Chris Weidenbach

English 1A & 201A&B

February 23, 2010

Outline of “Drawing the Color Line”, chapter 2 of Howard Zinn’s

A People’s History of the United States

p. 23 “. . . that special racial feeling . . . that combination of inferior status and derogatory
thought we call racism.” Zinn says we need to understand how racism started in
order to see how it might end.

Factors that led to U.S. slavery

24 a—“The Virginians needed labor”—to grow food & tobacco

25 b—“They couldn’t force Indians to work for them”

c—“White servants had not yet been brought over in sufficient numbers”

d—Colonists sense of frustration: see quotation from Morgan

e—Slavery and trade of African people was already established

“Black slaves were the answer.” (I take this sentence as Zinn stating the fact that this is
what the Virginia colonists decided, as it is what their actions indicate.)

26.7 Cultural comparisons based on primary accounts of European travelers from around
1560-1680 show African civilizations in a very positive light.
Zinn returns to questioning the idea that slavery and other forms of oppression,
including genocide, were part of the United States’ destiny, or were necessary for the
sake of human progress.
He mentions an interesting historical difference between African vs. European history
relating to “class status”.

27.8 Zinn compares Africa’s own history of slavery with European/colonists slave trade—
partly to address the question of whether Europeans were hurting those they enslaved
any more than they were already suffering: Zinn mentions “two elements that made
American slavery the most cruel form of slavery in history: the frenzy for limitless profit
that comes from capitalistic agriculture; [and] the reduction of the slave to less than
human status by the use of racial hatred...”

28.9 Conditions regarding slavery are described—cruelties of the worst kind—ending with
this startling estimate: “. . . Africa lost 50 million human beings to death and slavery. . .”
Also, a quick summary of causal forces is in the last paragraph on p. 29.

30 Zinn compares the conditions of white servants and black servants/slaves.

 He then takes on the question of whether racism is the result of a “natural”
antipathy of white against black—a major theme of Chapters 2 & 3.

31 “...there is evidence that where whites and blacks found themselves with common
problems, common work, common enemy in their master, they behaved toward one
another as equals.”

32.3 As population and agriculture grew, so did slavery—and slaves’ resistance.

34 “Fear of slave revolt . . . [was] . . . a fact of plantation life.”

35 The first two paragraphs explain the colonists’ ever-increasing subtle suppression of
blacks, and subtle encouragement of whites to choose to embrace the idea of white
superiority and racial segregation.

Slave-owners’ separation of “house slaves and field slaves” is mentioned as an

important component of the white owning/ruling class discouraging unity, setting
enslaved blacks against each other.

36 “. . . from time to time, whites were involved in the slave resistance.”

37 Zinn says only one fear was greater than the fear of black rebellion in the new
American colonies: the fear that discontented whites would join black slaves to
overthrow the existing order.