Structure of virus

bacteria, and
eukaryotic cell
By
Dr. Humera Kausar
 Major Diferences between
prokaryotic and eukaryotic micro-
organisms
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
1. Nonmembrane bound 1. Membrane bound nucleus
nucleiod region containing DNA
2. DNA-one circular molecule2. DNA-linear molecules arranged
one chromosome to form several chromosomes
3. Haploid-One copy of a gene3. Diploid-Two copies of a gene
4. Plasma membrane does not 4. Plasma membrane contains
contain sterols sterols
5. Reproduction—simple binary5. Reproduction—meiosis and
fission mitosis
6. Presence of membrane bound
organelles such as chloroplasts
and mitochondria
 Cellular Organization

Prokaryotic
Vs
Eukaryotic
 Endosymbiotic Theory of
eukaryotic cell origin
• Endosymbiosis refers to one species living
within another(the host)
• Movement of smaller photosynthetic &
heterotrophic prokaryotes into larger
prokaryotic host cells
• Formed cell organelles

chloroplast

mitochondria 6
 Viruses
section 1
• A virus is a tiny non-living particle
that invades and then multiples
inside a living cell.
 Viruses
• Viruses act like parasites, organisms
that live in or on another organism and
cause it harm.
• The living organism that a virus
attaches to and uses as a source of
energy is called the host.
• Once the host is carrying and
transmitting a virus it is referred to as
a vector.
 Viral Structure
Envelope
• Double lipid layer holding the cells
Envelope genetic material.

Nucleic acid Glycoproteins

These serve 2 purposes
Glycoproteins • Anchor the virus to the host cell.
• Transport genetic material from th
virus to the host cell.
 
Complex
Nucleic acid
(Bacteriophage – a virus which
infects bacteria) • Either DNA or RNA material, but
virus cells rarely contain both.
Most viral cells contain RNA
material.
 Virus Structure
Viruses are smaller than cells,
but can vary greatly in size
and shape.

BUT, ALL viruses have three

things in common.
1.A protein coat that protects
them, and
2.An inner core that contains
genetic material (direction for
making new viruses)
3.Surface proteins that allow
it to attach to certain cells in
the host.

Some viruses are also surrounded by an additional outer membrane or

envelope.
Virus Structure
The proteins on the
surface of a virus play
an important role during
the invasion of a host
cell.

The shape of the

surface proteins allow
the virus to attach to the
proteins on the surface
of a host’s cells.
 How Viruses Multiply
• Once inside a cell, a viruses genetic
material takes over many of the cells
functions. It instructs the cell to
produce the virus’s proteins and
genetic material. These proteins and
genetic material assemble into new
viruses which go on to infect more
cells.
Active Virus
Hidden Virus
 Common Viruses
• Bacteriophage are robot like
viruses that infect bacteria
 Common Viruses
Common The Flu –
Cold - Infuenza
Rhinovirus Virus
 Common Viruses
Chicken Measles
Pox
Common Viruses

HIV SARS
 Bacteria
section 2
• There are more bacteria organisms
in your mouth right now than there
are people on the entire planet!!
 Bacteria
Structure
• Bacteria are prokaryotes:
– No nucleus
– DNA in a loop in the cell
– Few organelles
– Usually have a cell wall
– Usually have a fagellum
 Bacteria
Structure
• Most bacteria cells have one of three
basic shapes:
 Shapes of Bacteria
• Coccus
– Chain = Streptoccus
– Cluster =
Staphylococcus
• Bacillus
– Chain = Streptobacillus
• Coccobacillus
• Vibrio = curved
• Spirillum
• Spirochete
 Bacterial Structures
 Flagella
 Pili
 Capsule
 Plasma Membrane
 Cytoplasm
 Cell Wall
 Lipopolysaccharid
es
 Teichoic Acids
 Inclusions
 Spores
 Prokaryotes
Cytoplasm:

• Also known as proto-plasm.

• Gel-like matrix of water, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, (organic

n inorganic solutes) and gases and contains cell structures
like numerous ribosomes and polysomes.
• No ER n memb.bound organelles.
• Shows signs of internal mobility like cytoplasmic streaming ,
amoeboid movement and formation and disappearance of
vacoules.
Location of growth, metabolism, and replication.

Granules or inclusions:
 Bacteria’s way of storing nutrients.
 Staining of some granules aids in identifcation.
 Prokaryotes
Ribosomes:
• Small electron dense particles
• Involved in prt.synthesis
• 70 S(30 S + 50S)
• Diferent from host cell ribosomes in SR.
• Streptomycin interferes with bacterial metabolism
sparing the host cell ribosomes.
• 3 types of RNAs:
• Ribosomal, transfer , mRNA
• Found within cytoplasm or attached to
plasma membrane.
 Plasma Membrane
 Separates the cell from its environment.
 Limits the protoplast
 Thin n elastic , can be only seen with electron microscope
 With the exception of mycoplasma , bacterial cytoplasmic
memb.lacks sterol.
 Phospholipid molecules oriented so that hydrophilic,water-
loving heads directed outward and hydrophobic ,water-hating
tails directed inward.
 Proteins embedded in two layers of lipids (lipid bilayayer)

FUNCTIONS:
Semipermeable membrane
 Housing enzymes for cell wall, outer membrane synthesis,
assembly n secretion of extractoplasmic n extracellular substances
 Generation of ATP
 Cell motility
 Mediation of chromosomal segragation during replication
 Cell Wall
• Peptido-glycan Polymer (amino
acids + sugars)
• Unique to bacteria
• Sugars; NAG & NAM
– N-acetylglucosamine
– N-acetymuramic acid

• Amino acids cross link NAG &

NAM
Prokaryotes – Cell Wall

 Peptidoglycan is a huge polymer of

interlocking chains of identical
peptidoglycan monomers.

 Provides rigid support while freely

permeable to solutes.

 Backbone of peptidoglycan molecule

composed of two derivatives of
glucose:
- N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
- N-acetlymuramic acid (NAM)

 NAG / NAM strands are

connected by inter-
peptide bridges.
 Prokaryotes - Cell
Wall
From the peptidoglycan inwards all bacteria are very similar.
Going further out, the bacterial world divides into two major
classes (plus a couple of odd types). These are:

Gram Positive Gram

Negative
Prokaryotes - Cell Wall
Gram-Positive & Gram-Negative
Q: Why are these diferences in cell wall structure so
important?
Gram staining principle
 Teichoic Acids
• Gram + only
• Glycerol, Phosphates, & Ribitol
• Attachment for Phages
• Antigenic determinant
 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
• Endotoxin or Pyrogen
– Fever causing
– Toxin nomenclature
• Endo- part of bacteria
• Exo- excreted into environment
• Structure
– Lipid A
– Polysaccharide
• O Antigen of E. coli, Salmonella
• G- bacteria only
– Alcohol/Acetone removes primary stain
durind gram’s staining.
 Cytoplasm
• 80% Water {20% Salts-Proteins)
– Osmotic Shock important

• DNA is circular, Haploid

– Advantages of 1N DNA over 2N DNA
– More efcient; grows quicker
– Mutations allow adaptation to environment quicker

• Plasmids; extra circular DNA

– Antibiotic Resistance

• No organelles (Mitochondria, Golgi, etc.)

 Prokaryotes - Glycocalyx
Some bacteria have an additional layer outside of
the cell wall called the glycocalyx.

This additional layer can come in one of two forms:

1- Glycoproteins loosely associated with the cell

wall.

- Slime layer causes bacteria to adhere to solid

surfaces and helps prevent the cell from drying
out.

- Streptococcus
The slime layer of Gram+ Streptococcus
mutans allows it to accumulate on tooth enamel
(yuck mouth and one of the causes of cavities).

Other bacteria in the mouth become trapped in

the slime and form a bioflm & eventually a
buildup of plaque.
 Prokaryotes - Glycocalyx
2.Polysaccharides frmly attached to the
cell wall.

 Capsules adhere to solid surfaces and to

nutrients in the environment.

 Adhesive power of capsules is a major

factor in the initiation of some bacterial
diseases.

 Capsule also protect bacteria from being

phagocitized by cells of the hosts
immune system.
 Prokaryotes – Surface Appendages

 Some prokaryotes have

distinct appendages that
allow them to move about or
adhere to solid surfaces.

 Consist of delicate strands of

proteins.

 Flagella: Long, thin

extensions that allow some
bacteria to move about freely
in aqueous environments.

 Endofagella: Wind around

bacteria, causing movement
in waves.
 Flagella

• Motility - movement
• Swarming occurs with some
bacteria
– Spread across Petri Dish
– Proteus species most evident
• Arrangement of fagella basis for
classifcation
 Pili
• Short protein appendages
– smaller than fagella

• Adhere bacteria to surfaces

– E. coli has numerous types
• K88, K99, F41, etc.
– Antibodies to it will block adherence.

• F-pilus; used in conjugation

– Exchange of genetic information
 Endospores
• Resistant structure
– Heat, irradiation, cold
– Boiling >1 hr still viable
– Takes time and energy to destroy spores
• Location important in classifcation
– Central, Subterminal, Terminal
• Bacillus stearothermophilus -spores
– Used for quality control of heat sterilization
equipment
• Bacillus anthracis - spores
– Used in biological warfare
 Spore Formation
This is what happens …………..

Cell
 Spore
forms in
cell
 Cell
disintegrate
s
Spore is
released
Spore starts
to
germinate
Spore continues to
germinate
Now see as, in suitable conditions, the cell begins to
divide (binary fssion)………………………….
Thanks