DAFTAR PUSTAKA

B. Ravindranath and M. Chander, Power System Protection and Switchgear. New Delhi, 1977.

T. P. Smith, The ABC’s of Overcurrent Coordination, no. January . EPOWERENGINEERING,

2006.

I. N. Sumetri, Diktat Proteksi. Jurusan Teknik Elektro dan Teknologi Informasi.

Basri, Hasan. Sistem Distribusi Daya Listrik. Audi Grafika: Yogyakarta, 1997.
 DAFTAR ISI

KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................................................................... i

DAFTAR ISI............................................................................................................................ iii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ................................................................................................................ v
DAFTAR TABEL .................................................................................................................. vii

BAB I PENDAHULUAN .................................................................................................... 1

1.1. Latar Belakang.................................................................................................................. 1
1.2. Perumusan Masalah .......................................................................................................... 3
1.3. Batasan Masalah ............................................................................................................... 3
1.4. Maksud dan Tujuan Kerja Praktek ................................................................................... 3
1.5. Metode Pengumpulan Data .............................................................................................. 4
1.6. Tempat dan Waktu Pelaksanaan Kerja Praktek................................................................ 4

BAB II PROFIL PERUSAHAAN ....................................................................................... 5

2.1. Sejarah dan Perkembangan Pabrik ................................................................................... 5
2.2. Lokasi dan Tata Letak Pabrik ........................................................................................... 6
2.2.1. Lokasi Pabrik ..................................................................................................... 6
2.2.2. Tata Letak dan Denah Pabrik ............................................................................. 6
2.3. Sistem Pemasaran ............................................................................................................. 8
2.3.1. Faktor Eksternal Yang Menjadi Alasan PT. Riau Andalan Pulp and Paper Memiliki
Daya Saing Yang Tinggi di Pasar Internasional .......................................................... 10
2.4. Daerah Pemasaran .......................................................................................................... 12
2.5. Manajemen Perusahaan .................................................................................................. 12
2.5.1. Struktur Organisasi PT. RAPP......................................................................... 14
2.6. Sistem Pengupahan dan Fasilitas Lainnya ..................................................................... 16
2.6.1. Sistem Pengupahan .......................................................................................... 16
2.6.2. Fasilitas Perusahaan ......................................................................................... 17

BAB III PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA UAP (PLTU) .......................................... 18

3.1. Teori Dasar ..................................................................................................................... 18
3.2. Uraian Proses .................................................................................................................. 19
3.2.1. Water Process ........................................................................................................ 19
3.2.2. Steam Generation .................................................................................................. 22
3.2.3. Power Generation .................................................................................................. 23

BAB IV SISTEM PROTEKSI POWER TRANSFORMER ............................................ 25

4.1. Teori Dasar ..................................................................................................................... 25
4.1.1. Transformer ........................................................................................................... 25
4.1.2. Jenis-Jenis Transformer ........................................................................................ 37
4.2. Konsep Dasar Proteksi ................................................................................................... 40
4.3. Fungsi Sistem Proteksi ................................................................................................... 41
4.4. Kualitas Proteksi ............................................................................................................. 42
4.4.1. Keandalan.............................................................................................................. 42
4.4.2. Diskriminasi .......................................................................................................... 42
4.4.3. Selektivitas ............................................................................................................ 42
4.4.4. Sensitivitas ............................................................................................................ 43
4.4.5. Kecepatan Operasi ................................................................................................ 43
4.5. Komponen Proteksi ........................................................................................................ 43
4.5.1. Relay ..................................................................................................................... 43
4.5.2. Lightning Arrester ................................................................................................. 43
4.5.3. Circuit Breaker ...................................................................................................... 44
4.6. Gangguan Hubung Singkat............................................................................................. 48
4.7. Arus Hubung Singkat ..................................................................................................... 49
4.8. Proteksi Pada Transformator Daya ................................................................................. 51
4.8.1. Proteksi Eksternal Power Transformator .............................................................. 51
4.8.2. Proteksi Internal Power Transformator ................................................................. 56

BAB V PENUTUP .............................................................................................................. 60

5.1. Kesimpulan ..................................................................................................................... 60
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ............................................................................................................. 61

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 2.1. Pabrik PT. RAPP dilihat dari ketinggian.......................................................... 7

Gambar 2.2. Lokasi PT. RAPP pada Peta ............................................................................. 8
Gambar 3.1. Steam and Water Line Process ....................................................................... 18
Gambar 3.2. Water Treatment Plant Process ...................................................................... 20
Gambar 3.3. Demineralized Plant Process .......................................................................... 21
Gambar 4.1. Power Transformer 150KV ............................................................................ 25
Gambar 4.2. Rangkaian Ekivalen Transformator................................................................ 27
Gambar 4.3. Rangkaian Ekivalen Transformator yang Disederhanakan ............................ 28
Gambar 4.4. Bushing pada Power Transformer 150 KV .................................................... 34
Gambar 4.5. Tangki dan Konservator ................................................................................. 34
Gambar 4.6. Silicagel (Alat Penapasan) pada Transformer ................................................ 37
Gambar 4.7. Lambang Transformator Step-Up .................................................................. 37
Gambar 4.8. Lambang Transformator Step-Down.............................................................. 38
Gambar 4.9. Aplikasi Instrumentasi: "Potensi transformator" skala tegangan tinggi ke nilai
aman diterapkan pada voltmeter konvensional .............................................. 39
Gambar 4.10. MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker) ................................................................. 45
Gambar 4.11. MCCB (Mold Case Circuit Breaker).............................................................. 45
Gambar 4.12. Air Circuit Breaker (ACB) ............................................................................. 46
Gambar 4.13. Vacum Circuit Breaker (VCB) ....................................................................... 47
Gambar 4.14. Sulfur Circuit Breaker (SF6CB) ..................................................................... 47
Gambar 4.15. Gangguan hubung singkat berdasarkan standar IEC 60909 ........................... 48
Gambar 4.16. Gangguan Tiga Fasa ....................................................................................... 49
Gambar 4.17. Gangguan Fasa ke Fasa .................................................................................. 50
Gambar 4.18. Gangguan satu fasa ke tanah .......................................................................... 50
Gambar 4.19. Gangguan Dua Fasa Ke Tanah ....................................................................... 51
Gambar 4.20. Grafik Definite Time ...................................................................................... 52
Gambar 4.21. Kurva Karakteristik inverse time UK standard .............................................. 53
Gambar 4.22. Rangkaian Earth Fault Relay.......................................................................... 54
Gambar 4.23. Diagram Relay Differential ............................................................................ 55
Gambar 4.24. Relay Buchholz dan Rangkaian ..................................................................... 57
Gambar 4.25. Pressure Relief Device ................................................................................... 57
Gambar 4.26. Oil Temperatur dan Winding Temperatur ...................................................... 58
Gambar 4.27. Silicagel .......................................................................................................... 59
 DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 3.1. Raw Water Quality Parameter ........................................................................ 19

Tabel 3.2. Spesifikasi Turbin di Riau Prima Energi ........................................................ 23
Tabel 4.1. Kelompok Vector Group Transformator Berdasarkan Standar IEC 60076 ... 31
Tabel 4.2. Formula dari SI, VI, EI, dan Long time standby earth fault ........................... 53