IEEE
Aerospace
Conference
Digest
Big Sky, Montana, March 1 - 8, 2008
a e
S S
Dear 2008 IEEE Aerospace Conference Attendee,
The Technical Program Committee and the Track and Session Organ-
izers are pleased to bring you the technical program for 2008. Covering a
wide range of topics in aerospace engineering, science and technology,
this program consists of papers delivered in 115 sessions organized into
14 tracks, presented either orally or in our Electronic Presentation Hall
over six days. With thirteen panels, eight plenaries, and three invited
speakers, the total of papers and speakers will be over 500. We expect
nearly 700 attendees over the week.
The eight Government Plans, Policies and Education panels will address
contemporary topics, including finding extraterrestrial life, robotics at
NASA, space power technology, new software for mission ops, auton-
omy and the space program, and the European Space Agency.
We are confident that you will enjoy the conference and expect that you
will take the opportunity to get to know some of your colleagues from
this rich, diverse set of attendees.
Ed Bryan
Karen Profet
Richard Mattingly
Rob Wright
Technical Program Co-Chairs
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2.03 Missions and Technologies for In Situ Exploration & Sample Return ..8
2.0301 An Evaluation of Novel Cleaning Techniques for Planetary Protection Applications 8
2.0302 Don`t Leave Home Without It: Planetary Protection for
Robotic and Human Missions.................................................................................. 8
2.0303 Impact of Planetary Protection on Environmental Characterization and
Hazards Mitigation Technologies ............................................................................ 8
2.0304 Anticipated Impacts of Planetary Protection Requirements on
Mars Sample Return Missions................................................................................. 9
2.0305 Planning the Mars Sample Receiving Facility: Biohazards, Societal Issues
and Risk Communication......................................................................................... 9
2.0306 Technology Challenges for Planetary Probes to Dense Atmospheres...................... 9
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2.12 System and Technology Challenges for Landing on the Earth, Moon
and Mars.................................................................................................16
2.1201 Mars Science Laboratory Entry, Descent, and Landing System Overview ............. 16
2.1202 Results from the Mars Science Laboratory Parachute Decelerator System
Supersonic Qualification Program ......................................................................... 16
2.1203 Overview of the MEDLI Project ............................................................................... 16
2.1204 Phoenix Mars Scout Landing Risk Assessment ...................................................... 17
2.1205 Entry Range Capability Analysis of the Orion Crew Module ................................... 17
2.1206 A Terminal Descent Sensor Trade Study Overview
for the Orion Landing and Recovery System......................................................... 17
2.1207 Supersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerators
For Use on Future Robotic Missions to Mars ........................................................ 17
2.1208 A Survey of Supersonic Retropropulsion Technology
for Mars Entry, Descent, and Landing ................................................................... 18
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4.0703 Conceptual Design of Multi-Domain Dynamics for Actuation Systems Using a Bond
Graph Automated Procedure .................................................................................34
4.0704 Design of an Adaptive Communication System for Implementation on Board a
Future Algerian LEO Satellite ................................................................................34
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6.12 Integrated Sensing, Modeling, and Analysis Using Sensor Webs ......59
6.1201 Development of Coherent, Expandable, Reconfigurable Instrument Node
(ERIN) for Web Sensor Applications ..................................................................... 59
6.1202 Coordinated Data Acquisition on Sensor Webs ...................................................... 59
6.1203 Adaptive Sky: A Feature Correspondence Toolbox for a Multi-Instrument,
Multi-Platform Distributed Cloud Monitoring Sensor Web ..................................... 59
6.1204 Integrating Sensor Webs with Modeling and Data-assimilation Applications:
An SOA Implementation ........................................................................................ 59
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12.03 Realizing the Future: Drivers, Challenges, & Concepts for 21st
Century Missions.................................................................................111
12.0301 Isolation and Confinement Issues in Long Duration Spaceflight ......................... 111
12.0302 James Webb Space Telescope Ground to Flight Interface Design..................... 112
12.0303 Modeling of Serious Global Trends for Use with Combat Simulations ................ 112
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Track 1: Science & Aerospace Frontiers (Plenary Sessions)
Track Organizer: David Woerner (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
On Earth and in the spaceflight environment, there are many effects and conditions that
may impair your vision or lead to irreversible vision loss or blindness, especially if
undetected. The human eye and vision system can be likened to a camera consisting of an
optical lens system (cornea and eye lens), film or sensor (retina), and an image-processing
unit (retina and visual cortex). The malfunctioning of only one of these components will
impair your vision.
This talk will touch on the above topics and have (some of) the answers.
To the great frustration of researchers in this field, candidate quantum theories of gravity
tend to produce more puzzles instead of answers. We shall take a tour of some of the
problems, focusing on the role of space time and causality.
Finally, we shall see how one can create a spacetime from a world with no notion of "here"
and "there".
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Track 1: Science & Aerospace Frontiers (Plenary Sessions)
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Track 1: Science & Aerospace Frontiers (Plenary Sessions)
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Track 2: Space Missions, Systems, and Architecture
Track Organizer: Christopher Stevens (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Track Organizer: Marina Ruggieri (University of Roma Tor Vergata )
2.01 Mobility and Robotics Systems for In Situ Exploration
Session Organizer: Richard Volpe (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech)
Session Organizer: Wayne Zimmerman (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
2.0101 Next Generation Rover for Lunar Exploration
Daniel A. Harrison, Robert Ambrose, Bill Bluethmann, Lucien Junkin (NASA Johnson Space Center)
Presentation: Sunday, March 2nd, 4:30 pm, Jefferson
As NASA refines its plans for the return of humans to the lunar surface, it becomes very
clear that surface mobility will be critical to outpost buildup and exploration activities.
NASA’s Exploration Technology Development Program is investing in a broad range of
surface mobility projects. Within this range of projects falls a rover vehicle, capable of
moving suited crew members and cargo. A prototype, known as Chariot has been
developed. This prototype vehicle is a multipurpose, reconfigurable, modular lunar surface
vehicle. And, with the right attachments and/or crew accommodations, Chariot will be
capable of serving a large number of functions.
2.0102 Axel Mobility Platform for Steep Terrain Excursions and Sampling on Planetary
Surfaces
Issa Nesnas (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Pablo Abad-Manterola, (California Institute of Technology);
Jeffrey Edlund, (California Institute of Technology); Prof. Joel Burdick, (California Institute of Technology)
Presentation: Sunday, March 2nd, 4:55 pm, Jefferson
The recent discovery of bright new deposits in two crater gullies on Mars suggests that
water still flows in brief spurts on Mars. In this paper, we will present the Axel rover that
was developed to access and sample such deposits on the inside of steep crater walls.
Axel is a tethered rover that can be a payload on a lander or a larger rover. The primary
features of Axel are its minimal complexity and robustness to the treacherous terrain of
sites that are of scientific interest.
2.0103 Planetary Vehicle Suspension Options
Thomas Thueer, Roland Siegwart (Autonomous Systems Lab, ETH Zurich); Paul G. Backes (Jet
Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Sunday, March 2nd, 5:20 pm, Jefferson
A study of locomotion performance of different suspension types was conducted in order to
find the rover that matches best any given mission requirements. Two modeling
approaches were chosen to evaluate the performance on hard ground and obstacles, as
well as on loose soil and inclined planes. A number of metrics were defined which precisely
specify what qualifies as good or bad performance. The simulations revealed significant
differences between the various configurations for important metrics like torque, power or
velocity. This study has shown that a four wheeled rover can be a valuable alternative to
the rocker bogie.
2.0104 Robot Mobility Concepts for Extraterrestrial Surface Exploration
Aravind Seeni, Bernd Schäfer, Bernhard Rebele (German Aerospace Center); Nikolai Tolyarenko
(International Space University)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 10:35 am, Jefferson
This paper is a result of a survey of different mobility concepts that are used in surface
exploring robotic vehicles for space missions. Different locomotion modes such as wheeled
rover, tracked rover, legged walker and hybrid vehicle, mostly european design
configurations will be presented. They are described by listing the advantages and
disadvantages each of them possess. An assessment of the various locomotion modes is
also provided. The presentation would conclude with a short description of advanced
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Track 2: Space Missions, Systems, and Architecture
locomotion concepts that have not yet been realized nut could be potentially utilised in
future space missions.
2.0105 Results of Coring from a Low Mass Rover
Paul Backes, Daniel Helmick, Max Bajracharya (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Oussama Khatib, Vincent
Padois, James Warren (Stanford University)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 8:30 am, Jefferson
Technology for coring from a low-mass rover has been developed to enable core sample
acquisition where a planetary rover experiences moderate slip during the coring operation.
A new stereo vision technique, Absolute Motion Visual Odometry, is used to measure rover
slip during coring and the slip is accommodated through corresponding arm pose updating.
Coring rate is controlled by feedback of the measured force of the coring tool against the
environment. Test results in the JPL Marsyard show that coring from a low-mass rover with
slip is feasible.
2.0106 Harpoon-based Sampling for Planetary Applications
Paul Backes, Wayne Zimmerman, Jack Jones (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Caleb Gritters (George Fox
University)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 8:55 am, Jefferson
Harpoon-based sampling techniques for sample acquisition from planetary rovers and
aerobots have been developed. The approach enables access to samples on nearby steep
terrain or from unstable mobile platforms with small mass and volume impacts. For rover-
based sampling, alterative harpoon concepts were compared and the crossbow approach
was selected. Two penetrator concepts were developed and tested for aerobot deployment
to icy-regolith environments. One concept is a passive drop penetrator and the other is an
active pyro-activated penetrator. Results of both the design and test efforts with the
harpoon-based sampling systems are presented.
2.0107 Gait Control of a Six-Legged Robot on Unlevel Terrain Using a Cognitive
Architecture
Oranuj Janrathitikarn, Lyle N. Long (The Pennsylvania State University)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 9:20 am, Jefferson
This paper discusses the use of the Soar cognitive architecture to control gait selection of a
six-legged robot using force sensors attached to its feet. The hardware platform also
incorporated sonar sensors, a GPS receiver, and a webcam. The Soar cognitive
architecture was used to control the robot, and the Java programming language was used
as middleware between Soar and the hardware components. The force profile was
examined and Soar productions were developed. Experiments were performed on terrain
which has random holes and obstacles. Two cases were conducted: using Soar, and using
Soar with the learning mechanism.
2.0108 An Autonomy Architecture for Aerobot Exploration of the Saturnian Moon Titan
Alberto Elfes, Jeffery L. Hall, Eric A. Kulczycki, Daniel S. Clouse, Arin C. Morfopoulos, James F.
Montgomery, Jonathan M. Cameron, Adnan Ansar, Richard J. Machuzak (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 9:45 am, Jefferson
The Huygens probe arrived at Saturn’s moon Titan on January 14, 2005, unveiling a world
that is radically different from any other in the Solar system. There is an enormous scientific
interest in a follow-up mission to Titan, using a robotic lighter-than-air vehicle (or aerobot).
This paper describes our progress in the development of the autonomy technologies that
will be required for exploration of Titan. We provide an overview of the autonomy
architecture and some of its key components. We also show results obtained from
autonomous flight tests conducted in the Mojave desert.
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Track 2: Space Missions, Systems, and Architecture
2.0204 The “Billion Dollar Box” Study of Science Missions to Saturnian Satellites
Thomas R. Spilker, Kim R. Reh, John O. Elliott (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Ralph Lorenz (Applied
Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University); John Spencer (Southwest Research Institute)
Presentation: Sunday, March 2nd, 8:50 pm, Madison
NASA wanted to know if there are any scientifically worthwhile missions (i.e. providing
science progress significantly beyond Cassini/Huygens) that might be flown to Titan or
Enceladus, two icy moons of Saturn, within the constraints of the New Frontiers Program.
To address that question they commissioned this study, led by the Jet Propulsion
Laboratory, with participation by universities and other institutions. The less-than-obvious
result is that there appear to be no such missions. The study, itself not the usual mission
concept study, used an innovative process that was well-received by NASA and described
as a new paradigm for architectural-level studies.
2.0205 Exploring ExoPlanets: NASA’s Future Space Missions
Michael Devirian (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Sunday, March 2nd, 9:15 pm, Madison
NASA planning for the discovery and exploration of “exoplanets” has been underway for
more than a decade. Over 250 exoplanets have been discovered using ground-based
techniques. We discuss the technology investments and accomplishments resulting from
early investments in NASA’s exoplanet exploration program. Investigation types now
available to probe exoplanet science are discussed. A new strategic pathway is discussed
that promises progress with new smaller space missions to move this emergent field
forward, leading eventually to the flagship missions that will bring us the images and
understanding of that “pale blue dot.”...
2.0206 Development of a Satellite Sensor Network for Future Space Missions
Tanya Vladimirova, Xiaofeng Wu, Christopher P. Bridges (University of Surrey)
Presentation: Sunday, March 2nd, 9:40 pm, Madison
Future spacecraft are envisioned as autonomous, miniature, intelligent and massively
distributed systems. At the Surrey Space Centre, a research project is currently under
investigation, which aims to develop a picosatellite sensor network using the CubeSat
platform. The proposed satellite sensor network will be used to demonstrate technology
advances in space, including modified IEEE 802.11 wireless standard for inter-satellite links
(ISL), distributed computing for computationally intensive on-board signal processing, and
reconfigurable system-on-a-chip (SoC) design.
2.0207 Deformation, Ecosystem Structure, and Dynamics of Ice (DESDynI)
Andrea Donnellan, Paul Rosen, Jim Graf, Adam Loverro, Anthony Freeman, Robert Treuhaft, Robert
Oberto, Marc Simard, Eric Rignot, Ronald Kwok, Xiaoqing Pi (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); J. Bryan Blair,
Waleed Abdalati, Jon Ranson (NASA Goddard Spaceflight Center); Howard Zebker (Stanford University);
Bradford Hager (Massachusetts Institute of Technology); Hank Shugart (University of Virginia); Mark
Fahnestock (University of New Hampshire); Ralph Dubayah (University of Maryland)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 8:30 am, Madison
DESDynI (Deformation, Ecosystem Structure, and Dynamics of Ice) is a recommended
integrated L-band InSAR and multibeam Lidar mission to measure surface deformation for
solid Earth and cryosphere and vegetation structure for understanding the carbon cycle.
InSAR has been used to study surface deformation of the solid Earth and cryosphere and
more recently vegetation structure for estimates of biomass and ecosystem function. Lidar
directly measures topography and vegetation structure and is used to estimate biomass
and detect changes in surface elevation. The goal of DESDynI is to take advantage of the
spatial continuity of InSAR and precision and directness of Lidar.
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Track 2: Space Missions, Systems, and Architecture
2.03 Missions and Technologies for In Situ Exploration & Sample Return
Session Organizer: Patricia Beauchamp (Jet Propulsion Laboratory/Caltech)
2.0301 An Evaluation of Novel Cleaning Techniques for Planetary Protection Applications
Fei Chen, Gayane Kazarians, Robert Beaudet, Roger Kern (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 8:30 am, Madison
Future Mars in situ life detection and sample return missions will rely on clean and
effectively sterile spacecraft to ensure reliable, valid science measurements. Here, we
report the results of a comparative analysis of the efficacy of three different cleaning
approaches to remove bacterial spores from a series of surrogate spacecraft materials,
parts, as well as cleaning challenging structures. Our results indicate that a novel cleaning
method, which utilize vacuum cycle nucleation (VCN) enabled technologies, can effectively
remove bacterial spores from surrogate spacecraft material surfaces. This cleaning
technology may be a potential candidate for sterilizing Mars lander systems.
2.0302 Don`t Leave Home Without It: Planetary Protection for Robotic and Human Missions
Catharine Conley (NASA Headquarters); Linda Billings (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 8:55 am, Madison
In planetary exploration and the search for extraterrestrial life, human explorers will benefit
science only if biological contamination is understood and controlled. Planetary protection
prevents cross-contamination between Earth and other planets. Compliance with NASA’s
planetary protection policy is mandatory, and must be incorporated in mission planning and
development from the beginning. The policy is intended to prevent "forward contamination",
contamination of other solar system bodies by organisms from Earth, and "backward
contamination", contamination of Earth by potential alien life. As space exploration expands
to encompass human as well as robotic planetary missions, planetary protection will
become both more complicated and...
2.0303 Impact of Planetary Protection on Environmental Characterization and Hazards
Mitigation Technologies
Margaret S. Race (SETI Institute)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 9:20 am, Madison
International planetary protection polices apply to planets, moons and small bodies in the
solar system. Engineers, designers, and planners should be aware of the importance of
these policies, understand how they will impact different mission phases, and become
familiar with findings and recommendations from previous workshops and research that
outline the types of operational and technology complications that need additional research
and attention. Awareness of planetary protection requirements on the design and operation
of environmental monitoring and control technologies will be important to ensure they are
built into the early designs, and not become serious impediments later.
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Track 2: Space Missions, Systems, and Architecture
tests and other analyses so as to reduce the safety risk and enhance the scientific return
for this critical Mars Sample Return mission operation.
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Track 2: Space Missions, Systems, and Architecture
2.0405 The New Horizons Mission to the Pluto System and the Kuiper Belt
David Kusnierkiewicz, Glen Fountain, Yanping Guo, Chris Hersman (Applied Physics Lab/Johns Hopkins
University)
Presentation: Tuesday, March 4th, 10:10 am, Madison
The NASA New Horizons mission to the Pluto system launched from Cape Canaveral on
January 19, 2006, and will arrive on July 14, 2015 after a 9.5-year cruise from Earth.
Powered by a single Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator and launched on the first flight
of a Lockheed Martin Atlas V-551 with a Boeing STAR 48B third stage, the project
overcame numerous technical and programmatic challenges to take advantage of the best-
last opportunity using existing technology to perform the first-ever reconnaissance of the
Pluto system. A rich science return from the Jupiter flyby (February 28, 2007) has been
achieved.
2.0406 Dawn: An Ion-Propelled Journey to the Beginning of the Solar System
John R. Brophy, Marc D. Rayman, Betina Pavri (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Tuesday, March 4th, 10:35 am, Madison
The Dawn mission is designed to perform a scientific investigation of the two most massive
main-belt asteroids Vesta and Ceres. The mission uses an ion propulsion system to enable
the spacecraft to orbit both of these asteroids. Dawn’s three science instruments – the
gamma ray and neutron detector, the visible and infrared mapping spectrometer, and the
primary framing camera – were successfully tested after launch. The ion propulsion system
includes three 30-cm, xenon ion thrusters. Checkout of two thrusters was completed as
planned within 30 days after launch. The spacecraft is ready for the start of thrusting-cruise
beginning December 2007.
2.0407 The U.S. Rosetta Project: Mars Gravity Assist
Claudia Alexander, Dwight Holmes (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Ray Goldstein, Joel Parker (Southwest
Research Institute)
Presentation: Tuesday, March 4th, 11:00 am, Madison
Since launch on March 2, 2004, the International Rosetta Mission has flown by the
Earth/Moon system one time and conducted several distant observations of comets,
including support for the Deep Impact measurements of comet 9 P/Tempel 1. In 2007,
Rosetta flew by Mars for a gravity assist, and conducted observations of the Martian upper
atmosphere as well as extended observations, in support of the New Horizons Jupiter
encounter, of the planet Jupiter: the Jovian magnetotail and Io torus. In this paper we will
update the status of the instruments following the both the Mars and first Earth/Moon
gravity assists. In...
2.0408 The NASA Orbiting Carbon Observatory Mission
Thomas Livermore, David Crisp (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Tuesday, March 4th, 11:25 am, Madison
The Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO) is a NASA Earth System Science Pathfinder
(ESSP) mission that is currently under development at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).
OCO will make global, space-based measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2.
These data will be analyzed with remote sensing algorithms to retrieve estimates of the
column-averaged CO2 dry air mole fraction, XCO2 with the accuracy and sampling
resolution needed to characterize surface sources and sinks of CO2 on regional scales
over the entire globe.
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Track 2: Space Missions, Systems, and Architecture
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and distributed sensor networks. The major challenges include: how to formulate the
complex design trade space, how to explore the trade space rapidly, how to establish
evaluation metrics, and how to coordinate observations optimally.
2.12 System and Technology Challenges for Landing on the Earth, Moon and Mars
Session Organizer: Robert Braun (Georgia Institute of Technology)
Session Organizer: Robert Manning (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
2.1201 Mars Science Laboratory Entry, Descent, and Landing System Overview
Ravi Prakash, P. Dan Burkhart, Allen Chen, Keith A. Comeaux, Carl S. Guernsey, Devin M. Kipp, Leila V.
Lorenzoni, Tommaso P. Rivellini, A. Miguel San Martin, Steven W. Sell, Adam D. Steltzner (Jet Propulsion
Laboratory); Gavin F. Mendeck (JSC); Richard W. Powell, David W. Way (NASA Langley Research
Center)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 8:50 pm, Elbow 2
The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Entry, Descent, and Landing (EDL) sequence is a
result of more stringent requirements than any of its predecessors. Among these
requirements is landing a 900 kg rover in a landing ellipse much smaller than that of any
previous Mars lander. In meeting these requirements, MSL is extending the limits of the
EDL technologies qualified by the Mars Viking, Mars Pathfinder, and Mars Exploration
Rover missions. This paper discusses the MSL EDL architecture and discusses some of
the challenges faced in delivering such an unprecedented rover payload to the surface of
Mars.
2.1202 Results from the Mars Science Laboratory Parachute Decelerator System
Supersonic Qualification Program
Anita Sengupta, Adam Steltzner, Keith Comeaux (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Graham Candler, Michael
Barnhardt (University of Minnesota); Carlos Pantano (University of Illinois); James Bell, Edward Shairer,
JT Heineck (NASA Ames Research Center)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 9:15 pm, Elbow 2
In 2010, NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) will be delivered to the surface of Mars.
As part of the Entry-Descent-Landing sequence, a Viking-type 21.5-m disk-gap-band
parachute will be used to decelerate the entry-vehicle from supersonic to subsonic speeds.
The parachute will deploy at Mach 2, a regime previously characterized by unsteady flow
and parachute instability that results from an interaction of the parachute bow-shock with
entry-vehicle wake. MSL has embarked upon a modeling and experimental validation
program to investigate this fluid-structure interaction. The development and results of
computational-fluid-dynamic simulations and sub-scale supersonic wind-tunnel experiments
exploring the flow field are discussed.
2.1203 Overview of the MEDLI Project
Michael J. Gazarik (NASA Langley Research Center); Michael J. Wright (NASA Ames Research Center);
Alan Little, F. McNeil Cheatwood, Jeff A. Herath, Michelle M. Munk, Frank J. Novak (NASA Langley
Research Center); Edward R. Martinez (NASA Ames Research Center)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 9:40 pm, Elbow 2
The Mars Science Laboratory Entry, Descent, and Landing Instrumentation (MEDLI)
Project’s objectives are to measure aerothermal environments, sub-surface heatshield
material response, vehicle orientation, and atmospheric density for the atmospheric entry
and descent phases of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) entry vehicle. The flight science
objectives of MEDLI directly address the largest uncertainties in the ability to design and
validate a robust Mars entry system, including aerothermal, aerodynamic and atmosphere
models, and thermal protection system (TPS) design. This paper provides an overview of
the project including the instrumentation design, system architecture, and expected
measurement response.
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2.1208 A Survey of Supersonic Retropropulsion Technology for Mars Entry, Descent, and
Landing
Ashley M. Korzun (Georgia Institute of Technology); Juan R. Cruz (NASA Langley Research Center);
Robert D. Braun (Georgia Institute of Technology)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 10:10 am, Jefferson
This paper presents a literature survey on supersonic retropropulsion technology as it
applies to Mars entry, descent, and landing (EDL). The relevance of this technology to the
feasibility of Mars EDL is shown to increase with ballistic coefficient to the point that it is
likely required for human Mars exploration. Discussed are systems-level studies, general
flowfield characteristics, static aerodynamics, vehicle and flowfield stability considerations,
and aerothermodynamics. The experimental and computational approaches used to
develop retropropulsion technology are also reviewed. Finally, the applicability and
limitations of the existing literature and current state-of-the-art computational tools to future
missions are discussed in the...
small payloads. The Space Express mission was launched from the White Sands Missile
Range on a Lunar Rocket and Rover Shadow 1B launch system.
2.1402 The CubeSat Approach to Space Access
Armen Toorian, Ken Diaz, Simon Lee (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 4:55 pm, Madison
Over the last eight years, the CubeSat standard has been adopted by over 80 universities,
private companies, and government agencies. The standard has allowed for the
manifestation of six CubeSat missions placing 18 CubeSats into orbit. CubeSats have been
shown to serve as a viable platform for a variety of simple technology development and
scientific missions. The paper will cover the evolution of the CubeSat Program, its
innovations, current CubeSat capabilities for experiments, the CubeSat Program’s benefits,
limitations, and how to take advantage of the opportunities it provides the international
space community.
2.1403 Post Shuttle Access to the ISS for Payloads
Perry Ballard (NASA Johnson Space Center)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 5:20 pm, Madison
This paper will provide a survey of ISS access methods in the post-shuttle era, focusing on
capabilities of interest to the experimenter as well as processes required in the areas of
manifesting, integration, and safety.
2.1404 Utilizing Excess Capacity of Current Launch Vehicles to Lift Secondary Payloads
Buckley, S. (Air Force Research Laboratory Space Vehicles Directorate)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 8:50 pm, Madison
Spacelift is a precious commodity that should never be wasted. Taking advantage of
excess capacity on space launch vehicles is crucial to orbiting as many satellites as
possible and is sometimes also the only path to orbit for many small and low-priority
payloads. There have been many attempts to utilize this excess capacity over the years.
Recent successes include the EELV Secondary Payload Adapter (ESPA) and the
manifesting of small secondary payloads on Minotaur and Falcon I launch vehicles.
2.1405 Form Follows Function: A Pragmatic Approach to Access-To-Space for Space
Technology Experiments
Bruce E. MacNeal, Linda M. Herrell (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 9:15 pm, Madison
Solicitations constrain the launch vehicle to be used. Investigators then design missions
within this constraint and cost limits. This study adopts a more pragmatic view: that the
form of access should follow from the function of the mission. Function parameters from
hundreds of space technology experiments were compiles and compared with the forms of
current space access. Results show that some small experiments are not served by current
forms. Experiments too small for dedicated launch or standard carriers must partner in
order to fly. A rideshare broker function would help to ensure that rideshare partnerships
form and launch successfully.
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Track 2: Space Missions, Systems, and Architecture
2.1505 Analysis of On-Board Hazard Detection and Avoidance for Safe Lunar Landing
Andrew E. Johnson, Andres Huertas, Robert A. Werner, James F. Montgomery (Jet Propulsion
Laboratory)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 11:00 am, Jefferson
Landing hazard detection and avoidance technology is being pursued within NASA to
improve landing safety and increase access to sites of interest on the lunar surface. The
performance of a hazard detection and avoidance system depends on properties of the
terrain, sensor performance, algorithm design, vehicle characteristics and the overall all
guidance navigation and control architecture. This paper analyzes the size of the region
that must be imaged, sensor performance parameters and the impact of trajectory angle on
hazard detection performance. The analysis shows that vehicle hazard tolerance is the
driving parameter for hazard detection system design.
2.1506 Overview of Terrain Relative Navigation Approaches for Precise Lunar Landing
Andrew E. Johnson, James F. Montgomery (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 11:25 am, Jefferson
The driving precision landing requirement for the Autonomous Landing and Hazard
Avoidance Technology project is to autonomously land within 100m of a predetermined
location on the lunar surface. Traditional lunar landing approaches based on inertial
sensing do not have the navigational precision to meet this requirement. This paper gives a
survey of many terrain relative navigation approaches and then presents some high fidelity
simulation results for contour matching and area correlation approaches to TRN using
active sensors.
2.1507 Passive Optical Terrain Relative Navigation Using APLNav
Dewey Adams, Thomas Criss, Uday Shankar (JHU APL)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 11:50 am, Jefferson
To achieve the desired 90 m (3σ) landing accuracy for the next generation of lunar landing
missions the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) is developing a
Terrain Relative Navigation (TRN) system using passive optical terrain sensing. The
Autonomous Precision Landing Navigation (APLNav) system allows landing in the low
illumination conditions existing at the lunar poles. The APLNav system uses multiple digital
cameras to image the lunar surface. An image correlation technique is used to determine
the optimal navigation solution. This paper describes the APLNav system, an assessment
of its performance, and plans for further development.
21
Track 3: Antenna Systems and Technologies
Track Organizer: Farzin Manshadi (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Track Organizer: Mark Thomson (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
3.01 Phased Array Antennas
Session Organizer: Janice Rock (US Army Aviation and Missile Research
Development )
Session Organizer: Mark Gatti (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
3.0101 The Past, Present, and Future of Electronically-Steerable Phased Arrays in Defense
Applications
Janice C. Rock, James H. Mullins, Joel P. Booth, Tracy Hudson (US Army Aviation, Missile Research
Development)
Presentation: Sunday, March 2nd, 4:30 pm, Elbow 3
This paper will present a study of past issues associated with electronically-steerable
phased array antenna systems and methods employed to overcome these issues. It will
discuss the current state-of-the-art in these type systems and the benefits to defense
applications that have resulted as these technologies have matured. It will conclude with a
discussion of barriers and problems that still exist - inhibiting a full integration of phased
array technologies in military communication systems, fire control and illumination radar
systems, and missile seeker systems. Possible solutions to the barriers discussed will be
presented and explored and future directions in phased array...
3.0102 Broadband Conformal Phased Array with Optical Beam Forming for Airborne
Satellite Communication
H. Schippers, J. Verpoorte, P. Jorna, A. Hulzinga (National Aerospace Laboratory NLR); Amsterdam, the
Netherlands); A. Meijerink, C. G. H. Roeloffzen, L. Zhuang, D. A. I. Marpaung, W. van Etten
(Telecommunication Engineering group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Twente,
Enschede, the Netherlands); R. G. Heideman, A. Leinse, A. Borreman, M. Hoekman (LioniX bv,
Enschede, the Netherlands); M. Wintels (Cyner Substrates, Utrecht, the Netherlands).)
Presentation: Sunday, March 2nd, 4:55 pm, Elbow 3
For enhanced communication on board an aircraft, novel antenna systems with broadband
satellite-based capabilities are required. The technology will enhance airline operations by
providing in-flight connectivity for flight crew information and will bring live TV and high-
speed Internet connectivity to passengers. The installation of such systems on board an
aircraft requires for aerodynamic reasons the development a very low-profile aircraft
antenna, which can point to satellites anywhere in the upper hemisphere. In this paper two
key aspects of conformal phased array antenna arrays are addressed: development of a
broadband Ku-band antenna and an optical beam forming network for tracking satellites.
3.0103 A Phased Array Antenna for Deep Space Communications
Mark S. Gatti (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Sunday, March 2nd, 5:20 pm, Elbow 3
This paper describes a phased array antenna that has been studied for use as the next
generation Deep Space Network (DSN) for NASA. An architecture is described that can
replace the current DSN antennas with a phased array, each element of which would
consist of much smaller reflector antennas than currently exist in the DSN. The total
aperture could be increased as required by future missions, up to or more than 10 times
that of the current total aperture. A breadboard phased array was constructed to
demonstrate this concept. Its performance is also described.
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Track 3: Antenna Systems and Technologies
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Track 3: Antenna Systems and Technologies
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Track 3: Antenna Systems and Technologies
addressed. Operational feasibility ranges and areas of needed improvement for antenna
elements and other components for efficient and robust performance are identified.
25
Track 4: Communication & Navigation Systems & Technologies
Track Organizer: Phil Dafesh (Aerospace Corporation)
Track Organizer: Shirley Tseng (MorganFranklin Corp)
4.01 Evolving Space Communication Architectures
Session Organizer: Robert Cesarone (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Session Organizer: Shervin Shambayati (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
4.0101 Selecting Codes, Modulations, Multiple Access Schemes and Link Protocols for
Future NASA Missions
Les Deutsch, Gary Noreen, Jon Hamkins (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Frank Stocklin (NASA GSFC); John
Wesdock (ITT); David Zillig (Perot Systems)
Presentation: Tuesday, March 4th, 8:30 am, Lake/Canyon
NASA’s Space Communication and Navigation (SCaN) office has been designing an
agency-wide space communication and navigation architecture to support NASA space
exploration and science missions out to 2030. SCaN chartered a study in 2007 to select
codes, modulations, multiple access techniques and link protocols for this architecture. The
study was conducted by Goddard Space Flight Center, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and
consultants to NASA. This paper provides an overview of the study, describes the process
used to carry out the study, and summarizes study results. Companion papers at this
conference provide detailed technical information and analyses.
4.0102 Formulation of Modulation Recommendations for Future NASA Space
Communications
John Wesdock, Chitra Patel (ITT Corporation); Frank Stocklin (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center);
Leslie Deutsch, Gary Noreen, Jon Hamkins, Dennis Lee (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Tuesday, March 4th, 8:55 am, Lake/Canyon
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has recently conducted a
comprehensive study to identify the most appropriate and efficient modulation, coding,
multiple access and link protocol techniques for future space communication links
supporting space exploration and science missions. The study was chartered by NASA’s
Space Communication and Navigation (SCaN) office and is referred to as the Coding,
Modulation, and Link Protocol (CMLP) study. This paper describes the CMLP modulation
evaluation and states the relevant conclusions and recommendations.
4.0103 Evaluation of Multiple Access Techniques for Simultaneous Space Communications
and Tracking
Frank Stocklin, David Israel (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center); Leslie Deutsch, Gary Noreen (Jet
Propulsion Laboratory); David Zillig, Perot Systems; John Wesdock, Nicholas George (ITT Corporation);
Richard S. Orr (SATEL LLC)
Presentation: Tuesday, March 4th, 9:20 am, Lake/Canyon
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration has conducted a comprehensive study
to identify the most appropriate and efficient modulation, coding, multiple access and link
protocol options for future space communication links supported by NASA’s Ground
Network, Space Network, Deep Space Network, and earth-based ground terminals and in-
situ relay satellites envisioned for Constellation Program mission support at the Moon and
Mars. This paper briefly describes the study process and summarizes the multiple access
recommendations for future NASA space communications.
4.0104 Formulation of Forward Error Correction Coding Recommendations for Future NASA
Space Communications
Jon Hamkins, Leslie Deutsch, Dariush Divsalar, Sam Dolinar, Dennis Lee (Jet Propulsion Laboratory);
Frank Stocklin (GSFC); John Wesdock, Chitra Patel (ITT)
Presentation: Tuesday, March 4th, 9:45 am, Lake/Canyon
NASA has undertaken a study to recommend and justify Coding, Modulation, and Link
Protocol (CMLP) designs for the Space Communications and Networking (SCaN) office
26
Track 4: Communication & Navigation Systems & Technologies
(see companion paper). This paper reports on the coding part of the CMLP study, which is
chartered with identifying the forward error correction (FEC) codes suitable for NASA space
exploration and science missions through 2030.
4.0105 Future Perspectives for the New European Data Relay System
M. Lucente, E. Re, T. Rossi, M. De Sanctis, C. Stallo, E. Cianca, M. Ruggieri (University of Rome “Tor
Vergata”); R. Winkler, A. Pandolfi (Thales Alenia Space-Italy)
Presentation: Tuesday, March 4th, 10:10 am, Lake/Canyon
The increasing needs of European observation and telecommunication satellite services,
with respect to operations efficiency, require the development of an advanced in-orbit
infrastructure for data relay services. The function of a data relay satellite is to forward data
between two elements with which it has established a direct communication link. Currently
the infrastructure is based on the ESA ARTEMIS satellite that has been operative since
2003 and that will be at end-of-life by the end of 2010. In this frame Thales Alenia Space
Italia (TAS-I) and University of Rome “Tor Vergata” (TOR) are conceiving the European
Second Generation Data Relay System...
4.0106 Communications Across Complex Space Networks
Daniel Allard, Joseph Hutcherson (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Tuesday, March 4th, 10:35 am, Lake/Canyon
Complex space missions face the challenge of reliably maintaining the definition, content
and context of information across distributed and evolving space networks. Over seven
years of field study of the SharedNet distributed military communication system, along with
Interplanetary Communications Network Infrastructure (ICNI) and Interplanetary
Information Services (IIS) research efforts have demonstrated the benefits of an Object-
Based Communications Architecture (OBCA) by providing reliable content-based publish-
subscribe “need only” data delivery in a space-based communications environment. This
paper shall describe findings of these efforts, explain relevant benefits for complex space
network communications and suggest further avenues of study in this domain.
4.0107 Deep-Space Ka-band Link: Design, Continuity and Completeness
Shervin Shambayati (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Tuesday, March 4th, 11:00 am, Lake/Canyon
In this paper, continuity and completeness of a deep-space Ka-band link designed as to
maximize the expected data return over each pass subject to a minimum availability
requirement (MAR) is analyzed for 129 passes over a ten-month period using water vapor
radiometer and advanced water vapor radiometer data. The results indicate that even with
99% MAR, 16 passes suffer some sort data loss, necessitating use of retransmission
schemes. Because of this, it is recommended that the link be designed for 80% MAR as to
maximize the data return and retransmissions be used to guarantee data completeness.
4.0108 Evolution of the Lunar Network
Jonathan Gal-Edd, Curtis Fatig, Ron Miller (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 8:50 pm, Amphitheatre
NASA is planning to upgrade its network infrastructure to support missions for the 21st
century. The first step is to increase the data rate provided to science missions. The next
step is the support of manned missions to the Moon. Establishing an outpost with several
activities such as rovers, colonization, and observatories, is better achieved by a network
configuration rather than the current point-to-point. Another challenge associated with the
Moon is communication coverage with the Earth. The Moon’s South Pole, targeted for
human habitat and exploration, is obscured from Earth view for half of the 28-day lunar
cycle.
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Track 4: Communication & Navigation Systems & Technologies
28
Track 4: Communication & Navigation Systems & Technologies
29
Track 4: Communication & Navigation Systems & Technologies
30
Track 4: Communication & Navigation Systems & Technologies
31
Track 4: Communication & Navigation Systems & Technologies
32
Track 4: Communication & Navigation Systems & Technologies
33
Track 4: Communication & Navigation Systems & Technologies
Mercury in March 2011, the spacecraft will investigate and return science observations that
will dramatically enhance our knowledge of Mercury and thus of the inner solar system.
Through a hybrid approach using CCSDS File Delivery Protocol (CFDP) to enable link
margin reductions and date rate optimization during communication contacts, The Johns
Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) performed several in-flight tests
and achieved significant science data return improvement while maintaining data reliability
for this first...
environment. The `little LEO` satellite systems must be designed to operate in the presence
of this environment. The concept of adaptivity is of paramount importance in the design of
future LEO satellite communication systems...
35
Track 4: Communication & Navigation Systems & Technologies
4.0805 Convolutional Codes Using Nonlinear Generators for Rate One-third and Memory
Order Four
Gregory Mayhew (Washington University in St. Louis)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 9:15 pm, Jefferson
This paper presents results for rate one-third, memory order four, convolutional codes with
at least one feed forward encoding equation that is nonlinear over a binary Galois Field.
36
Track 4: Communication & Navigation Systems & Technologies
The paper presents a novel and robust adaptive receiver for QAM signals that jointly
estimates the carrier phase noise and the fading amplitude distortion induced by Rayleigh
fading channels. The amplitude fading estimate is used by a novel phase estimator
involving data detection. The phase noise estimate is input to a Kalman filter which then
provides the predicted phase to the reference carrier oscillator such that the carrier phase
estimation error remains small even in the presence of various channel impairments. The
paper presents detailed results on both the tracking phase error variance and bit error rate
results.
4.0905 Goodput and Delay in Networks with Controlled Mobility
Ameesh Pandya (Booz Allen Hamilton); Aman Kansal (Microsoft Research); Greg Potte (UCLA)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 10:10 am, Amphitheatre
This paper discusses the communication throughput, goodput and delay considerations
when a set of mobile nodes is used as relays to transfer data among multiple static nodes.
While previous work has considered randomly mobile nodes, we consider controlled mobile
agents. We derive results for the worst case delay, throughput and goodput with
controllably mobile relays. Our analysis indicates that this scenario differs fundamentally
from the random mobility case. This scenario could, however, be used to defense
application for better communications yield. Further, our results are guaranteed to be
achieved in a particular topology.
4.0906 Quality of Service In Wireless Sensor Networks through the Connectionless
Scheduling Protocol
Budhaditya Deb, Scott C. Evans, Harold W. Tomlinson (GE Research); Suresh Iyer, Giri Kuthethoor
(Lockheed Martin)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 10:35 am, Amphitheatre
The Connectionless Scheduling Protocol is a cross layer media access protocol that uses a
pseudorandom message scheduling approach to achieve near optimal channel utilization
with near optimal energy utilization, providing benefit for resource constrained multi-hop
applications such as wing stress monitoring. In this paper we describe how quality of
service differentiation can be easily applied to this protocol by providing simple message
length or schedule availability constraints. Theoretical analysis is conducted through a
derived probabilistic model.
also called an “Open Aviation Area”, which may shape Transatlantic traffic. Within such
“Open Aviation Area”, which...
38
Track 4: Communication & Navigation Systems & Technologies
4.13 Advanced Navigation Systems for Surface, Air, and Space Applications
Session Organizer: Chris Bartone (Ohio University)
4.1301 Multicarrier Modulation as a Navigation Signal of Opportunity
Richard K. Martin, Jamie S. Velotta, John F. Raquet (Air Force Institute of Technology)
Presentation: Sunday, March 2nd, 8:50 pm, Amphitheatre
GPS may be blocked or jammed, hence backup navigation techniques are of interest.
Navigation via signals of opportunity uses existing radio infrastructure as ad hoc
navigational beacons. A mobile receiver determines its position by computing a time
difference of arrival between reception time at the mobile and a reference receiver;
however, this requires communication between the reference and mobile receivers. We
show that communication between the reference and mobile can be very minimal for
multicarrier modulation compared to other modulation types, since the block structure
inherently aids synchronization of the two received signals, making it an ideal signal of
opportunity.
4.1302 A New Scheduling Strategy for Aircraft Landings under Dynamic Position Shifting
S.M.B Malaek, E.Naderi (Sharif University of Technology)
The objective of scheduling is runway assignment and computing arrival times that
minimize delays and maximize runway throughput. Currently, methods for runway
scheduling are categorized into First-Come-First-Serve (FCFS) and Constrained Position
Shifting (CPS). In this work, we describe a new algorithm for real time scheduling for single
as well as multiple parallel runway scheduling. The new approach is comparable to FCFS
algorithms in accommodating practical issues while enjoying optimality similar to that of
CPS methods. Different case studies show that the new approach could effectively improve
a FCFS algorithm by 5 to 16 percent...
40
Track 5: Electro-Optic Sensors and Observation Systems
Track Organizer: David Tratt (The Aerospace Corporation)
Track Organizer: Richard Richmond (Air Force Research laboratory
Sensor Directorate)
5.01 Verification and Validation of Large Optical Systems
Session Organizer: James Breckinridge (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Session Organizer: Stuart Shaklan (Jet Propulsion Lab)
5.0101 Model-Based Verification and Validation of Component Structures for RF and Optical
Experimental Systems
Charles Norton, Houfei Fang, Thierry Michel, Alina Moussessian, John Schiermeier, Paul Springer (Jet
Propulsion Laboratory); Richard Otero (Georgia Institute of Technology)
Presentation: Sunday, March 2nd, 4:30 pm, Elbow 4
Future large aperture systems will depend on integrated modeling to assess key
performance parameters for designs that cannot be fully tested and verified before flight.
Achieving this goal will require integrating component models, results from numerical
simulations, and physical tests to predict the performance and prove the viability of such
systems within numerous model and measurement uncertainties. We will describe use of
JPL’s Precision Environment Test Enclosure (PETE) with integrated modeling for radar
component and optical metrology experiments to validate models for predictive analysis of
large aperture systems.
41
Track 5: Electro-Optic Sensors and Observation Systems
42
Track 5: Electro-Optic Sensors and Observation Systems
43
Track 5: Electro-Optic Sensors and Observation Systems
5.0605 Performance of the GLAS Satellite Lidar Cloud and Aerosol Measurements
James Spinhirne (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 9:15 pm, Elbow 4
The design and results of cloud and aerosol profiling by the Geoscience Laser Altimeter
System (GLAS), the first orbiting surface laser altimeter and lidar, are presented. The
backscatter lidar operates at two wavelengths, 532 and 1064 nm. For the atmospheric
measurements, the 532 nm channel was designed with very high efficiency solid-state
photon counting detectors. Data processing algorithms produce data products of the height
distribution of cloud and aerosol layers, their optical depths and particulate scattering cross
sections. The paper describes effective results and limitations of the lidar design and data
product algorithms.
5.0606 The Design and Construction of an Airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar
E. W. Eloranta, I. A. Razenkov, J. P. Hedrick, J. P. Garcia (University of Wisconsin-Madison)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 9:40 pm, Elbow 4
The design and construction of a high spectral resolution lidar for use on the NSF/NCAR
Gulfstream V atmospheric research aircraft is described. Its theory of operation is
presented along with special design features required for aircraft operation. Examples of
data acquired during ground based system testing will be presented.
5.0608 Optical Metrology System for Radar Phase Correction on Large Flexible Structure
Carl Christian Liebe, Alex Abramovici, Randall K. Bartman, Jacob Chapsky, Lars Chapsky, Keith Coste,
Raymond Lam (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Lars Chapsky (Columbus Technologies & Services, Inc.)
We describe a concept for a metrology system for large structures. The metrology system
concept will be able to determine the Cartesian (x,y,z) coordinates of 100+ fiducials to an
accuracy of 1 mm with an update rate of 10 Hz. The system operates by laser illuminated
fiducials feed though optical fibers. One fiducial is illuminated at a time. A camera reads the
transverse position of the fiducial, and the distance to the fiducial is determined by
modulating the laser light and measuring a phase difference. The inertial orientation of the
structure is measured by imaging the stars.
45
Track 5: Electro-Optic Sensors and Observation Systems
46
Track 6: Remote Sensing
Track Organizer: Lance Kaplan (U.S. Army Research Laboratory)
Track Organizer: Peter Kahn (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
6.01 Instrument and Sensor Architecture and Design
Session Organizer: Jordan Evans (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
6.0101 A Hybrid-FPGA System for On-Board Data Processing Targeting the MATMOS FTIR
Instrument
Dmitriy L. Bekker, Marcin Lukowiak, Muhammad Shaaban (Rochester Institute of Technology); Jean-
Francois L. Blavier, Paula J. Pingree (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 10:35 am, N Cheyenne
A proposed Mars-bound Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer requires
computationally intensive floating-point signal processing to reduce the amount of data
prior to downlink. This paper presents an FTIR spectrometry implementation targeting the
Xilinx Virtex-4FX hybrid-FPGA and its embedded PowerPC 405 processor. By including a
dedicated floating-point unit and dot-product co-processor in the hardware as well as
utilizing optimized single-precision math library functions and a modified IBM PowerPC
performance library in the software, we demonstrate a more than 8x reduction in execution
time compared to the non-optimized software only implementation. A dual-processor
design concept is also presented.
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Track 6: Remote Sensing
6.0203 Microwave Radiometers from 0.6 to 22 GHz for Juno: A Polar Orbiter around Jupiter
P. Pingree, M. Janssen, J. Oswald, S. Brown, J. Chen, K. Hurst, A. Kitiyakara, F. Maiwald (Jet Propulsion
Laboratory); S. Smith (MMW Technology, Inc.)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 9:20 am, N Cheyenne
A compact instrument called the MWR (MicroWave Radiometer) is under development at
JPL for Juno, the next NASA New Frontiers mission, scheduled to launch in 2011. It’s
purpose is to measure the thermal emission from Jupiter’s atmosphere at six selected
frequencies from 0.6 to 22 GHz, operating in direct detection mode, in order to quantify the
distributions and abundances of water and ammonia in Jupiter’s atmosphere. The goal is to
understand the previously unobserved dynamics of the sub-cloud atmosphere, and to
discriminate among models for planetary formation in our solar system.
6.0204 The UAVSAR Transmit / Receive Module
Neil Chamberlain (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 9:45 am, N Cheyenne
This paper describes the L-band transmit/receive (T/R) modules of the UAVSAR phased
array antenna. UAVSAR (Uninhabited Aerial vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar) is an
airborne, repeat-pass, polarimetric radar interferometer instrument that is being developed
at JPL and NASA Dryden. The instrument has demanding requirements for phase stability
over temperature and the antenna components, particularly the T/R modules, are key to
meeting these requirements. Fifty four of these T/R modules were fabricated for integration
into two antennas. System architecture and performance data for this ensemble of modules
are discussed.
6.0205 Broadband Characterization of a 100 to 180 GHz Amplifier
Pekka Kangaslahti (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); William Deal, Xiaobing Mei, Richard Lai (Northrop
Grumman Corporation)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 10:10 am, N Cheyenne
Atmospheric science and weather forecasting require measurements of the temperature
and humidity vs. altitude. These sounding measurements are obtained at frequencies close
to the resonance frequencies of oxygen (118 GHz) and water (183 GHz) molecules. We
have characterized a broadband amplifier that will increase the sensitivity of sounding and
other instruments at these frequencies. This study demonstrated for the first time
continuous low noise amplification from 100 to 180 GHz. The measured InP monolithic
millimeter-wave integrated circuit (MMIC) amplifier had more than 18 dB of gain from 100 to
180 GHz and 15 dB of gain up to 220 GHz...
6.0209 Design of Frequency Synthesizer for Synchronizing Airborne Bistatic SAR Systems
Wen-Qin Wang (University of Electronic Science, Technology of China)
Bistatic synthetic aperture radar (BiSAR) offers many operational advantages, however; it
results in the technical problems such as the synchronization of the oscillators and
adjustment of the transmit pulse versus receive gate timing. Consequently, high accurate
frequency synchronization must be ensured. Inspired by the widely used GPS for time and
frequency transfer, this paper concentrates on the design of GPS disciplined frequency
synthesizer for synchronizing airborne BiSAR systems. In this paper, both the transmitter
and receiver contain a GPS disciplined oscillator, and frequency trimmed by the use of
tuning varactor-diode. Thereafter, a DDS based multiple tuned frequency synthesizer is
applied...
6.0210 A Framework to Optimize Radar Resource Allocation for Multi-Target Tracking in
ESA Radars
M. Justin Sagayaraj, Aparna Rathi, S. Veeraraghavan, Chhabi Nigam (LRDE, Bangalore)
Managing resources in a phased array radar system with multiple targets is a challenging
task, which involves efficient resource allocation algorithms and its interaction with various
sources. The resource allocation problem is well studied in statistical multiplexing field in
48
Track 6: Remote Sensing
digital communication for efficient bandwidth allocation. One such scheme is proposed in
this paper for resource allocation problem in phased array radar systems. The framework
offers simple but efficient mechanism for utility maximization and dwell scheduling by
adjusting Quality of Service (QoS) requirements based on feedback from resource
allocation algorithm to the sources.
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Track 6: Remote Sensing
as Signal to Interference Plus Noise Ratio (SINR) and Minimum Mean Square Error
(MMSE) are directly calculated to measure performance and can indicate false
performance predictions.
6.0602 Dual Channel Adaptive Antenna Nulling with Auxiliary Selection for Spaceborne
Radar
Pierfrancesco Lombardo, Matteo Sedehi, Fabiola Colone, Marta Bucciarelli, Diego Cristallini (University of
Rome “La Sapienza”)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 8:55 am, N Cheyenne
A doubly adaptive scheme is proposed for detection and jammer cancellation by
spaceborne radar, characterized by a dual receiving channel scheme. Generally many
auxiliary antenna elements are required to protect a radar with a high gain antenna without
tapering, from a single jammer. Assuming a slowly changing jamming scenario, we show
that it is possible to apply first an adaptive selection of the best auxiliary element, and then
to apply an adaptive scheme for jammer cancellation and target detection using only two
receiving channels. This paper characterizes the performance of this approach, together
with its limitations.
6.0603 MIMO Phased-Array for SMTI Radar
Jameson Bergin, Steven McNeil, Linda Fomundam (ISL); Peter Zulch (US Air Force Research
Laboratory)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 9:20 am, N Cheyenne
Waveform diversity techniques for radar have gained considerable interest over the past
several years. Novel radar waveforms have been proposed to improve detection
performance and metric accuracy (i.e. angle estimation performance). This paper explores
the potential for using a waveform diversity technique known as Multiple Input, Multiple
Output (MIMO) radar to improve the detection performance of slow moving surface targets
from a moving radar platform.
6.0604 Adaptive Threshold Mapping Technique for Moving Target Detector in Modern Radar
Ahmed Salem, Alaa Hafez (Alexandria University)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 9:45 am, N Cheyenne
In this paper we propose a new adaptive threshold mapping (ATM) technique for moving
target detector (MTD) in modern radar. This technique is proposed to reduce the false
alarms resulting from weather clutter and interference with relatively high Doppler
frequency shift and MTD is don’t able to suppress it. Such technique is based on controlling
the receiver sensitivity according to the status of the output signal at the post detection.
Also the technique is to control the signal processing path with relatively high probability of
detection. The Simulation results show that this technique is a powerful solution to keep
the...
6.0605 Development of the Two D Wall for Simulation of Glint from Atmospheric Propagation
and Multipath
Robert Penno (University of Dayton); Seng Hong, William Austin, John Glett, Gwynne Jones (US Air
Force Research Laboratory); Mark Haenni (MacAuley-Brown, Inc); Rey Febo (University of Puerto Rico)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 10:10 am, N Cheyenne
This work demonstrates the simulation of radar returns from complex scattering objects
through the use of a triangular antenna array (Triad). Measurements corroborate the
computer model. Such a capability can be used to simulate a wide range of phenomena
including glint, atmospheric scintillation and multipath.
6.0606 Study on STAP in Non-homogeneous Clutter Environment
Wenchong Xie, Jianwen Chen, Yongliang Wang (Wuhan Radar Academy, China)
The performance of space time adaptive processing (STAP) is greatly affected in
nonhomogeneous clutter environments. In this paper, the effect of nonhomogeneous clutter
on STAP is analysed, then a nonhomogeneous clutter suppression scheme is proposed. In
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Track 6: Remote Sensing
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Track 6: Remote Sensing
distribution, can be used to set novelty thresholds in the model, which, if exceeded, indicate
an “abnormal” episode; 3) application to large data sets of modern gas-turbine flight data,
which shows successful novelty detection results with low false-positive alarm rates.
6.0705 Daytime Lidar Characterization of Subvisual Cirrus Layers
David Stoker (The Aerospace Corporation)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 10:10 am, N Cheyenne
A mobile Rayleigh lidar facility was used to detect and characterize subvisual cirrus layers.
The polarized scatter was range-gated and used for optical attenuation measurements, and
the depolarized signal was used for detection of subvisual cirrus. For temporal windows of
1 minute the OD sensitivity was 0.02, slightly larger than the OD of subvisual cirrus. The
OD of the subvisual layers was calculated using a backscatter-to-extinction ratio calculated
from visual cirrus layers or by temporal averaging of uniform layers. Using a combination of
temporal averaging and a backscatter-to-extinction ratio improved the optical density
sensitivity by seven orders of magnitude.
6.0706 A Novel Precoder Design for OFDM Receivers in Unknown Fading Channels
Fumihiro Hasegawa, Konstantiotis. N. Plataniotis, Subbarayan Pasupathy (University of Toronto)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 10:35 am, N Cheyenne
This paper presents a novel precoder design for an Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM) system using a channel estimator. First, an asymptotically tight
approximation of the pairwise error probability (PEP) error with channel estimation error is
presented and is shown to improve the existing upper bound of the PEP. Using the
proposed approximation, a new precoding scheme is introduced to improve the bit error
rate (BER) performance of the receiver assisted by a minimum mean square error (MMSE)
channel estimator.
6.0707 Naval Target Classification Based on the Confusion Matrix
S. Giompapa (University of Pisa); A. Farina (SELEX - Sistemi Integrati); F. Gini (University of Pisa); A.
Graziano, R. Croci, R. Di Stefano (SELEX - Sistemi Integrati).)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 11:00 am, N Cheyenne
In this paper, , we propose an algorithm for the classification of naval targets, which is
based on the fusion of the class information provided by three imaging sensors: a video
camera, an infrared (IR) camera, and an airborne radar operating in spotlight Synthetic
Aperture Radar (SAR) mode. The purpose of the fusion process is to elaborate the outputs
of these three imaging sensors in order to obtain an accurate and reliable estimate of the
target class. The performance of each imaging sensor is modelled by means of its
confusion matrix (CM). The entries of the matrix are used...
6.0708 Efficient GLRTs via SPRTs for Gravitational Wave Detection
Stefano Marano (University of Salerno); Peter Willett (University of Connecticut); Vincenzo Matta
(University of Salerno)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 11:25 am, N Cheyenne
It is often required to detect a long weak signal in Gaussian noise, and frequently the exact
form of that signal is parametrized, but not known. A bank of matched filters provides an
appropriate detector. However, in some practical applications there are very many matched
filters and most are quite long. In this paper we provide a computational approach to this
problem via sequential testing of re-ordered data.
6.0709 Optimized Bernoulli Trial Technique for M Out of N Binary Integration of Radar
Signals
Yahya Golestani, George Mallean (The Aerospace Corporation)
Presentation: Sunday, March 2nd, 6:30 pm, Lamar/Gibbon
Binary integration is used in radar systems where M successful events out of N trials
represent the detection of a target where multiple pulse-repetition frequencies (PRFs) are
used. If the probabilities of the single events are equal, the probability of M events
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Track 6: Remote Sensing
occurring out of N can be represented by a binomial distribution. If, however, switching the
PRF at each event causes differing clutter to interfere with the signal, the event
probabilities are not binomially distributed but are represented by a more complicated
polynomial. An optimization procedure is presented that minimizes the radar resources
needed for the M out of...
6.0710 Modeling and Interpretation of Multifunction Radars with Stochastic Grammar
Alex Wang, Vikram Krishnamurthy (University of British Columbia)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 9:45 am, N Cheyenne
Multifunction Radars (MFRs) are sophisticated sensors with complex dynamical modes that
are widely used in surveillance and tracking. Because of their agility, a new solution to the
interpretation of radar signal is critical to aircraft survivability and successful mission
completion. In this paper, we introduce a knowledge-based statistical signal processing
technique that allows syntactic representation of domain expert knowledge. In particular,
we model MFRs as systems that “speak” a language that can be characterized by a
Markov modulated stochastic context free grammar(SCFG). We demonstrate that SCFG,
modulated by a Markov chain, serves as an adequate knowledge representation of MFRs’
dynamics.
One important issue for ATR systems is to learn how robust the performance is under
different scenarios. The quality of the input image sequence is a major factor affecting the
ATR algorithm’s ability to detect and recognize an object. It is desirable to know at what
quality level the input images would most likely cause ATR system failure. Our paper
addresses the utility of image quality measures and their correlations with performance
failures of an ATR algorithm. Results show the prediction ability for the non-detections of
the ATR algorithm using linear combinations of the image quality measures.
6.0804 Efficient Kriging via Fast Matrix-Vector Products.
Nargess Memarsadeghi (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center); Vikas C. Raykar (Siemens Medical
Solutions); Ramani Duraiswami, David M. Mount (University of Maryland).)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 11:50 am, N Cheyenne
Interpolating scattered data points is a problem of wide ranging interest. Ordinary kriging is
an optimal scattered data estimator, widely used in geosciences and remote sensing. A
generalized version of this technique, called cokriging, can be used for image fusion of
remotely sensed data. However, it is computationally very expensive for large data sets.
We demonstrate the time efficiency and accuracy of approximating ordinary kriging through
the use of fast matrix-vector products combined with iterative methods. We used methods
based on the fast Multipole methods and nearest neighbor searching techniques for
implementations of the fast matrix-vector products.
6.0805 Data Fusion Architectures for Sensor Platforms
Atif Mirza (Booz Allen Hamilton)
The role of data fusion in sensor platforms is becoming increasingly important in various
domains of science, technology and business. Fusion pertains to the merging or integration
of information towards an enhanced level of awareness. Multi-sensor fusion can be applied
to any system that must retrieve and synthesize data from numerous sources. Its
applications can be found in a variety of technology settings, from robotics, structural and
vehicle health monitoring to communications, space science and telemedicine. This work is
a canonical overview of several major fusion architectures developed from the remote
sensing and defense community.
paper, for the first time to our best knowledge, a grid-based four dimensional algorithm to
solve the Zakai equation. Our approach is based on an adaptive local grid refinement
method and is illustrated with a bearings-only target motion analysis example.
6.0903 Improvement of Multiple Ground Targets Tracking with GMTI Sensor and Fusion of
Identification Attributes
Evangeline Pollard (ONERA - The French Aerospace Lab)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 5:20 pm, N Cheyenne
We develop a new improved VS-IMM algorithm for GMTI tracking which includes the stop-
move model, contextual information, and identification information arising from classifiers
coupled with the GMTI sensor. The identification information is integrated to the likelihood
of each hypothesis of our SB-MHT and allows to solve the ambiguities arising at road
intersections, with target maneuvers or with undetected ground targets after few scans. We
maintain aside each target track a set of ID hypotheses with their committed beliefs which
are updated on real time with classifier decisions through target type tracker based on a
proportional conflict redistribution fusion rule.
6.0904 Multi-Missile Interception Integrating New Guidance Law and Game Theoretic
Resource Management
Mo Wei, Genshe Chen (Intelligent Automation, Inc.); Jose B. Cruz, Jr. (Ohio State University); Erik Blasch
(US Air Force Research Laboratory)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 8:50 pm, N Cheyenne
Traditional missile interception often focuses on simplified scenarios such as one-to-one or
multi-to-one interception. Recently, battlefield situations pose new difficulties for missile
defense systems, which make traditional interception systems inefficient. The problems
revolve around two aspects: 1) The guidance law insufficiency (traditional forms PN,
DGL/1, and DGL/C); and 2) Resource management insufficiency. This paper fuses game
theoretic resource management and a noise level related guidance law to existing missile
defense system which is called Differential Game Law Type M (DGL/M). Intensive
simulations show that this approach demonstrates improvements over existing methods.
6.0905 Accurate Likelihood Evaluation for Multiple Model PMHT Algorithms
Tod Luginbuhl (Naval Undersea Warfare Center); Roy L. Streit (Metron, Inc.); Phillip Ainsleigh, Sunil
Mathews (Naval Undersea Warfare Center)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 9:15 pm, N Cheyenne
In this paper, an exact method for computing the observed data likelihood for multiple
target motion model PMHT algorithms is given. A new method of incorporating multiple
target motion models using statistically independent model assignment variables is
presented. Two EM based methods of obtaining the target state MAP estimates under fairly
general assumptions are discussed. For linear Gaussian targets, it is shown that the MAP
target state estimates for either approach can be computed using a bank of Kalman
smoothers.
6.0906 Recursive Bearings-Only TMA via Unscented Kalman Filter: Cartesian vs. Modified
Polar Coordinates
Dann Laneuville (DCNS); Claude Jauffret ( USTV, France)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 9:40 pm, N Cheyenne
This paper considers the classic problem of bearings-only target motion analysis. This has
extensively been studied in the past and the novelty here is the use of the Unscented
Kalman Filter (UKF) with the modified polar coordinates state representation. To take
advantage of this filter, we keep the exact non linear plant equation of the model in the
prediction stage with the coupling between the different state vector components. In this
representation, the prediction equation is not straightforward, but the counterpart is a trivial
measurement equation. We compare the performance, in terms of estimation rms error and
bias, of this...
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6.0911 Turn Rate Estimation Techniques in IMM Estimators for ESA Radar Tracking
S. Veeraraghavan, Aparna Rathi, M. Justin Sagayaraj (LRDE, Bangalore)
Electronically steered array-antenna (ESA) radars are used to perform multiple roles, such
as surveillance and dedicated tracking. Maneuvers made by targets are often modeled
using turn models. The success of using turn models relies on the correct estimation of
turn-rate. This paper makes a comparative study of turn rate estimation techniques for ESA
radar tracking. An adaptive revisit scheme is used for tracking maneuvering targets, using
the interacting multiple-model (IMM) approach. Better turn-rate estimation techniques in
this adaptive framework can significantly bring down the demand for resources while
tracking maneuvering targets.
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6.1004 Models and Algorithms for Detection and Tracking of Coordinated Groups
Sze Kim Pang, Jack Li, Simon J. Godsill (University of Cambridge)
Presentation: Friday, March 7th, 9:45 am, N Cheyenne
In this paper, we develop two novel group dynamical models, within a continuous time
setting, that aim to mimic behavioural properties of groups. We also describe two possible
ways of modeling interactions between closely spaced targets using Markov Random Field
(MRF) and repulsive forces. These can be combined together with a group structure
transition model to create realistic evolving group models. We use a Markov Chain Monte
Carlo (MCMC)-Particles Algorithm to perform sequential inference. Computer simulations
demonstrate the ability of the algorithm to detect and track targets within groups, as well as
infer the correct group structure over time.
6.1005 Using a Configurable Integrated Sensing and Processing Imager to Track Multiple
Targets
Ioannis Kyriakides, Antonia Papandreou-Suppappola, Darryl Morrell (Arizona State University)
Presentation: Friday, March 7th, 10:10 am, N Cheyenne
On-line processing of data from video sequences is impeded by the need to process a
large amount of data. Appropriate processing on-board of the sensor can reduce the data
transmitted and processed. We use video sequences from an integrated sensing and
processing (ISP) imager to track multiple targets; the imager is configured to select and
filter data before transmission. We use a particle filter to direct the acquisition and filtering.
We demonstrate using simulations that the ISP approach reduces the data transmitted to
the tracker without loss in tracking performance when compared to traditional sensing
systems.
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interoperable and dynamic framework greatly simplifies the integration of sensing agents
and modeling applications. Integration with Google Map will be demonstrated.
6.1205 QuakeSim: Efficient Modeling of Sensor Web Data in a Web Services Environment
Andrea Donnellan, Jay Parker, Robert Granat (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Geoffrey Fox, Marlon Pierce
(Indiana University); John Rundle (University of California, Davis); Dennis McLeod, Rami Al-Ghanmi
(University of Southern California); Lisa Grant (University of California, Irvine); Walter Brooks (NASA
Ames Research Center)
Presentation: Sunday, March 2nd, 9:15 pm, N Cheyenne
QuakeSim is a modeling environment for studying earthquake processes using a web
services environment. QuakeSim federates data from multiple sources including
spaceborne GPS and InSAR data, geological fault data, and seismicity data and integrates
the databases with modeling applications. Because the models are complex and compute
intensive we are using the Columbia supercomputer. The applications simulate interacting
earthquake fault systems, model nucleation and slip on faults, and calculate run-up and
inundation from tsunamis generated by offshore earthquakes. QuakeSim also applies
pattern recognition techniques to real and simulated data to elucidate subtle features in the
processes.
6.1206 A Meta-Model for Generalized Algorithm and Model Enablement of Sensor Web
Applications
Charles J. Poole, J. Scott Evans (Computational Physics, Inc)
Presentation: Sunday, March 2nd, 9:40 pm, N Cheyenne
With the emergence of operational sensor web systems, it will become increasingly
important to be able to easily integrate new or updated algorithms and models of elements
or processes within the sensor web domain space to allow system operators and analyst or
intelligent software agents to easily or automatically adjust system capabilities or
performance to quickly match the dynamic flow of a user’s operational needs and priorities.
The authors present their on-going prototype work examining the feasibility of enabling the
generalized integration of heterogeneous algorithms and models as semantic sensor web
assets.
6.1207 Using a Contract Net to Dynamically Configure Sensor Webs
Costas Tsatsoulis, Najla Ahmad, Edward Komp, Christopher Redford (University of Kansas)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 4:30 pm, N Cheyenne
We describe how we developed a multi-agent system to represent a collection of sensors
that are dynamically combined into a Sensor Web. The sensors use a combination of a
Matchmaker architecture together with the Contract Net protocol to enable the reasoned,
task-based creation of a dynamic Sensor Web that adapts to the data sensed and to the
requirements generated by the agent sensors. We tested our system using EO-1
instruments, and showed how Sensor Web instrument coalitions can be generated based
on sensing and processing needs.
6.1208 Rapid Response to Volcanic Eruptions with an Autonomous Sensor Web
Ashley Gerard Davies, Rebecca Castano, Steve Chien, Daniel Tran, Lukas Mandrake (Jet Propulsion
Laboratory); Robert Wright (U. Hawai`i); Philip Kyle (New Mexico Tech); Jean-Christophe Komorowski
(Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris); Dan Mandl (GSFC); Stuart Frye (Noblis)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 4:55 pm, N Cheyenne
A rapid response to a volcanic crisis was demonstrated by a fully-automonous Sensor Web
at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory that collates reports of volcanic activity and retasks
the EO-1 spacecraft to obtain high-resolution hyperspectral data of eruptions. The value of
this system was demonstrated during the 2006 eruption of Nyamulagira, D. R. Congo,
when data acquired via a sensor web trigger provided crucial data to mitigate volcanic
hazard.
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Track 7: Spacecraft Avionics Systems & Technologies
Track Organizer: John Samson, Jr. (Honeywell Inc.)
Track Organizer: Scott Tyson (SES Consultants, Inc.)
7.01 Onboard Processing Hardware Architectures and Interconnect Technologies
Session Organizer: Jamal Haque (Honeywell)
Session Organizer: Joseph Marshall (BAE SYSTEMS)
7.0101 The RAD6000MCTM System-on-Chip Microcontroller for Spacecraft Avionics and
Instrument Control
Richard Berger, Laura Burcin, David Hutcheson, Jennifer Koehler, Marla Lassa, Myrna Milliser, David
Moser, Dan Stanley, Randy Zeger (BAE Systems); Benjamin Blalock, Mark Hale (University of
Tennessee)
Presentation: Sunday, March 2nd, 4:30 pm, Lake/Canyon
A highly integrated system-on-chip is currently in development. Based on the flight-proven
RAD6000 microprocessor, this mixed-signal microcontroller supports standard digital
interfaces commonly used in spacecraft avionics including PCI, 1553, and SpaceWire.
Multiple analog input and output channels are also provided. The RAD6000MC
microcontroller will be manufactured in BAE Systems’ 150nm radiation hardened CMOS
technology with the RAD6000 processor as a reusable core. It is being designed to be able
to support a wide variety of applications, including a flight computer, instrument control, and
use within a large distributed architecture system. Existing RAD6000 software and test
infrastructure will be reusable.
7.0102 High Resolution Time Synchronization over SpaceWire Links
Frederic Pinsard, Christophe Cara (CEA Saclay)
Presentation: Sunday, March 2nd, 4:55 pm, Lake/Canyon
An extension to the SpaceWire standard is presented which increases considerably its
synchronization capability. Initially developed in the scope of Simbol-X, a CNES formation
flying instrument where time-tagging is critical to perform on-board processing, the
extension can be implemented in equipments where the use of the performing SpaceWire
standard is not possible due to its intrinsic synchronization limitation. The extension takes
advantage of existing capabilities of the SpaceWire standard with no impact on the data
layer and very limited additional resource needs. The resulting performances are presented
still in the framework of the Simbol-X instrument using ACTEL space qualified FPGA.
7.02 Onboard Signal, Data, Command Processing & Data Handling Technologies
Session Organizer: Michael Lovellette (Naval Research Laboratory)
Session Organizer: Stephen Ruggles (NASA Langley Research Center)
7.0201 Radiation Hardened 150nm Standard Cell ASIC Design Library for Space
Applications
Leonard R. Rockett, Daniel J. Kouba (BAE Systems)
Presentation: Sunday, March 2nd, 8:50 pm, Lake/Canyon
High performance, low-power, radiation hardened Application Specific Integrated Circuits
(ASICs) are essential building blocks for advanced systems used in strategic space
applications. BAE Systems in Manassas, VA has developed and demonstrated a
comprehensive radiation hardened 150nm standard cell digital ASIC design library. The
library is used to configure ASIC designs built using the strategically radiation hardened
fully-scaled 150nm bulk CMOS process technology at the recently modernized foundry at
BAE Systems. This paper describes the radiation hardened standard cell ASIC design
library, the characteristics of the underlying rad hard 150nm CMOS process technology,
and the ASIC product design flow.
7.0202 High Energy Gamma-rays and Modern Electronics
Michael Lovellette, Kent Wood; (Naval Research Laboratory); James Beall (St. Johns College)
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Track 7: Spacecraft Avionics Systems & Technologies
7.0404 Achieving Multipurpose Space Imaging with the ARTEMIS Reconfigurable Payload
Processor
Ian A. Troxel, Matthew Fehringer, Michael T. Chenoweth (SEAKR Engineering Inc.)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 9:45 am, Lake/Canyon
The components that comprise the Advanced Responsive Tactically Effective Military
Imaging Spectrometer (ARTEMIS) payload processor, to be deployed on the AFRL TacSat-
3 satellite, provide a flexible and high-performance platform upon which space imaging
applications can be deployed. The payload system consists of an FPGA camera interface
and processing board and a single board computer among other components. The
combination of FPGA and general-purpose processor strikes a balance between compute-
intensive sensor data extraction processing and administrative tasks such as health
monitoring and information downlink. This paper provides a description of the system
design and highlights the system’s performance and flexibility.
7.0405 Using Duplication with Compare for On-line Error Detection in FPGA-based Designs
Jonathan Johnson, William Howes, Michael Wirthlin (Brigham Young University); Daniel L McMurtrey
(Sandia National Laboratory); Michael Caffrey, Paul Graham, & Keith Morgan (Los Alamos National
Laboratory)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 10:10 am, Lake/Canyon
It is well known that FPGAs are susceptible to single-event upsets (SEUs) in radiation
environments. A variety of mitigation strategies have been demonstrated to provide
appropriate mitigation and correction of SEUs in these environments. While full mitigation
of SEUs is appropriate for some situations, some systems may tolerate SEUs as long as
these upsets are detected quickly and correctly. These systems require effective error
detection techniques rather than costly error correction methods. This work leverages a
well-known error detection technique for FPGAs called duplication with compare (DWC).
This technique has been shown to be very effective at quickly and accurately detecting
SEUs using fault injection and radiation testing.
7.0406 Fault Tolerant ICAP Controller for High-Reliable Internal Scrubbing
Jonathan Heiner, Nathan Collins, Michael Wirthlin (Brigham Young University)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 10:35 am, Lake/Canyon
This paper demonstrates a technique for detecting and repairing SEUs within the
configuration memory of a Xilinx Virtex-4 FPGA using the ICAP interface. The Internal
Configuration Access Port (ICAP) provides a port internal to the FPGA for configuring the
FPGA device. We have extended existing work on using the ICAP for for both error
injection and scrubbing to create a fault tolerant ICAP scrubber by triplicating the internal
ICAP circuit using TMR and block memory scrubbing. This paper will describe the costs,
benefits, and reliability of this fault-tolerant ICAP controller.
7.0407 New Reprogrammable and Non-Volatile Radiation Tolerant FPGA: RTA3P
Sana Rezgui, J.J. Wang, Yinming Sun, Brian Cronquist John McCollum (Actel Corporation)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 11:00 am, Lake/Canyon
Heavy-ion and proton test results utilizing novel test methodologies of reprogrammable and
non-volatile flash-based FPGAs are presented and discussed. The 5 programmable
architectures in the A3P FPGA-family were tested: I/O structures, FPGA Core, PLL, FROM
and SRAM. Furthermore, the circuitry used for the programming and the erase of the A3P
product was exercised in proton beams. The data shows no major concern or disruption to
all of the circuit features for fluences lower than 1011 of proton particles or TID higher than
15 Krad.
7.0408 Ultra Low Voltage Level Shifters to Interface Sub and Super Threshold
Reconfigurable Logic Cells
Ameet Chavan, Eric MacDonald (University of Texas at El Paso)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 11:25 am, Lake/Canyon
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Track 7: Spacecraft Avionics Systems & Technologies
This paper compares a variety of existing level shifters as well as several proposed level
shifters in the context of up-converting subthreshold signals to superthreshold levels,
applicable for reconfigurable voltage island style logic cells. All level shifter circuits are
evaluated in terms of power, performance and radiation hardness for a constant area.
7.0409 Progress in the Development of Field Programmable Analog Arrays for Space
Applications
Adrian Stoica, Didier Keymeulen, Mohammad Mojarradi, Ricardo Zebulum, Taher Daud (Jet Propulsion
Laboratory)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 4:30 pm, Lake/Canyon
This paper describes a recent Field Programmable Analog Array (FPAA) design, the Self-
Reconfigurable Analog Array (SRAA) developed at JPL. It offers a larger diversity of analog
resources compared to commercial FPAA, with a variety of analog cells and the possibility
of self-correction at extreme temperatures. It is designed to survive wide temrperature
range of -185C to 125C and 300 kRad TID.
7.0410 Bushfire Hotspot Detection Through Uninhabited Aerial Vehicles and Reconfigurable
Computing
Ronald Graml, Grant Wigley (University of South Australia)
Hotspots or smouldering embers left in the wake of a bushfire can, if not extinguished,
reignite causing further destruction and loss of life as was the case on Eyre Peninsular in
Australia in January 2005. The current method of detecting hotspots is very labour
intensive, time consuming and inexact. To overcome these limitations, we propose a
system that employs small uninhabited aerial vehicles (UAV) and reconfigurable computing
(RC) technologies to enable fire fighting personnel to quickly and effectively locate
hotspots. This paper explores the technologies proposed for the hotspot detection system
including the algorithms for detecting and tracking of hotspots.
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Track 7: Spacecraft Avionics Systems & Technologies
7.0602 High Speed RF Packaging Design and Fabrication for Ka-Band Radar Systems
Ivair Gontijo (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 4:30 pm, Lake/Canyon
The material choices for RF packaging are reviewed and two groups of materials are used
to package components for a landing radar. Both Kovar and Aluminum housings were
designed and built for Transmit/Receive and Up/Down Converter modules respectively.
Both packages are hermetic and capable of withstanding a differential pressure of over 30
psi. Environmental requirements taken into account include thermal cycling, absolute
maximum temperature ratings of components and structural aspects. Details of the
electrical package design to minimize radiation loss and cross talk are discussed, as well
as various methods of attachment of the RF connectors to the housings.
7.0603 Flip Chip Reliability on Dynamically Loaded Multi-Functional Spacecraft Structures
Donald Schatzel (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 4:55 pm, Lake/Canyon
Incorporating electronic traces, signal paths and buses directly into a spacecraft structure
can provide a significant savings in weigh and volume. Flip Chip device packaging will play
a key role in accomplishing this objective if their reliability can be verified for use in Multi-
Functional Spacecraft Structures.
7.0604 Survivability of Flip Chips Using PCBs with Carbon Fiber in a Fatigue Environment
Carissa D. Tudryn (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 5:20 pm, Lake/Canyon
Flip Chip packaging technology is being developed using PCBs with carbon fiber
composites or STABLCOR®, to withstand low temperature, fatigue conditions on Mars,
from -130°C to +85°C, for a 1 year mission. This technology will benefit future rovers by
allowing for electronic packaging to be incorporated as highly dense, low mass
multifunctional structures outside a warm electronics box. The flip chips on boards with and
without carbon fiber weave failed due to fatigue. This paper describes the design,
assembly, and testing of flip chips in this extreme environment, and additional experiments
needed.
7.0605 Electrically Conductive Carbon Nanotube Adhesives on Lead Free Printed Circuit
Board Surface Finishes
Keerthivarma Mantena, Jing Li, Janet K. Lumpp (University of Kentucky)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 9:15 pm, Lake/Canyon
Electrically conductive adhesives are attractive alternatives to solder and die attach
materials in electronic assemblies particularly in the lead free era. Compared to metal filled
conductive adhesives, multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) filled adhesives are
lightweight, corrosion resistant, high strength and resistant to metal migration. Previous
studies of MWCNT filled epoxies on bare copper printed circuit boards. Currently, we are
repeating measurements on printed circuit boards coated with immersion tin, immersion
silver and electroless nickel-immersion gold.
7.0606 Copper Nanotubes for Packaging Applications
Daniel Choi, Viola Fucsko (University of Idaho); Eui-Hyeok Yang (Stevens Institute of Technology)
We present a process for fabricating Copper (Cu) nanotubes, which can be utilized for
novel electrical interconnect materials. Because of superior properties in electromigration
and thermal management to aluminum, Cu technology has been attractive to the
semiconductor industry. Cu nanotubes can be fabricated by electrodeposition using
alumina nanopore templates. Nanotubes can provide high surface-to-volume ratio in
nanostructures compared to nanorods. In addition, nanotubes provide lower resistively and
high thermal conductivity. Cu nanotube arrays were electrodeposited into alumina
nanopore membranes with pore diameters of approximately 30nm and 50nm, with
estimated porosity of 43%, by nano template-based electrodeposition.
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Track 7: Spacecraft Avionics Systems & Technologies
and survival analysis. We propose a conjecture about the fault tolerance of universal
genetic (DNA) code based on Byzantine general problem.
7.0806 Developing Aerospace Applications with a Reliable Web Services Paradigm
Pat Chan, Michael R. Lyu (The Chinese University of Hong Kong)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 10:35 am, Lake/Canyon
One of the latest achievements of the Internet usage is the availability of Web services
technology. Web services provide an efficient and convenient way for service provisioning,
exchanging and aggregating, which facilitates a resourceful platform for the aerospace
industry. The aerospace industry usually involves products of complex synthesis of various
technologies and sciences. These different technical resources can be provided in the form
of Web services to increase their availability, efficiency and performance. However, in
aerospace area, reliability is an ultimately important issue. In this paper, we target on
providing a reliable Web service paradigm for the industry. We describe the methods of
reliability enhancement by redundancy in space and redundancy in...
7.0807 Control of MEMS Disc Resonance Gyroscope (DRG) using a FPGA Platform
Didier Keymeulen, Chris Peay, David Foor (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Tran Trung (UC Berkeley); Alireza
Bakhshi (B&A Engineering Inc.); Phil Withington, Karl Yee, Rich Terrile (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 11:00 am, Lake/Canyon
Inertial navigation systems based upon optical gyroscopes tend to be expensive, large,
power consumptive, and are not long lived. Micro-Electromechanical Systems (MEMS)
based gyros do not have these shortcomings; however, until recently, the performance of
MEMS based gyros had been below navigation grade. Boeing and JPL have been co-
operating since 1997 to develop high performance MEMS gyroscopes for miniature, low
power space Inertial Reference Unit applications. The efforts resulted in demonstration of a
Post Resonator Gyroscope (PRG). This experience led to the more compact Disc
Resonator Gyroscope (DRG) for further reduced size and power with potentially increased
performance. Currently, the...
i7.0808 Panel: Fault Protection and Exception Handling:
System Engineering Concern
Chair: Tom Hoffman-JPL
Panelists.
Brian Bauer – APL
Herb Hecht – SOHAR
Todd Bayer – JPL
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 11:25 am, Lake/Canyon
Summary
The Panel will discuss the current issues and concerns in the area of Fault Protection and
Exception Handling for Spacecraft. The current standards and best practices across
government, industry and academia will be discussed. Intended audience is system
engineers as well as hardware and software architects and developers. The intent of the
panel is to determine where improvements can be made in the current standards and to
determine how these may best be implemented.
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Track 7: Spacecraft Avionics Systems & Technologies
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Track 8: Spacecraft & Launch Vehicle Systems & Technologies
Track Organizer: Erik Nilsen (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Track Organizer: Todd Mosher (Microsat Systems)
8.01 Exploration Systems
Session Organizer: Jennifer Rhatigan (NASA Johnson Space Center)
8.0101 Constellation Major Technical Challenges of 2007
Brian K. Muirhead (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 4:30 pm, Jefferson
The paper will focus on two of the major technical challenges of the year. The first is
understanding and establishing adequate performance and mass margin for the initial low
earth orbit capability, targeted to support ISS, the second is the lunar capability to establish
an outpost(s) on the moon including the core elements of the lunar transportation
architecture.
8.0102 Constellation Program Mission Operations Project Office, Status and Support
Philosophy
Dennis Webb (NASA Johnson Space Center)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 4:55 pm, Jefferson
The Constellation Program Mission Operations Project Office (CxP MOP) at Johnson
Space Center in Houston Texas is preparing to support the CxP mission operations
objectives for the CEV/Orion flights, the Lunar Lander, and Lunar surface operations. We
are assessing more efficient ways to organize the support and new technologies which will
enhance our operations support. This paper will address the status of our preparation for
these CxP missions, our philosophical approach to CxP operations support, and some of
the technologies we are assessing to streamline our mission operations infrastructure.
8.0103 Descent Assisted Split Habitat (DASH) Lunar Lander Concept
Daniel D. Mazanek, Kandyce E. Goodliff (NASA Langley Research Center); David M. Cornelius
(Analytical Mechanics Associates, Inc.)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 5:20 pm, Jefferson
The Descent Assisted Split Habitat (DASH) lander is a versatile human and cargo lunar
lander concept that utilizes a disposable braking stage for lunar descent and a minimally
sized habitat for crew transport to and from the lunar surface. The design approach for the
DASH lander was to investigate a vertical lander concept that could significantly simplify
surface operations by facilitating crew access and large-cargo deployment while reducing
lander mass. Past lunar mission approaches like the proposed Apollo direct flight
approaches and the Russian LK lander included the use breaking stages during descent to
the lunar surface.
8.0104 The Next Giant Leap: NASA's Ares Launch Vehicles Overview
Stephen A. Cook, Teresa Vanhooser (Ares Projects Office)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 8:50 pm, Jefferson
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)’s Constellation Program is
developing new launch vehicles (Ares) and spacecraft (Orion) to send astronauts to the
Moon, Mars, and beyond. This paper presents plans, projections, and progress toward
fielding the Ares I and Ares V vehicles, and the Ares I-X test flight in 2009.
8.0105 Ares Launch Vehicles Lean Practices Case Study
Rajiv Doreswamy, Timothy A. Self (Ares Projects Office)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 9:15 pm, Jefferson
The Ares launch vehicles team, managed by the Ares Projects Office (APO) at NASA
Marshall Space Flight Center, has completed the Ares I Crew Launch Vehicle System
Requirements Review and System Definition Review and early design work for the Ares V
Cargo Launch Vehicle. This paper provides examples of how Lean Manufacturing, Kaizen
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events, and Six Sigma practices are helping APO deliver a new space transportation
capability on time and within budget, while still meeting stringent technical requirements.
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using the simplest functions on a small subset of the full instrument data. FPGA co-
processor designs will lead to significant improvement in on-board classification capability
and accuracy. We implemented a classifier, developed for the Hyperion instrument on the
EO-1 spacecraft, on the Xilinx Virtex-4FX60 FPGA as a baseline challenge and created two
extensions of more capable classifiers. We have taken advantage of Impulse CTM, the
commercially available C-to-HDL tool by Impulse Accelerated Technologies.
8.1103 Experiments in Onboard Rover Traverse Science
Rebecca Castano, Tara Estlin, Dan Gaines, Ben Bornstein, Robert C. Anderson, Brian Bue, Michele Judd
(Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 5:20 pm, Elbow 3
The Onboard Autonomous Science Investigation System (OASIS) evaluates geologic data
gathered by a planetary rover. This analysis is used to prioritize the data for transmission
and to identify and react to science opportunities. We provide a brief overview of the entire
OASIS system, and then describe new system capabilities with an emphasis on the
identification of novel features during a traverse. In addition, the system has been
integrated with the Visual Target Tracking (VTT) capability, enabling the rover to approach
targets identified onboard and acquire targeted measurements from positions in close
proximity to the target.
8.1104 Autonomous Calibration of Vehicle Cabin Atmosphere Monitor
Seungwon Lee, Benjamin Bornstein (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 8:50 pm, Elbow 3
The Vehicle Cabin Atmosphere Monitor (VCAM) is designed to autonomously detect and
identify trace organic species in the International Space Station (ISS) cabin air and monitor
changes in species concentrations over time after chemical events. VCAM uses a gas
chromatograph and quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer to separate chemical analytes
and determine mass fractionation patterns of the chemical analytes. In order to obtain the
desired mass resolution and dynamic range, several instrument parameters must be
calibrated. We present our lessons learned developing a heuristic calibration procedure
and translating the procedure into a procedure suitable for direct conversion to flight
software.
8.1105 Autonomous Identification and Quantification of Chemical Species with VCAM for
use Onboard the ISS
Benjamin Bornstein, Seungwon Lee, Luke Mandrake, Brian Bue (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 9:15 pm, Elbow 3
We present our variant of the de-facto industry standard Automated Mass Spectral
Deconvolution and Identification System (AMDIS) algorithm developed by the National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The Vehicle Cabin Atmosphere Monitor
(VCAM), a mass spectrometer instrument being developed by JPL for use onboard the ISS,
will employ AMDIS to autonomously identify and quantify chemical species present in ISS
atmosphere. In addition to stock AMDIS peak-finding and spectral matching, we
augmented the AMDIS method with mass calibration on the front-end and compound
quantification on the back-end. Analysis results on initial laboratory datasets are promising,
but more testing is required.
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8.1402 Guide Rails for Linear Separation of Powered Descent Vehicle from Mars Science
Laboratory Backshell
Jake Quicksall, John Gallon (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 8:55 am, Elbow 2
During descent through the Martian atmosphere, Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) uses
three sets of guide rails and rollers to control the separation dynamics of the Powered
Descent Vehicle (PDV) from the Backshell and parachute. The guided separation mitigates
the risk of re-contact which could result in detrimental vehicle dynamics. The guide rails are
comprised of three thin steel beams which resist motion in 5 DOF. The only unconstrained
DOF is in the direction of desired separation. Analysis was used to size the guide rail and
rollers, and tests will be performed to validate the design’s capability to meet performance
requirements.
8.1403 Testing and Analysis of Separation Joints for Mars Science Laboratory
John Gallon, Jeff Umland, Tanya Cholakian (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 9:20 am, Elbow 2
This paper discusses the testing and preliminary analysis of a typical design of a separation
joint which is being incorporated on JPL/NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory (MSL). This joint
utilized a cup-and-cone interface at the separation plane between subsystems. An
analytical model was generated from the test results which allowed structural margin
analysis of the separation joint bolts to be performed.
8.1404 Mars Science Laboratory Heat Rejection System (HRS) Tubing Retractor
Eric Roberts (Flight Hardware Engineering); John Gallon (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 9:45 am, Elbow 2
In support of the Cruise Stage form Entry Vehicle separation event for Mars Science
Laboratory (MSL), two 3/8” aluminum tubes that are part of the Heat Rejection System
(HRS) must be cut and retracted. Due to size and stiffness of the tubes to be retracted and
the mass and volume constraints on MSL, the typical preloaded spring retraction
mechanism was deemed to not be the ideal mechanism. Instead a pyrotechnic thruster was
designed to perform the job. This thruster was baselined from the design details of an
existing 5/8” cable cutter, but modified to meet the needs of the device.
8.1405 Passive Management of Deployable Cordage During and After MSL Touchdown
Michael W. Shafer (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 10:10 am, Elbow 2
NASA’s next Mars rover (Mars Science Laboratory) will land unlike previous missions. A
rocket powered descent stage will lower the rover on cables as it flies towards the ground.
After touchdown, the rover will cut these deployable lines, allowing the descent stage to fly
clear of the rover. The management of these cables, from touchdown until the descent
stage has flown clear, required a great deal of attention. Three separate systems were
developed to manage these deployable cables. The unique requirements on these systems
lead to novel solutions which could potentially be implemented in other cargo deployment
and lowering applications.
8.1406 Implementation of a Whole Spacecraft Isolation System for the OSTM/Jason 2
Mission
Dennis L. Kern (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Christopher A. Gerace (NASA Kennedy Space Center)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 10:35 am, Elbow 2
The OSTM/Jason 2 mission will be the lightest payload to ever launch on a Delta II 7320-10
launch vehicle. The moment-based lateral loads predicted for this launch configuration
significantly exceed the qualification history of the spacecraft bus. A CSA Engineering, Inc.
SoftRide whole spacecraft isolation system was selected to reduce the loads. This paper
discusses the study that resulted in the selection, the isolator system design, analysis, and
test process, and an independent evaluation of the risks associated with the program. The
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SoftRide solution for OSTM/Jason 2 allowed demonstration of the adequacy of the heritage
qualification for the launch configuration.
8.1407 Design and Fabrication of the Cruise Stage Spacecraft for MSL
Neil Dahya (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 11:00 am, Elbow 2
The exploration of space and the planets of our solar system has changed significantly over
the last two decades. One of the more important evolutions is the ability to put larger
masses into orbit. As spacecraft structures get larger and more complex, the process of
assembly and problem free integration become increasingly harder. At 9000 lb, the Mars
Science Laboratory Spacecraft is one such vehicle. The design and assembly of the MSL
Cruise Stage employed self-aligning tooling and designed shim gaps coupled with standard
tooling to ensure precise, interference free assembly, meeting all critical alignment
requirements.
8.1408 MSL – Backshell Interface Plate and Parachute Support Structure Subsystem
Jennifer Knight, Saina Ghandchi (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 11:25 am, Elbow 2
The Backshell Interface Plate and Parachute Support Structure are the structural backbone
of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Spacecraft. They anchor several major subsystems
together, including the Cruise Stage, Powered Descent Vehicle, Backshell and Parachute.
Together, they provide the structural load paths necessary to support launch, entry, mortar
fire, and parachute inflation loads. The key challenges for this hardware lie in the complex
configuration, several unique load cases, multiple load paths, and magnitude of loads. This
paper will describe the design of the Backshell Interface Plate and Parachute Support
Structure as well as the key challenges and how they were met.
8.1409 Direct Drive Precision Linear Actuator for Space Interferometry Mission (SIM)
Siderostat Pointing
Brant Cook, David Braun, Steve Hankins, John Koenig, Don Moore (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 11:50 am, Elbow 2
A team of Jet Propulsion Laboratory engineers designed, built, and tested a long life, high
precision linear ballscrew actuator. Point tracking, low disturbance, and sub micron
precision requirements lead the team to implement a ballscrew actuator with a direct drive
DC motor and a piezo brake. By using an off the shelf motor, Hall effect sensor, ballscrew,
and glass scale encoder, repeatable 20 nm incremental steps (actuator resolution) over a
120mm range was achieved. The results exceed expectations by a factor of 50 times and
prove linear nanometer positioning requires no gears, levers, or hydraulic converters.
8.1410 Mechanisms for Lowering Tethered Payloads: Lessons Learned from the Mars
Exploration Program
Michael J. Gradziel, Kristopher J. Holgerson (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 4:30 pm, Elbow 2
Compact, lightweight, highly reliable lowering devices capable of paying out tether to lower
a payload some number of meters from a balloon or parachute or part of a spacecraft
typically appear in unique systems with little design heritage. Now that three such devices
have flown to Mars on NASA spacecraft, it is timely to report on lessons learned from the
design, testing, and use of these mechanisms and the development of a new lowering
device for NASA’s upcoming Mars Science Laboratory mission. Designs of centrifugal
friction brakes, descent speed control mechanisms, tethers, and the new lowering device
will be presented.
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Track 9: Air Vehicle Systems and Technologies
Track Organizer: Christian Rice (Naval Air Systems Command)
9.01 Aircraft Systems & Avionics
Session Organizer: Andrew Lynch (NAVAIR 4.1)
Session Organizer: Eric Schutte (USAF)
9.0101 Symmetrization of Phase Limitations in a Problem of Flight Control
Vladimir N. Pilishkin (Bauman Moscow State Technical University)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 4:30 pm, S Cheyenne
In this work the method of fulfillment of phase limitations is offered. It is shown, that it is
equal to the condition of belonging of closed system’s matrix rows to some cones in a state
space with the axes of symmetry, which are congruent with the datum lines. Synthesis of
the desired regulator is realized from the solution of linear matrix equation.
9.0102 Application of Data Compression to the MIL-STD-1553 Data Bus
Russell Duren, Michael Thompson (Baylor University)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 4:55 pm, S Cheyenne
This paper examines multiple data compression algorithms that improve the effective
bandwidth of systems using the MIL-STD-1553 data bus. The algorithms are evaluated
using data captured from F/A-18 C/D aircraft flights and simulations. Compression ratios of
5 to 1 and greater are achieved using algorithms that are suitable for implementation on
legacy processors. It is demonstrated that the time required to compress and decompress
the data can be more than offset by the savings in data transmission time. System
implementation issues and the effects of data transmission errors are also discussed.
9.0103 Training Benefits of Java-Based Part Task Trainers: MH-60S/MH-60R
Robert Richards, Jeremy Ludwig (Stottler Henke)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 5:20 pm, S Cheyenne
The US Navy’s PMA-205 in conjunction with Stottler Henke has re-designed and re-
implemented the partial task trainer (PTT) for the Common Cockpit of the new MH-60S and
MH 60R helicopters. The tool, called the OMIA, is an expandable, easily modifiable low-
cost PC-hosted desktop crew trainer. OMIA is currently in use for training at HSC-2, HSC-3
and HSM-41; and is continuing to evolve to match the changing helicopters. OMIA is now
implemented in Java and runs on NMCI (Navy/Marine Corps Intranet) computers. This new
implementation allows the software to have all the benefits of a ‘portableapp’, and a web-
based application.
9.0104 Air-to-Air Evaluation of an Amplified 802.11b Network
Robert Volesky, Brian Kish, Douglas Creviston, Jason Geitgey, Morikazu Kikuchi, Jason Vap (USAF TPS)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 8:50 pm, S Cheyenne
Students at the United States Air Force Test Pilot School successfully completed a limited
evaluation of an 802.11b air-to-air WiFi data link between two C-12C test aircraft. The test
team determined the maximum range capability for 1 megabit per second and 11 megabits
per second over the WiFi data link when transmitting at 0.32 and 1.58 Watts of effective
isotropic radiated power. The test team also demonstrated the capability of transmitting and
receiving text files, still images, pre-recorded video, and streaming, live webcam video
between the two test aircraft.
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9.0303 Micro Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Visual Servoing for Cooperative Indoor Exploration.
Piotr Rudol, Mariusz Wzorek, Gianpaolo Conte, Patrick Doherty (Linkoping University)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 5:20 pm, S Cheyenne
This paper presents a complete system which incorporates a vision-based pose estimation
method to allow a MAV to navigate in indoor environments in cooperation with a ground
robot. The pose estimation technique uses a lightweight Light Emitting Diode (LED) cube
structure as a pattern attached to a MAV. The pattern is observed by a ground robot’s
camera which provides the flying robot with the estimate of its pose. The performance of
the pose estimation technique and the complete system is presented and experimental
flights of a Vertical Take-off and Landing (VTOL) MAV are described.
9.0304 Human Body Detection and Geolocalization for UAV Search and Rescue Missions
Piotr Rudol, Patrick Doherty (Linkoping University)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 8:50 pm, S Cheyenne
This paper presents a technique which allows detecting humans at a high frame rate on
standard hardware onboard an autonomous UAV in a real-world outdoor environment using
thermal and color imagery. Detected human positions are geolocated and a map of points
of interest is built. Such a saliency map can, for example, be used to plan medical supply
delivery during a disaster relief effort. The technique has been implemented and tested on-
board the UAVTech (Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Technologies Lab, Linkoping
University, Sweden) autonomous unmanned helicopter platform as a part of a complete
autonomous mission.
9.0305 Target Geolocation from a Small Unmanned Aircraft System
Richard Madison, Paul DeBitetto (The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory); A. Rocco Olean (Natick Soldier
RDEC); Mac Peebles (AeroVironment, Inc.)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 9:15 pm, S Cheyenne
We are developing an improved target geolocation system for Small Unmanned Aircraft
Systems (SUAS). The targeting system reads the image/telemetry stream from a Raven-B
SUAS, tracks target(s) in the imagery, and uses Kalman filtering to estimate the target’s 3D
location. We tested the algorithm, the fielded Raven-B targeting algorithm, a simpler filter,
and Structure from Motion (SFM) using flight data and Raven-B simulator data. The
targeting system achieved 10m targeting accuracy on the flight data sets. SFM achieved 5-
10m on the same sets. Accuracy likely will be improved by further mitigating identified error
sources and incorporating SFM into the filter.
9.0306 Distributed Real-Time Optimization Across Airborne Networks
Joseph Mueller, Yiyuan Zhao (University of Minnesota)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 9:40 pm, S Cheyenne
Unmanned aerial vehicles have demonstrated their utility in a wide range of different
applications, from military reconnaissance to agricultural monitoring. Using multiple UAVs
in concert enables more challenging and complex missions to be flown. Such applications
require coordinated decision making to be performed across the airborne network in real-
time. In this paper, we consider the problem of planning optimal trajectories in real-time
across the distributed system using a decentralized optimization framework. We examine
the effect of communication delay and outline a basic procedure for implementing real-time
guidance.
9.0307 Military Applications and Sensitivity Analysis of Coupling Game Management
Mo Wei (Intelligent Automation, Inc.); Jose B. Cruz, Jr. (Ohio State University); Genshe Chen (Intelligent
Automation, Inc.); Erik Blasch (US Air Force Research Laboratory); WPAFB); Martin Kruger (Office of
Naval Research)
Presentation: Friday, March 7th, 8:30 am, S Cheyenne
Coupling game theory can be used to formulate cases “lying between” non-cooperative
games and cooperative games and it can provide more reasonable control strategies for
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Track 10: Software and Computing
Track Organizer: Robert Popp (National Security Innovations (NSI), Inc.)
Track Organizer: Sanda Mandutianu (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
10.01 Advanced Software Verification Tools
Session Organizer: Lawrence Markosian (QSS Group, Inc.)
10.0101 The Use and Implementation of Coding Standards for High-Confidence Embedded
Systems
Paul Anderson, Michael McDougall, Mark Zarins (GrammaTech, Inc.)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 8:30 am, Elbow 1
Three prominent coding standards aimed at increasing code quality and reducing the risk of
unsafe code are described. The rules are classified according to their rationale, and
techniques for detecting violations are discussed. Many rules are found to be ambiguous or
open to subjective interpretation, making automatic enforcement problematic. For some
classes of rule, tools for violation detection are prone to reporting false positives and false
negatives, but there are reasonable strategies for managing these. Recommendations for
adoption and enforcement of the rules are proposed.
10.0102 Using Sequence Diagrams to Detect Communication Problems between Systems
Mikael Lindvall, Chris Ackermann, Arnab Ray, Lyly Yonkwa, Jan Kresser, Jens Knodel (Fraunhofer
Center for Experimental Software Engineering Maryland); William C. Stratton, Deane E. Sibol (Johns
Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory); Sally Godfrey (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 8:55 am, Elbow 1
Many software systems are evolving complex system of systems for which inter-system
communication is both mission-critical and error-prone, and ideally would be detected
before deployment. In a NASA-supported Software Assurance Research Program (SARP)
project, we are researching a new approach addressing such problems. In this paper, we
show that problems in the communication between two systems can be detected by using
sequence diagrams to model the planned communication and by comparing the planned
sequence to the actual sequence. We identify different kinds of problems that can be
addressed by modeling the planned sequence using different level of abstractions.
10.0103 Model-based Approach to Validation and Verification of Flight Critical Software
Link C. Jaw (Scientific Monitoring, Inc.)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 9:20 am, Elbow 1
This paper presents the results of a U. S. Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL)
sponsored project on the development of validation and verification (V&V) technologies for
flight-critical software. The purpose of the project is to improve the affordability and safety
for software V&V, specifically, for adaptive and/or mixed-criticality software. Adaptive
software introduces uncertainties; mixed-criticality refers to the information passed between
flight critical and mission critical software partitions, hence affecting in-flight adaptation (or
control reconfiguration).
10.0104 Trust Your Model - Verifying Aerospace System Models with Java™ Pathfinder
Peter C. Mehlitz (Perot Systems Government Services)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 9:45 am, Elbow 1
UML statechart diagrams are a convenient and powerful way to describe behavioral models
of complex aerospace systems. However, existing UML development systems provide little
help to verify the consistency of such models, especially in the context of embedded
actions and guards. This paper describes an approach to use NASA’s open sourced Java
Pathfinder software model checker to fill this gap.
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We built four low-cost desktop training simulations for the Air Force’s Air University and a
simulated control system for NASA’s International Space System. We present our process
and toolset and discuss key strengths and shortcomings in the context of the simulations.
We focus on two pivotal aspects: scoping the level of fidelity for the simulation logic, and
designing and constructing cost-effective simulation user interfaces that achieve
instructional goals. These two aspects will be described in the context of the SimVentive
and SimBionic toolsets, both of which are freely available for use by NASA or any other
government agency.
10.0202 Evaluating Game Technologies for Training
Dan Fu (Stottler Henke Associates)
Presentation: Sunday, March 2nd, 4:55 pm, Elbow 1
In recent years, videogame technologies have become more popular for military and
government training purposes. There now exists numerous technology choices for training
developers. Unfortunately, there is no standard set of criteria by which a given technology
can be evaluated. In this paper we report on initial steps taken towards the evaluation of
technology with respect to training needs. We describe the training process, characterize
the space of technology solutions, review a representative sample of platforms, and
introduce evaluation criteria.
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formal model in a form that allows cooperating systems to operate on the updated
information.
10.1202 Augmenting Data Collection and Analysis of Operational Simulations with RDF and
SPARQL
Brian Mihok, Richard Stocking (Lockheed Martin Aeronautics); Doug Holmes (Java Professionals, Inc.)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 9:15 pm, Elbow 1
We describe a toolset (Framework) and associated analytic methodology that support the
development of “intelligent” air systems. The Framework provides a distributed simulation
environment that will accommodate a wide range of “pluggable” Operations Analysis (OA)
simulations and design tools to support assessment of systems. We represent the
simulation meta-model in RDF/XML and describe the process by which an example textual
simulation output is converted to RDF. We then discuss the use of SPARQL queries and
SWRL rules that effectively expands the functionality of the system and improves the
analysis of the output of the system of cooperating simulations and tools.
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Track 11: Diagnostics, Prognostics, and Health Management
Track Organizer: Andrew Hess (The Hess PHM Group, Inc.)
Track Organizer: David Kleinman (Naval Postgraduate School)
11.01 Fixed Wing and/or Rotary Wing PHM Program Applications
Session Organizer: Andrew Hess (The Hess PHM Group, Inc.)
Session Organizer: Keith Sellers (Boeing)
11.0101 Cost-Benefit Analysis Methodology for PHM Applied to Legacy Commercial Aircraft
Bruno P. Leão, Kevin T. Fitzgibbon, Lucas C. Puttini, Gustavo P. B. de Melo (Embraer)
Presentation: Sunday, March 2nd, 4:30 pm, Gallatin
This paper presents a methodology of cost-benefit analysis on the application of PHM for
existing (legacy) commercial aircraft. The methodology takes into account the
characteristics of the commercial aircraft operation business to yield estimates of the
economic feasibility of the application of the technology. The paper presents guidelines to
quantify associated benefits and costs and the tools that may be used to analyze the
results. The final product of the methodology is a cost-benefit model which provides insight
to the aircraft OEM and to the aircraft operator on how PHM should be applied in order to
maximize their bottom lines.
11.0102 A Method of Compression in HUMS and its Effect on Analysis
Eric Mayhew, Eric Bechhoefer (Goodrich SIS)
Presentation: Sunday, March 2nd, 4:55 pm, Gallatin
The fleet of Health and Usage Monitoring Systems (HUMS) equipped aircraft is growing
rapidly. With the UH-60M having HUMS as original equipment, it is anticipated that there
will be more than 1200 aircraft proving parametric and vibration data. Considering that each
aircraft produced 20 MB of data per flight hour, 100 flight hours per month, a fleet of 1200
aircraft will generate 29 Terabytes of data. This paper explores a methodology for data
compression to significantly reduce the storage requirements for this data. The effects of
compression on event detection (parametric and vibration) is explored and bounds are
error given...
11.0103 Detection of Pre-Crack Fatigue Damage in a U.S. Army MH-47E Chinook Aft Rotor
Shaft
Dennis Granger II (AMRDEC); Curtis A. Rideout, Steve Yano (Positron Systems, Inc.); David J. White
(Spectra Technical Solutions)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 11:25 am, Gallatin
NDE measurements are useful in monitoring accumulated fatigue damage, assessing
probability of failure, determining remaining useful life, establishing inspection intervals, and
refining fatigue damage accumulation models at any point in the operational life cycle of
structural components. Induced Positron Analysis (IPA) was evaluated as an NDE
technology to investigate the potential for safely extending the useful life of existing
CH/MH-47 Chinook aft rotor shafts that are being retired upon reaching the operational
flight hour limits as defined by current design life criteria. This paper addresses the
proceedures, analysis, results, conclusions, and the recommended path forward to achieve
NDE objectives.
bearing health in harsh environments. The combined sensor and bearing, or "smart
bearing", is autonomous, harvesting thermal energy from the environment and providing
temperature and vibration data via wireless transmission. The sensor exploits recent
developments in electronic components to operate at high temperatures. A unique method
for measuring cage motion is presented. Preliminary results are reported and potential
applications are indicated.
11.0202 Development and Validation of Bearing Diagnostic and Prognostic Tools using
HUMS Condition Indicators
David He (University of Illinois); Eric Bechhoefer (Goodrich SIS)
Presentation: Sunday, March 2nd, 9:15 pm, Gallatin
Health and usage monitoring systems (HUMS) are currently used in helicopters for health
monitoring of flight critical components. If a CI exceeds the threshold, the component is
declared bad. The limitation is that these thresholds don’t quantitatively correlate to a
component’s health condition and therefore cannot be used for accurate prognosis. This
paper presents an experience in developing and validating bearing diagnostic and
prognostic tools using HUMS condition indicators. The significance of the presented work is
that it can be used to set CI thresholds in HUMS for reliable diagnostics, and potentially to
enhance the prognostic capability of HUMS.
11.0203 Use of Artificial Intelligence Methods for Advanced Bearing Health Diagnostics and
Prognostics
Honor Powrie, Rob Callan (GE Aviation); Nick Chen, Mark Craig, Robert Wood (University of
Southampton)
Presentation: Sunday, March 2nd, 9:40 pm, Gallatin
This paper describes ongoing research by the University of Southampton and GE Aviation
to investigate the intelligent processing of mechanical component health data to improve
prognostics and diagnostics: In particular to evaluate the effectiveness of various sensing
technologies (when applied to monitoring bearings), extending the window of time over
which a failing component condition may be determined (prognosing) and identifying the
nature of the failure (diagnosing).
efficiency-based prognostic approaches for power drive and control electronics through
application of component-level HALT testing and circuit board-level seeded fault testing.
The authors of this paper discuss collaborative work identifying system-critical components
through a FMECA++, accelerated aging of these components, insertion into the EMA
system, and analysis of test results.
11.0303 Electronic Prognostics System Implementation on Power Actuator Components
Sonia Vohnout, Douglas Goodman, Justin Judkins, Mladen Kozak, Ken Harris
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 9:20 am, Gallatin
Using an electro-mechanical actuator (EMA) as the focus, this paper will describe an
extensible architecture for a Prognostics Health Management (PHM) system that provides
EMA’s `state of health` and `remaining useful life` (RUL) estimates. The key enabler for
achieving prognostics capabilities is a Prognostics data acquisition harness, which collects
and pre-processes signals relating to the health of dynamically executing components and
subsystems. With 100% up-time being the ultimate target, prognostics can be effectively
utilized to manage early actions to avoid costly potential down-time events.
11.0304 Mahalanobis Distance and Projection Pursuit Analysis for Health Assessment of
Electronic Systems
Sachin Kumar, Vasilis Sotiris, Michael Pecht (University of Maryland)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 9:45 am, Gallatin
This paper presents a Mahalanobis Distance and Projection pursuit analysis based
prognostic and diagnostic approach for early detection of anomalies in electronic products
and systems. These have been used to detect deviations in system performance from
normal operation, and are efficient at characterizing products with short field histories. A
case study is presented to demonstrate that an “abnormal” system can be distinguished
from a “normal” system and that a new system can be characterized based on existing
baselines from different computer models...
11.0305 Leakage Fault Detection Method for Axial-Piston Variable Displacement Pumps
Jerome Palazzolo, Larry Scheunemann, John Hartin, Brogan Morton (Sentient Corporation)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 10:10 am, Gallatin
To address the lack of health monitoring for turbine-engine accessories, Sentient
developed a fault-estimation algorithm for axial-piston pumps. The key to this success was
the development of a physics-based model of the system that includes three common types
of fluid leakage. The nominal pump and the pump with a single piston replaced by three
different machined pistons were tested to emulate piston wear. By considering several time
and frequency-domain metrics, a fault-estimation method was developed that correctly
identified the presence and severity of leakage faults, while using a fraction of the memory
and computational resources of other model-based methods.
11.0306 Automated Health Management for Gas Turbine Engine Accessory System
Components
Carl S. Byington, Matthew J. Watson, Sudarshan P. Bharadwaj (Impact Technologies, LLC)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 10:35 am, Gallatin
Traditional engine health management has focused on major, safety-critical gas turbine
components, (disks, blades, bearings, etc.), which are expensive to maintain. However,
mission success and equipment availability in military aircraft are more likely to be affected
by the degradation of engine accessories (valves, pumps, and actuators). Failure or
statistical-based maintenance of these components does not address unscheduled
maintenance necessitated by unanticipated and extreme operating scenarios. In the current
program, low-overhead model-based and data-driven diagnostics and prognostics
techniques have been developed. These techniques focused on enabling Condition Based
Maintenance (CBM) of hydraulic pumps and valves, which are essential aircraft accessory
components.
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Track 11: Diagnostics, Prognostics and Health Management
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Track 11: Diagnostics, Prognostics and Health Management
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Track 11: Diagnostics, Prognostics and Health Management
Uncertainty management has always been the key hurdle faced by diagnostics and
prognostics algorithms. A Bayesian treatment of this problem provides an elegant and
theoretically sound approach to the modern Condition-Based Maintenance/Prognostic
Health Management paradigm. Application of the Bayesian techniques to regression and
classification in the form of Relevance Vector Machine (RVM), and to state estimation as in
Particle Filters (PF), provides a powerful tool to integrate the diagnosis and prognosis of
battery health. The RVM is used for model identification, while the PF framework provides
estimates of remaining useful life (RUL) in the form of a probability density function.
11.0804 A Low-Power Sensor Design, SJ Monitor, for Monitoring 24x7 the Health of BGA
Solder Joints
James Hofmeister (Ridgetop Group)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 6:30 pm, Lamar/Gibbon
SJ Monitor™ is a lower-power design (less than 5.0 mW) to provide 24x7 health monitoring
of selected I/O pins; the complementary form SJ Monitor™, can be used to monitor the pins
of un-powered FPGAs. SJ Monitor is able to detect all solder-joint network faults that last at
least as long as 15 nsec and which are at least as low as 100 Ω with no false alarms.
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strengthened if the phase-out of the aircraft system is considered, where the preventive
maintenance strategy has been replaced with a corrective one, in order to...
11.0904 Competing Risks Analysis of Reliability, Survivability, and PHM
Zhanshan (Sam) Ma, Axel W. Krings (University of Idaho)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 6:30 pm, Lamar/Gibbon
The usefulness of competing risks analysis (CRA) in engineering reliability has been
recognized since the 1960s [e.g. Marshall-Olkin (1967)]. However, the interaction between
the two fields has gradually withered when significant advances were made in CRA. We
hope that this article will contribute to the reestablishment of the connections between
them. This is the second in a three part series in which we review state-of-the-art research
in survival analysis and CRA. We discuss key issues such as failure dependence, model
identifiability, multivariate CRA, etc. In perspective, we discuss the potential of CRA in
network survivability, PHM, software reliability, etc.
11.0905 On Health Monitoring
Mbuyi Khuzadi (The Boeing Company)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 6:30 pm, Lamar/Gibbon
This paper examines the type of analysis necessary to create a health monitor, taken as a
system level subsystem. It argues that present techniques are inadequate in providing a
closed form solution, thus causing important issues to be either overlooked or unaddressed
during the course of the development of existing health monitors. The author shows that a
bottom-up or a "known-issue" approach cannot result in a tractable closed form solution
while a considered top-down approach can.
and subsystem management functions. Each of thee subsystems have the following
functions: performance, diagnostics, prognostics, monitoring, and control. This paper
presents a framework which conceptualizes how these subsystems and interactive with the
various system management functions. This is accomplished by supplying new information
to the vehicle real-time avionics to allow responses to vehicle subsystem failures and
performance degradation. This framework can potentially achieve autonomous operation
capabilities necessary to assure crew safety and mission safety.
11.1004 CBM Research Environment – Facilitating Technology Development,
Experimentation, and Maturation
Link C. Jaw, Walt Merrill (Scientific Monitoring, Inc.)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 11:00 am, Gallatin
Historically, aircraft propulsion systems (or engines) have led the way in deploying CBM+
capabilities, because of their criticality on flight safety and their significance in driving
maintenance cost. By using the propulsion system as the target application, this paper
describes the off-board information system being designed by the authors. It also presents
some examples to demonstrate the concept of the CBM+ research environment...
11.1005 Systematic Improvement of Fleet Operations by Integrating Enterprise Health and
Maintenance Data
Javier Cortez, Kirby Keller, James Poblete (The Boeing Company)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 11:25 am, Gallatin
The punch line of the paper is the use of the Theory of Constraints by Goldratt to iteratively
improve the process of maintaining a fleet of aircraft and using simulation and models to
evaluate the impact of the improvment. The idea is to treat support as a process rather than
doing the typical analysis and focus on improving the individual elements of the process
without considering the effects on the process as a whole. The approach described is
iterative and adaptive to address the nature of a complex support system.
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Track 12: Mission Ops Concepts, Technologies, & Experiences
Track Organizer: Jody Gunn (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Track Organizer: Theodore Bujewski (The Aerospace Corporation)
A PANEL co-sponsored by Track 12 may be found in:
10.19 PANEL: Software Architecture, co-sponsored by Track 12
12.01 New and Emerging Ground System Technologies and Operations Strategies
Session Organizer: David Maluf (NASA)
12.0101 Automated Software Verification & Validation: An Emerging Approach for Ground
Operations
David G. Bell, Guillaume P. Brat (USRA-RIACS)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 4:30 pm, Elbow 3
Software is an increasingly critical component in aerospace systems, and automated
software testing using formal methods is emerging as a new type of ground data system for
verifying and validating software. This research has evolved two formal method approaches
for automated software verification and validation model checking and static analysis, with
extensions of the approaches for multiple languages including Java, C and C++. These
methods have been used on control software for a variety of mission critical systems
including guidance, navigation and control (GN&C) subsystems, and for various projects
such as the NASA Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV).
12.0102 Effective Data Representation and Compression in Ground Data Systems
David A. Maluf, Peter B. Tran (NASA Ames Research Center); David Tran (Stanford University)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 4:55 pm, Elbow 3
Storing vast amounts of multidimensional telemetry data presents a challenge. Telemetry
data being relayed from sensors to the ground station comes in the form of text, images,
audio, and various other formats. Compressing this data would optimize bandwidth usage
during transmission and reduce storage resources needed at the ground level. However,
the multitude of heterogeneous data types present in telemetry data and the need for data
precision makes compression quite difficult. The application of a single compression
technique for all data types usually yields ineffective results. We will present a telemetry
data compression algorithm that utilizes Discrete Fourier Transforms (DFTs)...
12.0103 Hybridization of Photogrammetry and Laser Scanning Technology for As-Built 3D
CAD Models
Jonathan D. Markley, Jeffrey R. Stutzman, E. Nathan Harris (Lockheed Martin Space Systems)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 5:20 pm, Elbow 3
Digital Mockups (Virtual Prototypes) significantly reduce risk and cost on large aerospace
programs, but their accuracy hinges on creating 3D models of existing facilities based on
“as-built” field conditions instead of less-accurate design blueprints. Lockheed Martin
Space Systems employs both photogrammetry and laser scanning to collect and model this
facility data, and has developed a hybrid methodology to leverage the individual strengths
of each technology. In addition, key technical deficiencies in the current state-of-practice
have been identified. This hybrid system is crucial to Lockheed Martin for reducing reliance
on physical prototypes during program design and fabrication.
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12.03 Realizing the Future: Drivers, Challenges, & Concepts for 21st Century
Missions
Session Organizer: Theodore Bujewski (The Aerospace Corporation)
12.0301 Isolation and Confinement Issues in Long Duration Spaceflight
Leslie Wickman, Annie Tsai, Raymond Walters (Azusa Pacific University).)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 8:30 am, S. Cheyenne
As humankind prepares for further exploration of our solar system, it is crucial to consider
the wide range of potential psychological and physiological effects brought about by long
duration spaceflight. This paper reviews efforts to address these effects in three areas:
human factors design, physiological health, and psychosocial issues. Human factors design
considerations include increasing user-friendliness and earth-like familiarity of space
vehicles. Physiological concerns involve physical conditioning and reducing individual
stress levels. Psychosocial efforts have traditionally focused on crew selection in addition to
coping with the stresses of isolation and confinement.
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Track 12: Mission Ops Concepts, Technologies, & Experiences
12.04 Enhancing the Mission, Reducing Cost & Risk: Automation, Multimission
and Other Solutions
Session Organizer: Kevin Benedict (SAIC)
12.0401 Dual Mission Scenarios for the Human Lunar Campaign – Performance, Cost, and
Risk Benefits
Rudolph J. Saucillo, David M. Reeves (NASA Langley Research Center); Jonathan D. Chrone (Analytical
Mechanics Associates, Inc.); Chel Stromgren (SAIC, Inc.); John D. Reeves, David D. North (NASA
Langley Research Center)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 4:30 pm, Elbow 1
Innovative scenarios for human lunar operations with capabilities significantly beyond
Constellation Program baseline missions are potentially feasible based on the concept of
dual, sequential missions utilizing a common crew and a single Ares I/CEV. For example,
scenarios possible within the scope of baseline technology planning include outpost-based
sortie missions, dual sortie missions, and enhanced outpost deployment. Performance,
cost, and risk benefits of these dual sortie scenarios may be estimated by comparison to
the Constellation Program reference two-mission-per-year lunar campaign. This paper
describes these dual mission scenarios and provides an initial quantitative assessment of
the potential benefits.
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12.0502 Ground Systems and Flight Operations of the THEMIS Constellation Mission
Manfred Bester, Mark Lewis, Bryce Roberts, Linda Croton, Renee Dumlao, Martha Eckert, John
McDonald, Deron Pease, Christopher Smith, Jeremy Thorsness, James Wheelwright, Sabine Frey, Daniel
Cosgrove, Daniel Rummel, Michael Ludlam, Hilary Richard, Timothy Quinn, Jonathan Loran, Robert
Boyd, Clarina Quan, Thomas Clemons (University of California at Berkeley)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 10:10 am, S Cheyenne
THEMIS, a NASA constellation mission to study magnetospheric phenomena leading to
auroral outbursts was launched on February 17, 2007. After an initial on-orbit check-out
and science instrument commissioning period, the five spacecraft were maintained in
temporary coast phase orbits. Beginning in September 2007, the constellation was
maneuvered into highly elliptical, synchronized mission orbits in preparation of the primary
winter observing season. This paper describes the concept of constellation operations
including a description of the flight and ground systems, as well as mission, science and
flight dynamics operations, and discusses challenges encountered and lessons learned
during the first year of operations.
12.0503 Constellation Challenges and Contributions of Taiwan Weather Monitoring Satellites
Chen-Joe Fong, Nick Yen, Vicky Chu, Eddy Yang, Cheng-Yung Huang, Shao-Shing Chen, Yuei-An Liou,
Sien Chi (National Space Organization, Taiwan)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 10:35 am, S Cheyenne
National Space Organization (NSPO) of Taiwan in the past ten years has successfully
launched three different types of satellites. The latest one is FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC, a
joint Taiwan-US project, which was successfully launched on April 15, 2006. The
FORMOSAT-3 is a constellation of 6 satellites and each satellite is equipped with GOX,
TBB, and TIP. The constellation is on the way to its final orbit configuration. The current
sounding profiles retrieved from the GPS occultation measurements are over an average of
1800 daily. we will present an overview of significant contributions of the FORMOSAT-
3/COSMIC satellite mission to the global community.
12.0504 Proven and Robust Ground Support Systems-GSFC Success and Lessons Learned
Barbara Pfarr, John Donohue, Ben Lui (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center); Greg Greer (The Hammers
Company); Tom Green (Design America Inc.)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 11:00 am, S Cheyenne
This paper discusses the many features of the Goddard satellite Telemetry and Command
systems that have contributed to the success of many Goddard in-house missions. These
features include flexible user interfaces, distributed parallel commanding and telemetry
decommutation, a procedure language, the interfaces and tools needed for a high degree
of automation, and instantly accessible archives of spacecraft telemetry. It also discusses
the advantages of using in-house Telemetry and Command system to support in-house
satellite development throughout the development phases.
12.0505 “Built-In” Action/Issues Tracking and Post-Ops Analysis Tool for Real-time Console
Operations
David W. Scott (NASA Marshall Space Flight Center)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 11:25 am, S Cheyenne
At NASA-MSFC’s Payload Operations Integration Center for the International Space
Station, Payload Communicators developed an innovative, simple way to track action
items, events, and issues via an existing daily report. Topics and results feed into a “Roll
Off Matrix” including dates that the topics entered and left the daily report. Annually, 12000
log entries yield 250 matrix items. The matrix is a “treasure map” for ops preparation and
post-ops analysis, for navigation to details contained Daily Reports and the Console Log,
and for improving console operator consistency. This paper explores the evolution,
operation, challenges, and benefits of the approach.
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Track 13: Management, Systems Engineering & Cost
Track Organizer: Charles Leising (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Track Organizer: Robert Kellogg (The Aerospace Corporation)
13.01 Management Tools, Methods and Processes
Session Organizer: Jeffery Webster (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
13.0101 Managing Unstructured Data with Structured Legacy Systems
David A. Maluf, Peter B. Tran (NASA Ames Research Center)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 8:30 am, S Cheyenne
In this paper we describe an approach and system for managing and joining enterprise
semi-structured data in a high-throughput, nimble, and scalable systems with traditional
relational database management systems (RDBMS). This paper presents the second
release of NASA’s NETMARK system. NETMARK is an Enterprise Information Integration
(EII) framework based on a modern “schema-less” concept approach. NETMARK “schema-
less” information integration reinvents the way of managing semi-structured documents
within traditional RDBMS. We describe in particular detail the unique underlying data
storage approach and efficient query processing mechanisms given the new proposed
storage system upgrade. We present an extensive evaluation of the virtual...
13.0102 What do you get when you Overlay an Enterprise with an Enterprise Management
Process?
Joseph Farrier, Josef Salerno (Raytheon)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 8:55 am, S Cheyenne
As engineering systems increase in complexity, so too do the management systems
required to manage and control the organizations that develop them. Enterprise
management systems such as product development processes and command media are
often created to help ease these complexities. However, without a means to compare and
associate actual work performed to the enterprise management system the opportunity for
optimized enterprises is lost. By combining industry standard accounting infrastructure, the
enterprise management system du jour and a customized intelligent system to map the two
that hope can become reality. Such an intelligent system can take an organization from a...
13.0103 A Methodology of Evolving User Requirements to Launch ERP in Aircraft Industry
Environment
Irfan Anjum Manarvi (Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad); Tanveer Ahmad (National University of
Science, Technology, Islamabad)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 9:20 am, S Cheyenne
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) since its inception has been providing solution to
various industries in complex engineering management environment. However the
literature for its applications in aerospace industry is quite limited. Therefore, organizations
involved in various activities associated with aircraft manufacturing are either unable to
launch ERP in their setups or fail during implementation phase because of no clear starting
point. This research is focused on providing basic knowledge of developing user
requirements for ERP systems in aircraft industry environment. It may also be used by ERP
solution providers for optimizing their software for aerospace applications.
13.0104 Credible Space Cost Estimating Policy for NASA: Making Sensible Requirements
Work
Jill A-C Hardash (Booz Allen Hamilton); Sheryl McGurk (NASA Headquarters)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 9:45 am, S Cheyenne
With the introduction of the 2008 NASA Cost Estimating Handbook (CEH) comes a new
responsibility. The 2008 CEH provides credible cost estimating policy for NASA which has
been streamlined to make references easy to find and new initiatives simple to understand
and communicate to others. The challenge is one of implementation.
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13.0302 A Field Guide to The NASA Procedural Requirements for Systems Engineering
P. A. “Trisha” Jansma (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Sunday, March 2nd, 4:55 pm, S Cheyenne
NASA recently issued new NASA Procedural Requirements for systems engineering in
order to establish a core set of common Agency-level technical processes and
requirements needed to define, develop, realize, and integrate the quality of the system
products created and acquired by or for NASA. This paper provides a brief overview of the
SE NPR, including institutional and programmatic requirements, requirements for common
technical processes, NASA oversight activities on contracted projects, systems engineering
technical reviews, and the purpose and function of a Systems Engineering Management
Plan. It concludes with how the SE NPR is being implemented across the Agency.
13.0303 Coaching Valuable Systems Engineering Behaviors
Mary Ellen Derro, P. A. "Trisha" Jansma (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Sunday, March 2nd, 5:20 pm, S Cheyenne
JPL utilized a rigorous process to identify a list of highly valued personal behaviors of
systems engineers. This process yielded common themes and clusters of competencies
with associated behaviors. The behavioral attributes fell into four broad themes: leadership,
communication, problem solving and systems thinking, and attitudes and attributes. This
paper summarizes the method, findings, and conclusions of the study of behavioral
competencies of highly regarded systems engineers at JPL. It details these competencies
and behaviors in depth, and discusses the Lab’s experience to date in coaching and
inculcating these behaviors into systems engineers on the job.
13.0304 Making Ethical Engineering Management Decisions in a Competitive Environment
Kendra Cook (Integrity Applications, Inc.)
Presentation: Sunday, March 2nd, 8:50 pm, S Cheyenne
This paper illustrates the complexities of making engineering management decisions in a
competitive environment. Engineering managers, who have the responsibility of making
trade-off decisions to meet design and performance requirements while completing the
project within a given cost and time frame, must accomplish all of this without jeopardizing
the safety of the users. Specific case studies are examined, particularly pertaining to the
1986 space shuttle Challenger tragedy. Recommendations to aid engineering managers in
making ethical decisions in a competitive environment are also presented.
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Track 14: Government Plans, Policies, and Education
Track Organizer: Mel Montemerlo (retired from NASA)
Track Organizer: Steven Sloboda (Space Vectors)
14.01 PANEL: Finding Extraterrestrial Life?: a Challenge for Living Explorers
Chair: John Rummel (NASA Headquarters)
Panelists:
John D. Rummel, Senior Scientist for Astrobiology, NASA Headquarters
Karen McBride, ASTEP Program Executive, NASA Headquarters
John Rummel: Planetary Protection Officer, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC. B.A.,
Environmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder. Ph.D., Evolutionary Ecology,
Stanford University.
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 1:00 pm, Amphitheatre
Summary:
The Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets (ASTEP) program focuses
on exploring the Earth’s extreme environments in order to develop a sound technical and
scientific basis for astrobiological exploration on other solar system bodies.ASTEP is
science-driven and provides new science and operational/technological capabilities to
enable the next generation of planetary exploration. Central to ASTEP is the use of
terrestrial (Earth-based; not necessarily non-aquatic) field campaigns to further science and
technology and overall exploration capabilities. This panel will discuss ongoing ASTEP
efforts and past successes, and address some of the opportunities for future field
campaigns made possible by teaming arrangements and cooperative understandings both
within the US and without.
Panelists:
Dave Lavery (NASA Headquarters); Introduction and RPS Flight Opportunities
lan Harmon (NASA Headquarters); RPS Program Overview
Dick Shaltons (NASA Glenn Research Center); Sterling Flight System Development
Rao Surampudi (JPL); Advanced TE and Next-generation RTGs
Scott Benson (NASA Glenn Research Center); Solar Power Alternatives
Q&A Session/Panel Discussion
Presentation: Tuesday, March 4th, 10:00 am, Amphitheatre
David Lavery: Program Executive for the Mars Exploration Rover program in the Science
Mission Directorate of NASA headquarters. He has been instrumental in the development
and application of robotics and rover technology, and has also been a central player in the
FIRST robot competition for high schools.
Summary:
This panel will cover the current state of the art in radio isotope power generation
technology for Space Flight. Panelists are from NASA Headquarters and NASA Glenn
Research Center.
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Track 14: Government Plans, Policies, and Education
Jane Malin: Leads research and development in the Automation, Robotics and Simulation
Division, Engineering, NASA Johnson Space Center. Expertise includes tools, testbeds and
methodology for engineering complex systems and advanced software; modeling and
simulation for risk and failure analysis; monitoring, control and fault management software;
and agent-assisted web-based collaboration tools.
Summary:
Advanced capabilities are being developed for mission operations software, to provide
situational awareness and decision-making assistance to space mission controllers and
crew during mission preparation, flight and support phases. Panelists will discuss these
advanced capabilities in the following areas:
• Situational awareness: Filtering, fusing, selecting and presenting situational information
from multiple data sources, to provide appropriate information for the current situation and
user tasks, including relevant tasks and actions of other users and systems.
• Telemetry information management: Acquiring, evaluating, and displaying telemetry
information and providing flexible access to desired information and formats.
• Mission operations planning and plan management: Creating, validating, evaluating, and
revising operations plans with limited resources, collaborative planning, complex flight rules
and temporary constraints and exceptions.
• Plan, procedure and sequence validation: Checking or simulating plans, procedures,
sequences and other combinations of commands and actions, to assure correctness and
satisfaction of desired safety properties.
• Adjustable automation: Specifying automation allocations, controlling degree of
automated/manual control, and transitioning control between user and automation with
minimal loss of context and situational awareness.
• Reusable support systems: Technology enablers for reuse of software for situational
awareness and decision-making support across disciplines and systems.
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Track 14: Government Plans, Policies, and Education
14.04 DEBATE: Can Autonomy have a Significant Effect on the Space Program
Co Chairs: Mel Montemerlo (NASA Hdq) and Dave Atkinson (Jet Propulsion
Laboratory)
Panelists:
David Atkinson, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Mel Montemerlo, NASA Headquarters, Retired
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 1:00 pm, Amphitheatre
Mel Montemerlo: Retired - Program Executive for the Herschel, Planck, and WISE space-
craft in NASA’s Office of Space Science. Has managed technology development programs
in Human Factors, Simulation, Artificial Intelligence, and Robotics, and managed NASA’s
Cross Enterprise Technology Development Program.
Summary:
Two people who were with the NASA Artificial Intelligence program for its entire existence
will debate whether Artificial Intelligence can and will have a significant on NASA’s future.
Dave Atkinson will argue that it wll. Mel Montemerlo will argue that it won’t. They will have
time for rebuttal and discussion with the audience. The goal is to come to a unified
conclusion by the end of the panel session.
Bruce Gardner is Principal Director of Learning Systems for The Aerospace Institute at
The Aerospace Corporation. Bruce is responsible for employee and customer
learning/career development programs and multimedia support resources. Bruce was
formerly director of Control Systems Analysis Department, responsible for spacecraft
attitude stability/control assessments for several major DOD programs. Ph.D. Stanford,
Aero/Astro.
Summary:
The challenges facing all segments of the US aerospace workforce as a result of the "baby-
boom" retirement phenomenon and other sociological trends are enormous. This is
particularly true in the space community, where emerging technological and policy
developments are fast resulting in the "transformation of space" ... one characterized by
increasingly complex missions/applications and the use of "breakthrough technologies" to
make them happen. Keeping up with and dealing effectively with these changes requires
an unprecedented degree of knowledge, skills, and adaptability on the part of individual
21st century space engineers. It also requires that new, more effective educational
methods and developmental reinforcement/support systems be provided by academia,
government, and industry in order to develop these capabilities. This panel offers several
perspectives on needs, challenges, approaches and "lessons-learned" associated with
recruiting, educating (K-20), training, and developing/reinforcing the skills of the 21st
Century space engineering workforce:
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Track 14: Government Plans, Policies, and Education
Astrid Heske: MIRI Instrument Manager in the JWST project at the European Space
Agency. Experience includes instrument management in the Herschel/Planck project and
Community Support Group lead of the Science Operations Centre of the Infrared Space
Observatory mission, including research in various astrophysics domains. PhD in physics
Hamburg University, Germany..
Summary:
International scientific collaborations at technical level between ESA, the European Space
Agency, and its partners on projects in fundamental science, astrophysics and space
exploration world-wide are addressed in this panel. Many projects require expertise,
technology and, last not least, funding that exceeds planned resources of one nation or one
space agency. Hence, since some time joint efforts on agencies’ level have been
undertaken to launch scientific and exploration programs, which may have been out of
reach for one country or agency alone. Different nations and agencies may involve
different approaches, different expectations and, on the other hand, also different
programmatic boundary conditions. Starting with an overview of ESA’s scientific programs,
this panel will assemble views and experiences from various speakers being involved in
collaborative programs with ESA. The panel will conclude with a number of lessons learnt
for future collaborations – with the aim to gather thoughts how to make the ‘globalisation’ in
science programs work even better.
Summary
This panel discussion will provide an overview of the status of the Global Earth Observation
System of Systems from the international and national perspectives, show examples of
current contributions to GEOSS and the U.S. component (the Integrated Earth Observation
System), and identify linkages and potential roles for the IEEE Aerospace community in
these efforts.
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Track 14: Government Plans, Policies, and Education
Summary:
A Seminar presented by Caltech Industrial Relations Center.
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