of digital microwave receiver is from 2.5 to
5dB.
17
 The main specifications of receiver (cont.)

 Passband
 The typical value is 1 to 2 times of transmission code element
rate.
 Selectivity
 The suppressing ability against interference beyond transmission
bands
 Automatic gain control (AGC) range
 Automatic control the gain to keep the same IF output power
level when receiving RF power level shift in a range because of
fading.
Indoor Unit
 Accessing service like E1 or STM-1
 Processing RFCOH
 Conversion signals between baseband and IF
Service
IF unit
channel
Multiplex of
microwave modulatio Tx IF
Cable interface
n
frame
Service From/t
accessing Demultiplex of Rx IF o ODU
demodulatio
microwave n
frame
Interface Service
of OM Monitor and channel
control unit
DC/DC convert
18
Questions
 What are the classification of digital MW equipment？
 What components are there in the split-mount digital

MW equipment？What are the functions of them?
 What are the main parameters of antenna？
 What are the parameters of ODU transmitter and receiver？
Summary
 Classification of digital microwave equipment
 Functions of the components in split-mount digital MW

equipment
 Parameters of antenna
 Parameters of ODU
 Function of IDU
19
Contents

Equipment
Common Networking Application

Point to point
Ring
link
Add / drop
link
Tree
20
Types of Digital MW Stations
 The digital MW station includes terminal station, relay
station and pivotal station
Relay Pivotal
statio station
Terminal n
station
Pivota Terminal
l station
statio
n
Terminal
station
Types of Relay Stations
Passive • Parabolic reflectors
• Plane reflector
Relay
station
• Regenerative relay
Active
• IF relay
• RF relay
21
Active Relay Stations
 RF direct station:
 Amplifying MW signal at RF band bidirectionally without
frequency shift.
 Regenerative relay station:
 It extends the MW propagation distance and change
direction to round the obstacles.
Passive Relay Stations

 Parabolic reflectors:
 It consists of two parabolic antennas which are connected
back to back with a section of waveguide.
 Plane reflectors:
 A metal panel with a smooth surface and effective acreage.
22
Passive Relay (actual picture)
Plane reflectors Parabolic reflectors
Application of Digital MW
Supplement
for optical
network (the Special
Backhaul last mile transmission
transmission access) situation (river,
for mobile lake, island)
BTS Microwave
application
Emergency
Critical link communication
backup （large activity,
crisis）
VIP
customer
access
23
Questions
 Which network application are commonly used by digital
MW?
 What types of stations are there in the digital MW

system?
 What types of the relay stations are there?
 What are the applications for digital MW system?
Contents

Equipment
24
Contents
4.1 Microwave Propagation and fading
4.2 Antifading Technologies
Factors Affect MW Propagation

 Landform:
 The reflection from land affect receiving signal from main direction
Direct
Direct
Reflection Reflection
 4 types of the landform:

 A: mountainous region (or the region of dense buildings)
 B: foothill (the fluctuation of ground is gently)
 C: flatland
 D: large acreage of water
25
Factors Affect MW Propagation (cont.)
 Atmosphere and weather:
 Atmosphere absorption mainly affect the microwave

whose frequency is over 12 GHz.
 Refraction, reflection, dispersion in the troposphere.
 Scattering and absorption loss caused by rain, fog and

snow. It mainly affect the microwave whose frequency is
over 10 GHz.
Classification of the Fading

Fading
Sustained Received level Effect

mechanism duration
Fading in free space
Downward fading
Absorption loss
Upward Fading
Fading of rain and fog

Frequency selective fading
Scintillation fading
Flat fading
K facter fading Fast Fading
Duct Type fading Slow Fading
26
Free Space Fading
 Formula: A = 92.4 + 20 log d + 20 log f
 d = distance in km f = frequency in GHz
d
PTX = Output power
GTX GRX PRX = Receiving
power
Power G = Antenna gain
f
Level A = Free space loss
G M = Fading Margin
A
PTX
PRX
G
M
Receiving threshold
distance
Absorption Loss
 It is mainly caused by atmosphere.
27
Rain & Fog Fading
 Generally, different frequency band has different

loss.
 less than 10 GHz, its fading caused by rain and fog is not
serious.
 over 10 GHz, relay distance is limited by fading caused by

rains.
 over 20GHz, the relay distance is only about several

kilometers for the rain & fog fading.
K Factor Fading
 A equivalent radius: Re=KR (R is the real radius of
earth).
 the value of K is depend on the local meteorological
phenomena
Re R
28
Scintillation Fading
 The particle cluster formed in local atmosphere for
pressure, temperature or humidity is different as other
area, and the electric wave is scattered by it.
sketch map of Scintillation fading
Duct Type Fading

 When electric waves pass the atmospheric waveguide,
super reflection occurs.
sketch map of Duct Type fading
29
Multi-Path Propagation and Fading
 The receiving paths

includes direct path and
other reflection paths.
 Multi-path fading is
caused by the signals Ground
interference from
different propagation
paths
Flat Fading
Upward
fading
Receive
level in
free space
Threshold
(-30dB )
Fast 1h Signal
fading Slow interruption
fading
30
Frequency Selective Fading
 Frequency selective fading will cause the in-band
distortion and decrease system original fading margin.
Receiving power (dBm)
Flat Selective fading
Normal
Freq. (MHz)
Contents
4.1 Microwave Propagation and fading
4.2 Antifading Technologies
31
Antifading Technologies
Types Improving effects
Adaptive Equalization Wave shape distortion
Antifading Wave shape distortion
Cross Polarization Interference
technologies
Counteract
related with
device Automatic Transmit Power
Power reduction
Control
Forward Error Correct Power reduction
Antifading
technologies Wave shape distortion
Diversity receive technologies
related with and Power reduction
system
Adaptive Frequency Equalization
Slope
Signal frequency Spectrum
Multi-path fading after
spectrum domain
equalization equalization
32
Adaptive Time Equalization
T … T … T
Before C-n C0 Cn After

Equalizatio Equalization
n
-2Ts -Ts Ts -2Ts -Ts Ts
Automatic Transmit Power Control

 ATPC is used to reduce interference to adjacent system,
upward-fading, DC power consumption and refine
characteristic of residual error rate.
modulato transmitter receive demodulator

r r
ATPC ATPC
demodulator receiver transmitter modulato

r
33
XPIC
 XPIC is cross-polarization interference counteracter.
680MH
30M 340MHz
80MHz z
Hz
60MHz
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1’ 2’ 3’ 4’ 5’ 6’ 7’
8 8’
Horizontal V (H)
Direction polarization
of electric
H (V)
field
680MHz
Vertical
340M
polarization 30MH 80MHz Hz
z 60MHz
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 81’ 2’ 3’ 4’ 5’ 6’ 7’ 8’
V (H)
H (V)
1X 2X 3X 4X 5X 6X 1X’
7X 2X’ 3X' 4X’ 5X’ 6X’ 7X’
8X 8X’
Frequency configuration in U6GHz band（ITU-R F.384-5）
Diversity Reception
 Diversity reception is used to minimize the effects

of fading. It includes:
 Space diversity (SD)
 Frequency diversity (FD)
 Polarization diversity
 Angle diversity
34
Frequency Diversity
 The merit is only need one set of feeder and antenna,
but its demerit is that utilization of frequency band is
low.
f1
f2
Space Diversity
 The merit is saving frequency resource, but demerit is
system is complex and need two or more sets of feeder
and antenna.
f1
35
Other Antifading Methods
 blocking the reflected wave by some terrain or
obstacles.
Other Antifading Methods (cont.)

 Different height antennas in one hop.
36
Questions
 What are the factors which affect microwave
propagation?
 What types of the fading are there in microwave

propagation?
 What types of antifading technologies can be used?
Summary
 Digital microwave communication definitions.
 Frequency bands and radio channel arrangement

 Structure and function of digital microwave equipment
 Application of digital microwave communication

 Microwave propagation and fading
 Antifading technologies
37
Thank you
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Digital Microwave

Copyright © 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

 Network Communication Technology

 Describe the theory and function of every parts in the

 List the networking application for digital microwave

 List the fadings in microwave propagation

 List the common technologies of antifading

2. Digital Microwave Equipment Introduction

3. Networking and Application of Digital Microwave

4. Microwave Propagation and Antifading Technologies

Transmission Methods for Communication

Low investment, short period, High investment, long

Need to apply the frequency

Low transmission capacity High transmission capacity

Microwave (MW) Definition

 Radio frequency range is from 300MHz to 300GHz.

 The electric field and magnetic field exist at vertical of

 The microwave communication with digital baseband

Frequency Band and Radio

f1=7442 f2=7470 f5 f1’=7596 f2’ f5’

Modulation modes for Digital MW

Base band Channel

Digital base band signal

A*COS（Wc*t+φ） PSK and QAM

15.552Mb/s STM-1 155.52Mb/s

RFCOH SOH Payload

MLCM DMY XPIC ATPC WS RSC INI ID FA

6rows FS Sub-frame 1 FS Sub-frame 2

6bit 1776bit（148 units） 6bit 1776bit（148 units）

12bit first unit 12bit 148th unit

 What are the frequency bands commonly used in digital MW?

 What are the concepts in digital MW frequency band

 What modulation modes is commonly used? What modulation

2. Digital Microwave Equipment Introduction

3. Networking and Application of Digital Microwave

4. Microwave Propagation and Antifading Technologies

Types of Digital MW Equipment

Multiplexing PDH SDH

medium, low Large capacity

BRU: Branch of RF unit

MSTU: Main signal transceiver

BBIU: baseband interface unit

RF signal processing unit

IF and baseband signal

Service and power cable

Split-mount MW Equipment (cont.)

 Antenna: focus RF signal sent by ODU, enlarge

(ODU) IF cable IF cable

Paraboloid antenna Kasai Green antenna

Wrong Wrong Correct

 Antenna protection ratio

 The main specifications of transmitter

 The typical range of power is from 15 to 30 dBm.

 The main specifications of transmitter (cont.)

 Transmitting frequency spectrum frame

Outdoor Unit (cont.)

 The main specifications of receiver

 The main specifications of receiver (cont.)

 What components are there in the split-mount digital

 What are the main parameters of antenna？

 What are the parameters of ODU transmitter and receiver？

 Functions of the components in split-mount digital MW

2. Digital Microwave Equipment Introduction

ACOS（Wct+φ） PSK and QAM