12.

Anchor
12.1 General
Anchors, anchor chain cables, mooring ropes, and towing ropes are
collectively called "Equipment" . The number, weight and size of the
equipment are determined by the Equipment Number calculated
according to the size of a ship. Consequently, When the dimensions of
the hull are modified or the arrangement is modified and the equipment
Number exceeds the present number, the existing equipment has to be
changed to
new one.

Inspections of anchors and anchor chains are not the requirements of

the Docking Survey but they are an inspection items in a Special
Survey and Intermediate Survey. But the inspection of the anchor and
chain cable are carried out costomary at the Doking Survey. At the
Docking Survey
anchors and anchor chain cabless are ranged on the dock floor and
the surveyor carry out the survey.
Hereinafter explain the survey points and the examples of dmage and
repair methods.

Photo.12-1 Anchor and chain cable ranged on the dry dock

12-2 Kind and mumber of anchor

Long time ago anchors are made of stone or wood. But in later days
many kinds of anchors are invented. However in these days anchors
are made of steel and the following types are widely used.
(1) Stock anchor
I

Photo.12-1 Stock anchor (from

"The Fig.12-1 Stock anchor
Sea Fellow")

(2) Stockless anchor

Now almost all ships have a stockless anchor which equipped at bow
on both P and S side.
Mr.Harkins invented the stockless anchor in 1823 and Mr. Matinse took
a patent in 1854. But the shipowners did not pay much interst in this
new anchor.
After long testing, in 1998 UK Navy finally accepted ths anchor and
gradually stockless anchor becomes popular. On the other hand,
Mr.Scot invention the very useful Hause pipe. Now the stockless
anchor and hause pipe are indespensable equippment to all ships.
Photo.12-2 Stockless
anchor Fig.12-1 Stockless anchor
(from Wikipedia)

Fig.12-3 Terminology of stockless anchor parts

(3) Number of anchor

According to the old Rules , at least three anchors including the spare
anchor are to be provided. However, from 1986, omission of the spare
anchor has been approved at the request of the shipowners.

(4) Survey items

Not only the inspection of Anchor and chain cable the Classification
rules requests the following survey items: "Anchors are to be
examined, and when the chain cables are ranged, they are to be
examined. Hawse pipes, chain lockers and cable holdfasts are to be
examined. The Surveyor should ascertain that sufficient mooring ropes
are provided on board. As described above, note that in addition to
inspection of anchors and anchor chains, inspection of chain lockers
and chain stoppers is included in the Special Survey. Inspection of
ropes generally includes confirmation of the number, and it is
customary to carry out a visual inspection of ropes."

12-3 Defects and precautions during inspection

(1) Break and Crack
Breaks or cracks may develop in the shank or the arm because of
defects in the casting during manufacturing. Naturally anchor should
be renewed. It takes several months to manufacture the new anchor.
So the surveyor
make the outstanding recommendations considering the delivery
period for a new anchor. It is customary about six months
Small cracks sometimes appears at the corners of the hole in the
under surface of the crown. This part should be carefuly inspected
after sludge is removed and cleaned. Depending on the degree of
damage, repair can be carried out out by rewelding.

Photo.12-3 Broken shank (1) Photo.12-4 Broken surface (1)

 Photo.12-6 Broken surface
Photo.12-5 Broken shank (2)
(2)

Photo.12-7 Broken arm Photo.12-8 Broken surface

Photo.12-9 Crack at the end of arm

Photo.12-10 Crack at stopper

Photo.12-11 Crack at shank

(2) Bend
When the anchor is resting on the dock floor, sometimes both fluke
ends do not touch to the floor, it means, one fluke is raised higher than
the other, then the one arm is bent. Depending on the degree of the
bend, the anchor should be send to the manufacturer for repairing or it
should be renewd. In this case also the outstanding recommendation is
appointed.
Photp.12-12 Bent arm

Fig.12-4 Bent arm

12-3-3 Wear and tear

(1) Wear to anchor ring
The maximum wear to the anchor ring appears at the pin. If the wear is
only at the pin, then only the pin may be renewed using an approved
material (forged steel, cast steel or rolled steel round bar); but in most
cases the hole in the anchor ring is also worn out, therefore, the
complete set is generally replaced.
During replacement, a proof test for the complete anchor should be
carried out; however, if the anchor is repaired at the shipyard,
sometimes this test is omitted as the testing equipment is not available.
Moreover, the pins at both ends became loose and they develop play
frequently. If this happens, the end of the pin should be hammered
while heating to tighten the pin.
Fig.12-5 Ancho ring pin

(2) Wear to shank

In new ships the shank often wears out at the the bell—mouth position.
Later when the shank and bell—mouth adopt themselves , the wear is
reduced, so repairs by welding is not necessary.

Fig.12-6 abrasion of shank

3) Worn out of crown pin

The crown pin connecting the shank and the crown wears out in the
aged ship but generally the wear does not reach a stage where it
needs
replacement. However, it is recommended that the condition of the pin
is to be inspected after cleaning the sludge.

Example where crown pin (13) is leaning to one side

because block ® is short.
The block is inserted into the crown hole and is
welded so that the crown pin does not fall out. There
are instances of no block being used, but molten lead
is poured in to prevent the crown pin from falling out.

Fig.12-7 Defective crown pin (1)

 Example where the crown pin diameter is too
small. Generally, a considerable amount of
sludge accumulates near the crown pin. If the
sludge is not removed from a and b, flaws
cannot be detected.
Fig.12-8 Defective crown pin (2)

Discontinuities in the structure should be closely

inspected.
Photo. 12-13 Back of crown

(4) Decrease of anchor weight

In the past, Rules prescribed replacement of an anchor when its weight
was found to have decreased below the allowable limit due to
corrosion and wear; however, measurement of anchor weight is not
required by Rules today.
.
13.4 Spare Anchor
With the amendment to the 1986 Rules, a spare anchor became a
shipowner's option; If the shipowner requested exemption from
provision
of a spare anchor, exemption was granted. Consequently, in recent
years, spare anchors have not been provided for most ships.
If provided, the spare anchor is lashed in the vicinity of the
uperstructure. The anchor ring, which is a movable part, often rusts
and does not operate. Therefore, an adequate amount of grease
should be applied to the ring pin and it should be covered with canvas.
Photo. 12-14 Spare anchor of 413,553 D/W tanker on the F'cle deck