Anda di halaman 1dari 11

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Ñããè¼ãØãã¶ãìÌããÞã:
ÔãⶾããÔã: ‡ãŠ½ãþããñØãÎÞã ãä¶ã:Ñãñ¾ãÔã‡ãŠÀãÌãì¼ããõ ý ¦ã¾ããñÔ¦ãì ‡ãŠ½ãÃÔãⶾããÔãã¦ãá ‡ãŠ½ãþããñØããñ ãäÌããäÎãÓ¾ã¦ãñ
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Ñããè—ãã¶ãñÎÌãÀãè ‚ã£¾ãã¾ã 5Ìãã ¾ããñØãØã¼ãþããñØã (ÔãⶾããÔã¾ããñØã) 1


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Ñããè—ãã¶ãñÎÌãÀãè ‚ã£¾ãã¾ã 5Ìãã ¾ããñØãØã¼ãþããñØã (ÔãⶾããÔã¾ããñØã) 2
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Ñããè—ãã¶ãñÎÌãÀãè ‚ã£¾ãã¾ã 5Ìãã ¾ããñØãØã¼ãþããñØã (ÔãⶾããÔã¾ããñØã) 3
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Ñããè—ãã¶ãñÎÌãÀãè ‚ã£¾ãã¾ã 5Ìãã ¾ããñØãØã¼ãþããñØã (ÔãⶾããÔã¾ããñØã) 4


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¶ããç窧ãñ ‡ãŠÔ¾ããäÞã¦ãá ¹ãã¹ãâ ¶ã ÞãõÌã Ôãì‡ãðŠ¦ãâ ãäÌã¼ãì: ý ‚ã—ãã¶ãñ¶ããçÌãð¦ãâ —ãã¶ãâ ¦ãñ¶ã ½ãìÖ¿ãã䶦㠕㶦ãÌã:
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•ãñâ ÞãÀãÞãÀãèâ ý ¦ãñâ ‚ã—ãã¶ã Øãã ‚ãÌã£ããÀãèâ ý ¹ãâ¡ì‡ã슽ãÀã ýý82ýý

Ñããè—ãã¶ãñÎÌãÀãè ‚ã£¾ãã¾ã 5Ìãã ¾ããñØãØã¼ãþããñØã (ÔãⶾããÔã¾ããñØã) 5


—ãã¶ãñ¶ã ¦ãì ¦ãª—ãã¶ãâ ¾ãñÓããâ ¶ãããäÎã¦ã½ã㦽ã¶ã: ý ¦ãñÓãã½ããã䪦¾ãÌãªá —ãã¶ãâ ¹ãƇãŠãÎã¾ããä¦ã ¦ã¦ãá ¹ãÀ½ãá
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¦ãñâ ‚ã—ãã¶ã •ãõâ Ôã½ãîß ¦ãì›ñ ý ¦ãõâ ¼ãÆãâ¦ããèÞãñâ ½ãÔãõÀñâ (‡ãŠã•ãßãè) ãä¹ãŠ›ñ ý ½ãØã ‚ã‡ãŠ¦ãÃð¦Ìã ¹ãÆØã›ñ ý ½ã•ã
ƒÃÎÌãÀãÞãñâ ýý83ýý †©ã ƒÃÎÌãÀì †‡ãìŠ ‚ã‡ãŠ¦ããà ý †ñÔãñâ ½ãã¶ãËñâ •ãÀãè ãäÞã§ãã ý ¦ãÀãè ¦ããñãäÞã ½ããè Öñâ
ÔÌã¼ããÌã¦ãã ý ‚ããªãèãäÞã ‚ããÖñ ýý84ýý †ñÔãñãä¶ã ãäÌãÌãñ‡ãñŠ „ªãñ ãäÞã§ããèâ ý ¦ã¾ãããäÔã ¼ãñªì ‡ãõâŠÞãã ãä¨ã•ãØã¦ããèâ
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ºãìã䣪ãä¶ãÎÞã¾ãñâ ‚ã㦽ã—ãã¶ã ý ºãƽÖÀî¹ã ¼ããÌããè (½ãããä¶ã¦ããñ) ‚ãã¹ã¥ãã ‚ãã¹ã¥ã ý ºãƽÖãä¶ãÓŸã ÀãŒãñ ¹ãî¥ãà ý
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‚ãâ£ã‡ãŠãÀãÞããè Ìãã¶ããè (ÔÌãÀî¹ã) ý •ãõÔãã Ôãî¾ããñà ¶ã ªñŒãñ ÔÌ㹶ããèâ ý ‚ã½ãð¦ã ¶ãã¾ã‡ãñŠ ‡ãŠã¶ããèâ ý ½ãð¦¾ãì‡ãŠ©ãã
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ãäÌ㪿ãããäÌã¶ã¾ãÔãâ¹ã¶¶ãñ ºãÆã½Ö¥ãñ ØããäÌã ÖãäÔ¦ããä¶ã ý Îãìãä¶ã ÞãõÌã ÎÌã¹ãã‡ãñŠ Þã ¹ãã䥡¦ãã: Ôã½ãªãäÎãöã:
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½ãØã Öã ½ãÎã‡ãìŠ Öã Øã•ãì ý ‡ãŠãèâ Öã ÎÌã¹ãÞãì Öã ãä̪•ãì ý ¹ãõË (¹ãËãè‡ãŠ¡Þãã) ƒ¦ãÀì Öã ‚ã㦽ã•ãì (½ãìËØãã) ý
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Ñããè—ãã¶ãñÎÌãÀãè ‚ã£¾ãã¾ã 5Ìãã ¾ããñØãØã¼ãþããñØã (ÔãⶾããÔã¾ããñØã) 7
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¾ã: Ôãªã ½ãì§ãŠ †Ìã Ôã: ýý28ýý
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Ñããè—ãã¶ãñÎÌãÀãè ‚ã£¾ãã¾ã 5Ìãã ¾ããñØãØã¼ãþããñØã (ÔãⶾããÔã¾ããñØã) 9


ý ¹ããÀŒããñãä¶ã¾ããâ ý52ýý Ôããâ¡îãä¶ã ªãäàã¥ã Ìãã½ã ý ¹ãÆã¥ãã¹ãã¶ãÔã½ã ý ãäÞã§ãñÔããèâ ̾ããñ½ã-(ºãƽÖãâ¡,
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ØãâØãã Ôã½ãìªÆãèâ ãä½ãßñ ý ½ãØã †‡ãñŠ‡ãìŠ ÌãñØãßñâ ý ãä¶ãÌã¡îâ ¶ã¾ãñ ýý54ýý ¦ãõÔããè ÌããÔã¶ããâ¦ãÀãÞããè ãäÌãÌãâÞã¶ãã
ý ½ãØã ‚ãã¹ãõÔããè ¹ããÀìŒãñ ‚ã•ãìöãã ý •ãñ Ìãñßãè ØãØã¶ããèâ ˾ããñ ½ã¶ãã ý ¹ãÌã¶ãñâ ‡ãŠãè•ãñ ýý55ýý •ãñ©ã Öñâ
ÔãâÔããÀãäÞã¨ã „½ã›ñ ý ¦ããñ ½ã¶ããñÀî¹ã ¹ã›ì ¹ãŠã›ñ ý •ãõÔãñâ ÔãÀãñÌãÀ ‚ãã›ñ ý ½ãØã ¹ãÆãä¦ã¼ãã ¶ããÖãèâ ýý56ýý
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ÔãⶾããÔã¾ããñØããñ ¶ãã½ã ¹ãâÞã½ããñ磾ãã¾ã: ýý5ýý
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Àî¹ã ý Öãñ…ãä¶ã ŸñËñ ýý160ýý †ñÔãã ¾ããñØã¾ãì§ãŠãèÞãã „ªáªñÎãì ý •ãñ©ã ºããñãäËËã ÖðÓããè‡ãñŠÎãì ý ¦ãñ©ã
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ºããñãäËËñ ¦ãñâãäÞã ÔããâØããÌãñâ ý ãäÌãÌãß (Ô¹ãÓ›) ‡ãŠÀîãä¶ã ýý64ýý †ÅÖÌããèâ ¦ãÀãè ‚ãÌã£ããÀã ý •ããñ ªããäÌãËã
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¹ãÆãâ•ãßã ý ‚ãã½ÖãÔãããäÀãäŒã¾ããâ ‚ã¼ããñßã ý †©ã ‚ããÖããä¦ã ¹ããäÀ ‡ãŠãâÖãèâ ‡ãŠãßã ý ¦ããñ ÔããÖãñâ ¾ãñ ÌãÀ
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¦ãÀãè ÔããâØããÌãã ý Ôã㪿ãâ¦ãìãäÞã ýý67ýý ¦ãâÌã Ñããè‡ãðŠÓ¥ã ½Ö¥ã¦ããè Öãñ ‡ãŠãâ ý ¦ãì•ã Öã ½ããØãìà Øã½ãËã
ãä¶ã‡ãŠã ý ¦ãÀãè ‡ãŠã¾ã •ããÖËñâ ‚ãデãŠãè •ããñ ‡ãŠãâ ý ÔãìŒãñâ ºããñËãñâ ýý68ýý ‚ã•ãìöãã ¦ãîâ ¹ããäÀÔãÔããè ý
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ÔããâØããÌã¾ããÞããè?ýý69ýý ‚ãã£ããèãäÞã ãäÞã§ã ½ãã¾ãñÞãñâ ý ÌãÀãè ãä½ãÓã •ããÖËñâ ¹ãã䤾ãâ¦ã¾ããÞãñâ (‚ããÌ㡦¾ãã
½ãìËãâÞãñâ) ý ‚ãã¦ããâ ¦ãñâ ‚ãªá¼ãì¦ã¹ã¥ã Ô¶ãñÖãÞãñâ ý ‡ãŠÌã¥ã •ãã¥ãñ ýý170ýý ¦ãñ ½Ö¥ããñ ‡ãŠãÀ쥾ãÀÔããÞããè
ÌãðÓ›ãè ý ‡ãŠãèâ ¶ãÌã¾ãã Ô¶ãñÖãÞããè ÔãðãäÓ› ý Öñâ ‚ãÔããñ ¶ãñãä¥ã•ãñ ªðÓ›ãè ý ÖÀãèÞããè Ìãã¶ãîâ ýý71ýý •ãñ

Ñããè—ãã¶ãñÎÌãÀãè ‚ã£¾ãã¾ã 5Ìãã ¾ããñØãØã¼ãþããñØã (ÔãⶾããÔã¾ããñØã) 10


‚ã½ãð¦ããÞããè Ìããñ¦ãËãè ý ‡ãŠãèâ ¹ãÆñ½ããäÞã ãä¹ã…ãä¶ã ½ãã¦ãËãè ý ½Ö¥ããõãä¶ã ‚ã•ãìöã½ããñÖñâ Øãìâ¦ãËãè ý ãä¶ãÜããñâ ¶ãñ¥ãñâ
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¶ãñ¥ãñâ ý ‚ãã¹ã¥ããäÞã ýý74ýý ¦ãÀãè ½ããØããèË £Ìã¶ããè‚ããâ¦ãì (ÔãîãäÞã¦ã ‚ããä¼ã¹ãÆã¾ã) ý ½ã•ã Øã½ãËã ÔãããäÌã¾ããÞããè
½ããñãäÖ¦ãì ý •ãñ ºãË㦇ãŠãÀñâ ‚ãÔãñ ½Öãä¥ã¦ãì ý ¹ããäÀÔã ºãã¹ãã ýý75ýý ‚ã•ãìöãã •ãñ¥ãñâ •ãñ¥ãñâ ¼ãñªñâ ý ¦ãì¢ãñâ
‡ãŠãâ ãäÞã§ã ºããñ£ãñâ ý ¦ãõÔãñâ ¦ãõÔãñâ ãäÌã¶ããñªñâ ý ãä¶ãÀîãä¹ã•ãñË ýý76ýý ¦ããñ ‡ãŠãƒÔã¾ãã ¶ãã½ã ¾ããñØãì ý ¦ã¾ããÞãã
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ÔããâØ㥾ãã•ããñØãñâ) ‚ãÔãñ ƒ¾ãñ ŸãƒÃâ ý ¦ãñâ ‚ããÜãÌãñâãäÞã ¹ããÖãèâ ý ÔããâØãñ¶ã ‚ãã¦ããâ ýý78ýý ¦ãîâ ãäÞã§ã ªñ…ãä¶ã
‚ãÌã£ããÀãèâ ý †ñÔãñâ ½Ö¥ããõãä¶ã ÑããèÖÀãè ý ºããñãäË•ãñË ¦ãñ ¹ãì¤ãÀãè ý ‡ãŠ©ãã ‚ããÖñ ýý79ýý Ñããè‡ãðŠÓ¥ã
‚ã•ãìöããÔããè ÔãâØãì ý ¶ã Ôããâ¡ãñãä¶ã ÔããâØãñË ¾ããñØãì ý ¦ããñ ̾ã§ãŠ ‡ãŠÀâî ¹ãÆÔãâØãì ý ½Ö¥ãñ ãä¶ãÌãðãä§ãªãÔãì
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ƒãä¦ã Ñããè—ãã¶ãªñÌããäÌãÀãäÞã¦ãã¾ããâ ¼ããÌãã©ãêãèãä¹ã‡ãŠã¾ããâ ¹ãšÞã½ããñ磾ãã¾ã: ýý5ýý

Ñããè—ãã¶ãñÎÌãÀãè ‚ã£¾ãã¾ã 5Ìãã ¾ããñØãØã¼ãþããñØã (ÔãⶾããÔã¾ããñØã) 11

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