List of Classifications by Cancer Sites With Sufficient or Limited Evidence in Humans, Volumes 1 To 122

List of Classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in
humans, Volumes 1 to 122 a
Cancer site Carcinogenic agents with sufficient Agents with limited evidence
evidence in humans in humans
Lip, oral cavity, and pharynx

Lip Hydrochlorothiazide
Solar radiation
Oral cavity Alcoholic beverages Human papillomavirus type 18
Betel quid with tobacco
Betel quid without tobacco
Human papillomavirus type 16
Tobacco, smokeless
Tobacco smoking
Salivary gland X-radiation, gamma-radiation Radioiodines, including Iodine-
131
Tonsil Human papillomavirus type 16
Pharynx Alcoholic beverages Asbestos (all forms)
Betel quid with tobacco Printing processes
Human papillomavirus type 16 Tobacco smoke, secondhand
Tobacco smoking
Nasopharynx Epstein-Barr virus
Formaldehyde
Salted fish, Chinese-style
Tobacco smoking
Wood dust
Digestive tract, upper Acetaldehyde associated with
consumption of alcoholic beverages
Digestive organs
Oesophagus Acetaldehyde associated with Dry cleaning
consumption of alcoholic beverages Pickled vegetables (traditional
Alcoholic beverages Asian)
Betel quid with tobacco Rubber production industry
Betel quid without tobacco Very hot beverages (squamous
Tobacco, smokeless cell carcinoma)
Tobacco smoking
X-radiation, gamma-radiation
1
Stomach Helicobacter pylori Asbestos (all forms)

Rubber production industry Epstein-Barr virus
Tobacco smoking Lead compounds, inorganic
X-radiation, gamma-radiation Nitrate or nitrite (ingested)
under conditions that result
in endogenous nitrosation
Pickled vegetables (traditional
Asian)
Salted fish, Chinese-style
Processed meat (consumption
of)
Colon and rectum Alcoholic beverages Asbestos (all forms)
Tobacco smoking Schistosoma japonicum
X-radiation, gamma-radiation Red meat (consumption of)
Processed meat (consumption of)
Anus Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Human papillomavirus types
Human papillomavirus type 16 18, 33
Liver and bile duct Aflatoxins Androgenic (anabolic) steroids
Alcoholic beverages Arsenic and inorganic arsenic
Clonorchis sinensis compounds
1,2-Dichloropropane Betel quid without tobacco
Estrogen-progestogen contraceptives DDT
Hepatitis B virus Dichloromethane (Methylene
chloride)
Hepatitis C virus
Human immunodeficiency virus
Opisthorchis viverrini
type 1
Plutonium
Schistosoma japonicum
Thorium-232 and its decay products
Trichloroethylene
Tobacco smoking (in smokers and in
smokers’ children)
Vinyl chloride
Gall bladder Thorium-232 and its decay products
Pancreas Tobacco, smokeless Alcoholic beverages
Tobacco smoking Thorium-232 and its decay
products
Red meat (consumption of)
2
Digestive tract, Radioiodines, including Iodine-

unspecified 131
Respiratory organs
Nasal cavity and Isopropyl alcohol production Carpentry and joinery
paranasal sinus Leather dust Chromium(VI) compounds
Nickel compounds Formaldehyde
Radium-226 and its decay products Textile manufacturing
Radium-228 and its decay products
Tobacco smoking
Wood dust
Larynx Acid mists, strong inorganic Human papillomavirus type 16
Alcoholic beverages Rubber production industry
Asbestos (all forms) Sulfur mustard
Tobacco smoking Tobacco smoke, secondhand
3
Lung Acheson process, occupational Acid mists, strong inorganic

exposures associated with Art glass, glass containers and
Aluminum production pressed ware (manufacture
Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds of)
Asbestos (all forms) Benzene
Beryllium and beryllium compounds Biomass fuel (primarily wood),
indoor emissions from
Bis(chloromethyl)ether; chloromethyl
household combustion of
methyl ether (technical grade)
Bitumens, occupational
Cadmium and cadmium compounds
exposure to oxidized
Chromium(VI) compounds bitumens and their
Coal, indoor emissions from household emissions during roofing
combustion Bitumens, occupational
Coal gasification exposure to hard bitumens
Coal-tar pitch and their emissions during
mastic asphalt work
Coke production
Carbon electrode manufacture
Engine exhaust, diesel
alpha-Chlorinated toluenes and
Hematite mining (underground)
benzoyl chloride (combined
Iron and steel founding exposures)
MOPP (vincristine-prednisone-nitrogen Cobalt metal with tungsten
mustard-procarbazine mixture) carbide
Nickel compounds Creosotes
Outdoor air pollution Diazinon
Painting Fibrous silicon carbide
Particulate matter in outdoor air pollution Frying, emissions from high-
Plutonium temperature
Radon-222 and its decay products Hydrazine
Rubber production industry Insecticides, non-arsenical,
Silica dust, crystalline occupational exposures in
spraying and application
Soot
Printing processes
Sulfur mustard
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-
Tobacco smoke, secondhand para-dioxin
Tobacco smoking
Welding fumes
4
Bone, skin, and mesothelium, endothelium, and soft tissue

Bone Plutonium Radioiodines, including Iodine-
Radium-224 and its decay products 131
Skin (melanoma) Solar radiation
Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Skin (other malignant Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds Creosotes
neoplasms) Azathioprine Human immunodeficiency virus
Coal-tar distillation type 1
Coal-tar pitch Human papillomavirus types 5
and 8 (in patients with
Cyclosporine
epidermodysplasia
Methoxsalen plus ultraviolet A verruciformis)
Mineral oils, untreated or mildly treated Hydrochlorothiazide
Shale oils Nitrogen mustard
Solar radiation Petroleum refining,
Soot occupational exposures
X-radiation, gamma-radiation Ultraviolet-emitting tanning
devices
Merkel cell polyomavirus
(MCV)
Mesothelium (pleura Asbestos (all forms)
and peritoneum) Erionite
Fluoro-edenite
Painting
Endothelium (Kaposi Human immunodeficiency virus type 1
sarcoma) Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus
Soft tissue Polychlorophenols or their
sodium salts (combined
exposures)
Radioiodines, including iodine-
131
para-dioxin
5
Breast and female genital organs

Breast Alcoholic beverages Dieldrin
Diethylstilbestrol Digoxin
Estrogen-progestogen contraceptives Estrogen menopausal therapy
Estrogen-progestogen menopausal Ethylene oxide
therapy Polychlorinated biphenyls
X-radiation, gamma-radiation Shiftwork that involves
circadian disruption
Tobacco smoking
Vulva Human papillomavirus type 16 Human immunodeficiency virus
type 1
Human papillomavirus types
18, 33
Vagina Diethylstilbestrol (exposure in utero) Human immunodeficiency virus
Human papillomavirus type 16 type 1
Uterine cervix Diethylstilbestrol (exposure in utero) Human papillomavirus types
Estrogen-progestogen contraceptives 26, 53, 66, 67, 68, 70, 73,
82
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1
Human papillomavirus types 16, 18, 31,
33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59
Tobacco smoking
Endometrium Estrogen menopausal therapy Diethylstilbestrol
Estrogen-progestogen menopausal
therapy
Tamoxifen
Ovary Asbestos (all forms) Talc-based body powder
Estrogen menopausal therapy (perineal use)
Tobacco smoking X-radiation, gamma-radiation
6
Male genital organs

Penis Human papillomavirus type 16 Human immunodeficiency virus
type 1
Human papillomavirus type 18
Prostate Androgenic (anabolic) steroids
Arsenic and inorganic arsenic
compounds
Cadmium and cadmium
compounds
Malathion
Rubber production industry
Thorium-232 and its decay
products
Red meat (consumption of)
Testis DDT
Diethylstilbestrol (exposure in
utero)
N,N-Dimethylformamide
Perfluorooctanoic acid
7
Urinary tract
Kidney Tobacco smoking Arsenic and inorganic arsenic
X-radiation, gamma-radiation compounds
Trichloroethylene Cadmium and cadmium
compounds
Perfluorooctanoic acid
Printing processes
Welding fumes
Renal pelvis and Aristolochic acid, plants containing Aristolochic acid
ureter Phenacetin
Phenacetin, analgesic mixtures containing
Tobacco smoking
Urinary bladder Aluminum production 4-Chloro-ortho-toluidine
4-Aminobiphenyl Coal-tar pitch
Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds Dry cleaning
Auramine production Engine exhaust, diesel
Benzidine Hairdressers and barbers,
Chlornaphazine occupational exposure
Cyclophosphamide 2-mercaptobenzothiazole
Magenta production Pioglitazone
2-Naphthylamine Printing processes
Painting Soot
Rubber production industry Textile manufacturing
Schistosoma haematobium Tetrachloroethylene
Tobacco smoking
ortho-Toluidine
Eye, brain, and central nervous system
Eye Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Solar radiation
Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices
Ultraviolet emissions from welding
Brain and central X-radiation, gamma-radiation Radiofrequency
nervous system electromagnetic fields
(including from wireless
phones)
8
Endocrine glands
Thyroid Radioiodines, including Iodine-131
9
Lymphoid, hematopoietic, and related tissue
10
b
Leukaemia and/or Azathioprine Benzene
lymphoma Benzene
b
Bischloroethyl nitrosourea
Busulfan (BCNU)
1,3-Butadiene Chloramphenicol
Chlorambucil DDT
Cyclophosphamide Diazinon
Cyclosporine Dichloromethane (Methylene
chloride)
Epstein-Barr virus
Ethylene oxide
Etoposide with cisplatin and bleomycin
Etoposide
Fission products, including Strontium-90
Glyphosate
Formaldehyde
Hepatitis B virus
Helicobacter pylori
Magnetic fields, extremely low
Hepatitis C virus
frequency (childhood
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 leukaemia)
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 Malathion
Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus Mitoxantrone
Lindane Nitrogen mustard
Melphalan Painting (childhood leukaemia
MOPP (vincristine-prednisone-nitrogen from maternal exposure)
mustard-procarbazine mixture) Petroleum refining,
Pentachlorophenol occupational exposures
Phosphorus-32 Polychlorinated biphenyls
Rubber production industry Polychlorophenols or their
Semustine (methyl-CCNU) sodium salts (combined
exposures)
Thiotepa
Radioiodines, including Iodine-
Thorium-232 and its decay products 131
Tobacco smoking Radon-222 and its decay
Treosulfan products
X-radiation, gamma-radiation Styrene
Teniposide
Trichloroethylene
para-dioxin
Tobacco smoking (childhood
leukaemia in smokers’
children)
Malaria (caused by infection
with Plasmodium
falciparum in holoendemic
areas)
11
Multiple or unspecified sites

Multiple sites Cyclosporine Chlorophenoxy herbicides
(unspecified) Fission products, including strontium-90 Plutonium
X-radiation, gamma-radiation (exposure in
utero)
All cancer sites 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin
(combined)
a
This table does not include factors not covered in the IARC Monographs, notably genetic traits,
reproductive status, and some nutritional factors.
b
For benzene, the evidence in humans is sufficient for acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia, including
acute myeloid leukaemia; and the evidence in humans is limited for non-Hodgkin lymphoma,
chronic lymphoid leukaemia, multiple myeloma, chronic myeloid leukaemia, and acute myeloid
leukaemia in children
Adapted from Table 4 in Cogliano et al. (2011) available at:
http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/12/11/jnci.djr483.short?rss=1
Last update: 29 June 2018
12

List of Classifications by Cancer Sites With Sufficient or Limited Evidence in Humans, Volumes 1 To 122

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List of Classifications by Cancer Sites With Sufficient or Limited Evidence in Humans, Volumes 1 To 122

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List of Classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in

humans, Volumes 1 to 122 a

Lip, oral cavity, and pharynx

Stomach Helicobacter pylori Asbestos (all forms)

Digestive tract, Radioiodines, including Iodine-

Lung Acheson process, occupational Acid mists, strong inorganic

Bone, skin, and mesothelium, endothelium, and soft tissue

Breast and female genital organs

Male genital organs

Lymphoid, hematopoietic, and related tissue

Multiple or unspecified sites

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