Jurusan Teknik Sipil - FTSP USAKTI

Struktur Beton Bertulang - 1

Mid-Term 2 : Okt. – Des. 2017

Session 01:
Analisa dan Perencanaan Kolom

Sugeng Wijanto, Ph.D.

28 October 2017
Materi Kuliah SBB-1

Semester 3 – Tahun 2017

Term Kedua (6 x Tatap Muka dan 2-3 Tugas):

• Analisa dan Perencanaan Kolom Pendek

(Diagram Interaksi M-P)
• Perencanaan Kolom Langsing
• Panjang Penyaluran Tulangan Baja dan
Sambungan Lewatan
• Menghitung Lendutan Jangka Pendek,
Jangka Panjang, dan Lebar Retak.

“Reinforced Concrete”, by J.K. Wight and J.G Mac Gregor

Chapter 8 – 9 - 11 and 12
Daftar Pustaka:

 Badan Standarisasi Nasional, Tata Cara Perencanaan

Struktur Beton Untuk Bangunan Gedung,
SNI 2487-2013

 ACI Committee 318-2011, Building Code Requirements

for Structural Concrete & Commentary
and Notes on ACI 318
 “Reinforced Concrete”, 6th edition, Pearson International
by J.K. Wight and J.G Mac Gregor
 “Reinforced Concrete”, 4th edition, Pearson International
by J.K. Wight and J.G Mac Gregor (SI-Unit)
 “Reinforced Concrete Structures”, John Wiley and Sons,
1975, by Park & Paulay
 “Design of Concrete Structures”, latest edition, by Nilson
& Winter
 LENGTH
Span : mm (millimeter)
m (meter)
Element dimension : mm (millimeter)
SI - UNITS:

FORCE, LOAD
N (Newton) ; kN (kilo-Newton)
1 kg = 1 x 9.81 = 9.81 N
1 ton = 103 x 9.81 = 9.81 x 103 N = 9.81 kN

STRESS
MPa (1 MPa = 1 MN/m2 = 1 N/mm2)

DENSITY
kN/m3
 Elemen Struktur Bangunan

Pelat Lantai

Dinding
Pengisi

Balok
Kolom

Portal Beton
Fondasi
Bertulang

Ref. : “Reinforced Concrete” Wight and MacGregor Chapter 8, 9, 11 and 12

 Bending Moment and Shear Force at Rectangular Beam

= 1/2 wL

Internal forces on
Deflected shapes portion of beam - dx

= 1/2 wL

= 1/8 wL2

Forces:
Beam section
 Bending Moment
 Shear Force
 Axial Loads, Bending Moment and Shear Force at Columns

COLUMN
is structural elements used primarily to support compression loads.
Concrete columns are reinforced by longitudinal and transverse steel.
The transverse steel is generally in the form of ties or closely spaced
spiral.
Types Of Columns :
1. SHORT COLUMN
The ultimate load at a given eccentricity is
governed only by the strength of the of the
Mu
materials and the dimensions of the cross
section.
2. SLENDER COLUMN
The ultimate load is also influenced by
slenderness, which produces additional
bending because of transverse deformation.
 Column Types Steel tubing
Ties Spiral / Transverse

Longitudinal

Concrete filled
Typically 100 - 300 mm Typically 50 - 150 mm
Spiral

Pipe
(d) Composite
column
(steel encased
concrete core)
(c) Composite column
(a) Tied column (b) Spirally (spiral bound
reinforced encasement around
column structural steel core)
• Column Failures - Due to Earth Quake Loads

Italia - EQ Courtesy Univ. of Canterbury

• Building Collapsed after Padang EQ, Sept 2009
• Building Collapsed after Padang EQ, Sept 2009
• Building Collapsed after Padang EQ, Sept 2009

Soft Storey Mechanism

• Building Collapsed after Padang EQ, Sept 2009

Soft storey collapse. The crumpled Hillux suggests a new adventure

for Scotty and Crumpy - characters in a NZ TV commercial!
• Building Collapsed after Padang EQ, Sept 2009
Dinas Prasarana Jalan, Tata Ruang & Pemukiman
Weak Beam Strong Column Concept
Analysis and Design
of Reinforced Concrete Column
BEHAVIOUR OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS :

Pn = kc f’c Ac + fy Ast + ks fsy Asp

Pn = nominal strength for tied column (third term omitted if no spiral)
Tied kc = coefficient (0.85) to account for the difference between concrete
in the column and that in a test cylinder
f’c = concrete cylinder strength
Ac = net area of concrete
Ast = area of longitudinal reinforcement
fy = yield stress for longitudinal reinforcement
ks = constant that varies from 1.5 to 2.5 (with an average of 1.95)
fsy = yield stress of spiral steel
Asp = volume of spiral steel per unit length of column
Spiral Yield point (spirally reinforced
column shell spalls off)
Load

Spirally reinforced column

x shows ability to deform
prior to failure
Tied column fails suddenly
Tied and spirally reinforced columns
Deformation (unit shortening)
CONCENTRICALLY LOADED SHORT COLUMNS :

Po = 0.85 f’c (Ag - Ast) + fy Ast

A1 A2 b
Where :
h Po = maximum axial load capacity
Po f’c = concrete strength
Ag = gross area of section = b h
Ast = total area of longitudinal reinforcement = A1 + A2
fy = steel yield strength
Stress
Note :
This equation is also in agreement with the
C2 = fy A1 C3 = fy A2
rectangular stress block assumptions where
C1 = 0.85 f’c (Ag - Ast) the entire cross section is subject to a failure
compressive strain of 0.003.
COMBINED BENDING AND AXIAL LOAD
(ECCENTRICALLY LOADED):

It is common in RC-buildings that bending moments act on all

columns. These moments are generally due to :
1. Unbalanced floor loads on both exterior and interior columns,
2. Eccentric loads such as crane loads in industrial buildings,
3. Lateral loading such as from wind or earthquake.

monolithic
The vertical members are
subjected to a high ratio of axial
force to bending moment.
Rigid Frame
Eccentrically Loaded at Columns
Statically Equivalent for Eccentrically Loaded Column

P P P P
e e
M

P A A
= =

Plastic Eccentrically
centroid loaded member

M
Axial load and Bending e= x

moment at Column P e P
Section A-A
 When combined axial compression (P) and bending moment (M)
act on a member having a low slenderness ratio (unbraced
length Lu to radius of gyration r ) where column buckling is not a
possible mode of failure, the strength of the member is governed
by the material strength of the cross section.
Pn-axis For this so-called short column,
e= n
M the strength is achieved when the
P0 Pn extreme concrete compression
Compression fiber reaches the strain 0.003.
e=0 controls
Depending on the ratio of Mn to
Balanced strain Pn, the strain diagram will
condition exhibit two distinct categories :
Pb
Tension 1. Compression-Controls
controls region
e=
M0 Mb Mn-axis 2. Tension - Controls region
Pn-axis
Axis of bending
Mn
P0 e=
Pn
Compression
controls Compression
e=0 s < y 0.003 controls
A
Balanced strain fy 0.003
condition s = y = E Balanced
Pb s
condition
B Tension 0.003
controls Tension
e= s > y controls
M0 Mb Mn-axis Strain Diagrams
Compression Controls Region (point A)
There may be compression over most or all of the section such that the compressive
strain in the concrete reaches 0.003 before section the tension steel yields.

Compression Controls Region (point B)

Tension in a large portion of the section such that the strain in the tension steel is >
the yield strain when the compressive strain in the concrete reaches 0.003.
FLASH BACK
Singly Reinforced Concrete
b
MU+ C

h
d d
Jd

Equilibrium :
Where (SNI 2847: 2013; 10.2.7.3):
 H=0 C = T 1 = 0.85 for fc’  28 MPa
1 = 0.85 - 0.0071 (fc’ - 28)
C = 0.85fc’ .a.b In all cases 1  0.65
T = As. fy Ch 10.5 : As-min = 1.4 bw.d/fy

M=0 Mn = C . (d - ½ a) = T . (d - ½ a)
 Effect of compression
reinforcement on moment
strength
Ref: “Reinforced Concrete” by J.K.
J2 > J 1 Wight & J.G Mac Gregor ; Chapter 4
a2 < a 1

Summing moments about the centroid of the resultant

compressive force gives the following results:
For the beam without compression steel: Mn = As.fy (j1.d)
For the beam with compression steel: Mn = As.fy (j2.d)
The addition of compression steel has little effect on the Mn value
 Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Section
Beams With Compression Reinforcement
’cu = 0.003 0.85 fc’
d’ Cc Cs
c a
As’ d ’s
Neutral Axis
h (d-½a)
MMU+
u
As Ts (d-d’)

s fs = fy
Mn
b Strain Stress Internal Forces
Strain Diagram:
ε’s= 0.003 (c-d’)/c = 0.003 (a-β1d’)/a = 0.003 {1- (β1d’)/a}
εs = 0.003 (d-c)/c = 0.003 (β1d-a)/a = 0.003 { (β1d)/a -1}

Stress Diagram:
f’s = fy “IF” ε’s ≥ fy/Es OR ε’s Es ≥ fy
f’s < fy “IF” ε’s < fy/Es OR ε’s Es < fy
 Perencanaan Tulangan Ganda:
Fungsi Tulangan Tekan adalah
1. Pada balok dengan ketinggian terbatas, dimana ρ = ρmax tapi
ØMn < Mu, maka dapat dipergunakan tulangan tekan untuk
menambah kekuatan ØMn
2. Menambah besaran daktilitas dari elemen balok
3. Untuk mengurangi besarnya lendutan balok pada bentang
4. Untuk mengantisipasi kemungkinan terjadinya momen
berlawan arah (misal, akibat gaya gempa)
Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Sections at Ultimate
Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Section
Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Section

Ref: “Reinforced Concrete” by

J.K. Wight & J.G Mac Gregor ;
Chapter 4
 BACK TO
COLUMN DESIGN
BALANCED STRAIN CONDITION Pn
RECTANGULAR SECTION Compression
control
e’ cb 0.003
= Balanced
d” e = eb d fy/Es + 0.003 Tension
N.A Plastic centroid control
Pn = Pb cb = 600 d Mn
b As As’ x fy + 600
Force equilibrium requires :
s < y/Es Pb = Cc + Cs - T
cb
where :
 s’
cu = 0.003 Cc = 0.85 fc’ a b = 0.85 fc’ 1 cb b
d’ Cs = As ’ f s ’
d T = As f y
h
Actual stress distribution Taking moments about the plastic centroid
Pb eb = Cc(d-a/2-d”) + Cs(d-d’-d”) + Td”
T = As fy Cc Cs Pn = Pb Both equations may be solved to obtain
a = 1cb Pb and eb
COMPRESSION CONTROLS REGION Pn
RECTANGULAR SECTION Compression
control
e’
d” e Balanced
Tension
N.A Plastic centroid control

As Pn Mn
b x
As’ Force equilibrium :
Pn = Cc + Cs - T
d
s < y c
d’ Where :
Cc = 0.85 fc’ a b = 0.85 fc’ 1 c b
 s’ >  y Cs = As ’ f y
cu = 0.003 T = As f s
Pn

Taking moments about the plastic centroid

T = A s fs Cc Cs Pn e = Cc(d-a/2-d”) + Cs(d-d’-d”) + Td”
a = 1c
TENSION CONTROLS REGION
Pn
RECTANGULAR SECTION Compression
e’ control
d” e Balanced
Plastic centroid N.A Tension
control
As Pn Mn
b x
As’ Force equilibrium :
Pn = Cc + Cs - T
d

Where :
s > y c
d’ Cc = 0.85 fc’ a b = 0.85 fc’ 1 c b
 s’ Cs = As’ fs’
cu = 0.003
T = As fy
Pn
Taking moments about the plastic centroid
T = As fY Cc Cs Pn e = Cc(d-a/2-d”) + Cs(d-d’-d”) + Td”
a
 Axial Loads, Bending Moment and Shear Force at Columns

Pu
Preliminary Column Dimension:
Pu
A g(estimasi )  '
0,40(f c  fy ρ g )
 MAXIMUM STRENGTH IN AXIAL COMPRESSION :
SNI 2847-2013 Chapter 10.3.6

Pn (max) = 0.80 P0 (for tied columns)

= 0.85 P0 (for spirally columns)
Pn
Pu (max) = 0.65 Pn (for tied columns)
Pn (max) = 0.75 Pn (for spirally columns)

Where :
P0 = 0.85 fc’ (Ag - Ast) + fy Ast
fc’ = concrete strength
Ag = gross area of column section
Ast = total area of longitudinal reinforcement
Mn
fy = steel yield strength
DESIGN FOR STRENGTH:
Pn
Axial Region I
compression Maximum axial compression permitted by SNI
Pn (max) = 0.80 P0 (tied)
P0 Pn (max) = 0.85 P0 (spirally reinforced)

Pn (max) Region II
Compression controls

Balanced strain condition

Pb
Region III
Tension controls

M0 Mb Mn, Bending moment

Minimum Reinforcement (As min)

40 mm
conc. cover
typical

D-10 mm at
100 mm
vertical
spacing

800 x 800 mm
SNI 2487-2012 Chapter 10.9
Lateral Ties at Columns
Lateral Ties:
* Are used to hold the vertical bars in position
* Providing lateral support so that individual bar cold have the tendency
to buckle only between the tie support.
* Do not contribute to the strength of columns.
* Are placed at a sufficiently close spacing provide confinement and
increase the strain at which concrete crushes to values well above
the maximum of 0.003.

SNI 2847-2013 Provision:

* All nonprestressed bars for tied columns shall be enclosed by lateral ties
* The ties shall be so arranged that every corner and alternate longitudinal
bar shall have lateral support provided by the corner of a tie. (SNI 10.9.2.)
* Where the bars are located around the periphery of a circle, a complete
circular tie may be used.
Lateral Tie Configurations:
Lateral Tie Configurations:
Membuat Diagram Interaksi-Kolom

Kumpul Tanggal 3 Nov 2017

Jam 07.40 Tepat
Pu
Mu
Diketahui:
Kolom 700/700
Dimensi kolom 700 mm x 700 mm
700 mm

Mutu Material :
Beton f’c = 40 MPa
700 mm
Young’s Modulus Ec = 4700 √ f’c MPa
12-D29

Baja Tulangan f’y = 400 MPa

Young’s Modulus Es = 200 GPa
D13@100
Contoh Membuat Diagram Interaksi-Kolom:

Diketahui:

Dimensi kolom 500 mm x 500 mm

Mutu Material :
Beton f’c = 20 MPa
Young’s Modulus Ec = 4700 √ f’c MPa
Baja Tulangan f’y = 400 MPa
Young’s Modulus Es = 200.000 MPa
 Solusi: c = cb
1. Kondisi Balance: ab = β1. cb
Tulangan tarik mencapai titik leleh, jadi fs=f’y
Dianggap tulangan tekan juga sudah mencapai titik leleh
0,003 0,003
a b  0,85d a b  0,85x437,5
fy 400
0,003  0,003 
200000 200000

ab =223 mm cb = ab/0,85 = 262 mm

Cek Regangan baja tulangan tekan yang terjadi:

' 262  62,5 fy
εs  x0,003  0,0023   0,002
262 Es
Pb = 0,85 f’c ab b
Pb = 0,85 . 20 . 223 . 500 = 1896 kN

Mb = Pb . eb = 1896000 (250 – 223/2) + 1962,5.400 (187,5)

+ 1962,5.400.187,5
Mb = 557 kNm
COLUMN.PPT 45
Titik B (Mb,Pb) = ( 557 kNm , 1896 kN )
 2. Kondisi Keruntuhan Tarik:

Jika Pn < Pb Ambil Pn = 1500 kN

Asumsi tulangan tekan sudah leleh
ƩH = 0 ; Jadi Pn = Cc + Cs – Ts
dimana Ts = Cs ; Pn = Cc
1500000 = 0,85 x 20 x a x 500
a = 176 mm ; maka c = 207 mm a = β1. c
Cek regangan tulangan tekan:
' 207  62,5 fy
ε 
s x0,003  0,0021   0,002
207 Es

maka f’s = fy = 400 MPa

Mn = Pn . e
Mn = 1500000 ( 250 – 176/2 ) + 2 x 1962,5 x 400 x 187,5
Mn = 537 kNm

COLUMN.PPT Titik D ( 537 kNm , 1500 kN )

 3. Kondisi Keruntuhan tarik:

Jika Pn < Pb Ambil Pn = 1200 kN

Asumsi tulangan tekan sudah leleh
ƩH = 0 ; Jadi Pn = Cc + Cs – Ts
dimana Ts = Cs ; Pn = Cc
1200000 = 0,85 x 20 x a x 500
a = 141 mm ; maka c = 166 mm a = β1. c
Cek regangan tulangan tekan:
' 166  62,5 fy
εs  x0,003  0,0019   0,002
166 Es
Jadi tulangan tekan belum leleh
Pn = Cc + Cs – Ts
1200000 = 0,85 x 20 x a x 500 + 1962,5 (a - 0,85 x 62,5)/a
x 0,003 x 200000 – 1962,5 x 400

1985000 = 8500 a + 1177500 (a – 53,125)/a

a2 – 95 a – 7359,375 = 0
COLUMN.PPT a = 146 mm ; c = 172 mm
 ε’s = 0,0019 ; Maka f’s = ε’s x Es = 382 MPa

Mn = Pn . e
Mn = 1200000 ( 250 – 146/2 ) + 1962,5 x 400
x 187,5 + 1962,5 x 382 x 187,5
Mn = 500 kNm

Titik E ( 500 kNm , 1200 kN )

COLUMN.PPT
 4. Kondisi Pn → 0 dan e → ∞ [ Kondisi Lentur Murni ]

Beton harus menerima tekan sangat kecil, akibatnya

tulangan tekan ε’s < ε’y ; f’s < fy
f’s = (a-0,85 x 62,5)/a x 0,003 x 200000 MPa

Pn = Cc + Cs – Ts
0 = 0,85 x 20 x 500 x a + 1962,5 x (a-0,85 x 62,5)/a x 600 –
1962,5 x 400
a2 + 46,2 a – 7359,375 = 0
a = 65, 7 mm ; c = a/0,85 = 77,3 mm

Cek regangan tulangan tekan:

ε’s = (a-53,125)/a x 0,003 = 0,0006 ; f’s = 115 MPa

Mn = Pn . e
Mn = 0,85 x 20 x 65,7 x 500 ( 250 – 65,7/2 ) + 1962,5 x
400 x 187,5 + 1962,5 x 115 x 187,5
Mn = 310,8 kNm

COLUMN.PPT Titik F ( 310,8 kNm , 0 )

 5. Kondisi Keruntuhan Tekan

Jika Pn > Pb Ambil Pn = 3500 kN

f’s = (0,85 d - a)/a x 0,003 x 200000 ; d = 437,5 mm
f’s = 600 x (372 - a)/a

ƩH = 0 ; Jadi Pn = Cc + Cs – Ts
3500000 = 0,85 x 20 x 500 x a + 1962,5 x 400– 1962,5
x 600 x (372 - a)/a
a2 - 181 a – 51533 = 0
a = 335 mm ; c = a/0,85 = 394 mm

f’s = 600 x (372 - 335)/335 = 66 MPa

Mn = Pn . e
Mn = 0,85 x 20 x 335 x 500 ( 250 – 335/2 ) + 1962,5 x
400 x 187,5 + 1962,5 x 66 x 187,5
Mn = 406 kNm

COLUMN.PPT Titik C ( 406 kNm , 3500 kN )

 6. Aksial Tekan Maximum ; Mn → 0

Pn = Po = 0,85 x 20 x 500 x 500 +

2 x 1962,5 x 400 = 5820 kN

Titik A ( 0 , 5820 kN )

7. Aksial Tarik Maximum ; Mn → 0

Tegangan tarik beton diabaikan

Pn = - As total. fy
= - 400 x 2 x 1962,5 = - 1570 kN

Titik G ( 0 , -1570 kN )
COLUMN.PPT
 DIAGRAM INTERAKSI KOLOM
(Kondisi Ultimate)

Aksial (kN)
7000
A
6000

5000
Kondisi Nominal
0,8 x 5820 = 4656 kN
4000
C
3000
0,65 x 0,8 x 5820
2000
= 3026,4 kN B

1000 D
E
0
0 100 200 300 F 400 500 600
-1000
Momen (kNm)
COLUMN.PPT
-2000 G
 Any Question ??

Information from
Reinforced Concrete
Textbook data were used in
this presentation, their
contributions are gratefully
acknowledged