Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation

Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation

RAMESH JAIN
 Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation

Global Food Security

• MDG-1, Halving number of undernourished by 2015;

• World Population at 8 billions by 2030;
• Future food security dependent on use of Natural
Resources particularly water.
Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation

Global Freshwater

Year Population Average annual Potential water

(millions) renewable global availability (m3/yr)
water resources (km3)
1960 3039.7 44800 17532

1980 4454.3 44800 10058

2000 6079.0 44800 7370

2025 7835.9 44800 5717

(Source: Marios, 2004)

Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation

Water for Agriculture

• Agriculture is the biggest user of water, accounting

world wide for about 69% of all withdrawals.
• Domestic use amounts to about 10% and industry
uses some 21% (Fao, 2003).
• In 2025, 48 countries with about 3 billion people are
projected to face water shortages.
• As climate change exacerbate risks, water users will
need to adopt Water Saving approaches.
 Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation

Water crisis in India

In India only 36% of total annual surface runoff (188 million
hectare metres) is put to use -

Total annual utilisable water resources of the country estimated at

113 million hectare metres.

Projected demand by the year 2010 – 120 million hectare metres.

Need for appropriate management strategies to increase

availability of utilizable fresh water sources
 Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation

Augmenting fresh water resources

Live storage of surface runoff water harvesting structures.

Artificial recharge of ground water to augment its availability.

In-situ moisture conservation through watershed interventions.

 Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation

Integrated Watershed Management

To address the need for:

•Optimising Storage, Conveyance and Distribution of water;

•Greater equity in water distribution;
•Higher productivity per unit of water;
•Long term sustainability;
•Improving the ecology and environment.
 Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation

Integrated Watershed Management

The concept is based on:

• local area specific total land and water use planning
as against current command area wide crop and water use
planning.
• The concept assumes closer community involvement in all
aspects of the land and water use management including
planning, execution and maintenance of the systems.
 Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation

Watershed development measures include:

(a) Soil Conservation Measures:

Contour bunding, land levelling, contour farming etc. to prevent and arrest
sheet erosion of topsoil.
(b) Water Conservation Measures:
Structures to prevent run-off rainwater for conservation wherever possible
so that it permeates into substrata and recharges the ground water in the
entire watershed area.
 Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation

Cont….

Watershed development measures include:

(c) Biomass Generation Measures - Planting of trees, bushes and grasses

along steep hill slopes, wastelands, field boundaries etc. to prevent soil
erosion and meet fuel and fodder requirements.
(d) Reuse planning for used domestic water.
(e) Groundwater Recharge with Rainwater
 Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation

Integration of Measures for Efficient Water Usage:

• Soil quality enhancement measures to

improve Water Holding Capacity
• Use of improved seed and plant material,
• Maximum use of organic manures and
other solid waste generated from farming.
• Use of modern irrigation techniques for
achieving higher water use efficiency of the
harvested/percolated water
Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation

Soil improvement and amendments

•Organic Manuring.
•Green Manuring
•Vermicompost Application
•Crop Rotation
•Addition of tank/lake silt
•Intercropping
•In-situ Crop residue decomposition
 Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation

A Model Micro Watershed Harvesting System

Polylined Pond
• It is based on the concept of storing the water where it falls.
• Rainwater falling in the field is allowed to flow within the field.
• The runoff water is diverted and stored in the storage tank or farm pond.
• Storage tank or pond is either lined or unlined depending upon soil type.
• Farm land becomes the micro catchment area.
• Catchment area is lined in areas where infiltration rate is high e.g.
sandy/sandy loam soil and annual rainfall is low (about 300mm).
• Catchment area need not be lined in areas where clay content of the soil
is high and/or annual rainfall is medium to good (more than 500 mm)
• Most Importantly, Harvested Water to be judiciously used with either drip
or sprinkler irrigation systems.
Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation

Design of a Polylined Pond

• Gross farm area of 1 ha
• Poly lined pond of 1500 m3 capacity constructed at lowest point.
• Pond dimensions: 21m x 21m of bottom and 27m x 27m of top with 3m
depth
• Pond is lined using polyethylene film of 250 GSM (grams per square
meter).
• 1.40 acres of the available land adjacent to the Pond is converted into a
catchment area for the pond.
• Catchment area is covered with thin polyethylene film of 80 to 100 GSM.
• In the catchment area as well as in the balance area of 1 acre, ie in an area
of 2.30 acres; arid fruit crops such as Pomegranate be taken up.
• Rainwater falling in the farm will flow into the pond.
• 1500 m3 or 1.5 million litres of water can be collected with rainfall of
300mm.
• Stored water will be used for irrigating the plants with drip irrigation system.
• 1.5 million litres of water can irrigate the plants in 2.30 acres for a period of
3 months after the rainy season.
• During the rainy season, rainfed short duration crops can
be taken up as intercrop between the fruit plants.
 Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation

Model Micro Watershed Harvesting System for Rainfed Areas

Poly Lined Pond

 Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation

Model Micro Watershed Harvesting System for Rainfed Areas

Picture Shows:
•Lined Pond,

•Part of Catchment with Lining and

•Remaining Catchment without lining

 Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation

Some Water Harvesting Projects(Acres)

• Jain Agri Park, Jalgaon, Maharashtra (1200)

• Kasturiba Health Society, Sevagram, Maharashtra (200)
• Jain Terra Farm, Udumalpet, Tamilnadu (1200)
• Hindustan Coca - Cola Beverages Pvt. Ltd., Thane (70)
• Hindustan Coca Cola, Kheda, Gujarat (30)
• Hindustan Coca Cola, Bhopal, M.P. (12)
• Hindustan Coca Cola, Bhubneshwar, Orissa (25)
• Pepsico Holding, Chembur, Maharashtra (4)
• Green Valley, Panvel, Maharashtra. (30)
 Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation

Impact of Watershed development Project for

Hindustan Coca - Cola Beverages Pvt. Ltd., Thane

• Problem : Scarcity of water, the essential raw material for the industry

• Average rainfall : 1300-1500 mm

• Impact of Watershed Development works

Total runoff generated : 162636 m3 per annum

From roof water : 28000 m3 per annum
from the premises : 38506 m3 per annum
From the Gully : 95290 m3 per annum

• Recharging Possibility: Moderate to Good

Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation

Drip Irrigation
Drip Irrigation is a modern method of
irrigation in which:
• Water is applied directly to the root
zone of the plants.
• Water is applied at frequent intervals at
precise quantities based on Crop Water
Requirements.
• Water is applied through a low-pressure
pipe network comprising Mains,
Submains, Laterals and Emitting
Devices.
Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation

Drip Irrigation System -

Advantages
• Crop Yield Enhancement
• Saving in Irrigation Water
• Saving in Energy in pumping
• Savings in Fertilizer consumption –
Fertigation or Nutrigation
• Quality Improvement of Produce
• Improved Pest & Disease Control
• Improves Soil Health
• Reduced Weed Growth
• Reduced Labour Costs
• Suitable for Difficult Land Terrains
• Suitable and Marginal lands
• Suitable for inferior quality water.
 Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation

Micro Irrigation – Indian Experience

Micro Irrigation is Commercially and Economically Viable in:
FRUIT CROPS :
Almond, Apple, Arecanut, Indian Gooseberry, Ber (Zizyphus), Banana, Cashew, Custard Apple, Cherry, Durian,
Fig, Guava, Grape, Litchi, Lemon, Sweet Lime, Mango, Orange, Olive, Papaya, Pomegranate, Pear, Peach,
Pistachio, Pineapple, Sapota, Strawberry, Star Fruit, Jack Fruit, Tamarind, Water Melon, Musk Melon.
VEGETABLE CROPS :
Brinjal, Cucumber, Lettuce, Pepper, Potato, Pea, Tomato.
FIELD & OTHER CROPS:
Corn, Cotton, Sugarcane, Tobacco, Betel vine, Mulberry.
OIL SEEDS :
Groundnut, Sunflower, Jojoba, Castor.
FORAGE CROPS :
Lucerne, Pastures, Turfs, Fodder.
PLANTATION CROPS :
Cardamom, Coffee, Tea, Rubber, Spices, Oil Palm, Coconut.
ORNAMENTALS :
Floricultural Plants; Rose, Gerbera, Carnation, Gladioli, Poinsettias, Chrysanthemum.
FOREST TREES :
Eucalyptus, Casuarinas, Teak, Acacia, Bamboo, Neem, Dalbergia.
(Partial list of crops for which drip irrigation has been successfully commercialised. Crops of species
similar to the above will also be ideally suitable for drip irrigation systems.)
 Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation

Micro Irrigation – Case Studies (Onion)

ECONOMICS OF ONION CULTIVATION WITH DRIP IRRIGATION
Comparison with Conventional Practices, Case from Akola
1 Area, acres 1
2 Drip type: Turboline with integral drippers spaced at 0.75 m

S.No. Particulars
Drip Conventional
1 Fixed Cost 25000 0
a. Life (years ) 10 0
b. Depreciation, Rs (10% of [1]) 10% 2500 0
c. Interest rate, Rs (15% of [1]) 15% 3750 0
d. Repair & Maintenance, Rs (2% of [1]) 2% 500 0
e. Total (1b+1c+1d) 6750 0
f. Fixed cost for the season Rs =(1e/Area)*0.4 2700 0
g. Fixed cost per acre, Rs =(1e/Area) 2700 0
2 Cost of Cultivation per acre, 12100 12100 10800
3 Total Cost of Cultivation, Rs = (2)*Area 12100 10800
4 Seasonal Total Cost (1e+3), Rs 18850 10800
Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation

Micro Irrigation – Case Studies (Onion) contd…

5 Water Consumption,mm 775 1410
6 Yield of Produce, MT/acre 13.5 7.0
7 Total Yield of Produce, MT (6)*Area 13.5 7.0
8 Selling Price,Rs./Ton 3500 3500
9 Gross Income from produce,Rs = (7x8) 47250 24500
10 Net Seasonal Income,Rs = ( 9-4 ) 28400 13700
11
Additional Area Cultivable due to saving in water,ac. 0.82 0
Additional Expenditure due to Additional
12 Area,Rs=[(11)*(2+1f)] 12126 0
Additional Income due to Additional Area,Rs =
13 (6x11x8) 38715 0
14 Additional Net Income,Rs = (13-12 ) 26588 0
15 Gross Cost of Production,Rs = (4+12) 30976 10800
16 Total Gross Income,Rs = (13+9) 85965 24500
17 Output to Input Ratio = (16/15) 2.78 2.27
18 Total Net Income, Rs = (14+10) 54988 13700
19 Benefit Cost Ratio = (18/1)# 2.20 1.27
20 Net Extra Income Due To Drip Over 41288 0
Conventional Irrigation
21 Pay-Back Period, Years =(1/18) 0.61
22 Water Use Efficiency, kg/ha mm. 43.03 12.26
Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation

Micro Irrigation – Case Studies (Sugarcane)

Farmer- K.K.R. Tamilarasu, Chokkanathapuram, Sivagangai, TN ** (2001-2002)
1 Area, acres 1
2 Row to Row Spacing, ft 2.5
3 Spacing between pairs of Rows, ft 5
4 Drip type: Turboline with integral drippers spaced at 0.75 m
S.No. Particulars Spacing:2.5'x3.5'x2.5'
Drip Flood
1 Fixed Cost 25000 0
a. Life (years ) 10 10
b. Depreciation, Rs (10% of [1]) 10% 2500 0
c. Interest rate, Rs (15% of [1]) 15% 3750 0
d. Repair & Maintenance, Rs (2% of [1]) 2% 500 0
e. Total (1b+1c+1d) 6750 0
f. Fixed cost per acre, Rs =(1e/Area) 6750 0
2 Cost of Cultivation per acre, 20000 24000
3 Total Cost of Cultivation, Rs = (2)*Area 20000 24000
4 Seasonal Total Cost (1e+3), Rs 26750 24000
5 Water Consumption,mm 1200 2000
6 Yield of Produce, MT/acre 59 36
7 Total Yield of Produce, MT (6)*Area 59 36
8 Selling Price,Rs./Ton 780 780
9 Gross Income from produce,Rs = (7x8) 46020 28080
10 Net Seasonal Income,Rs = ( 9-4 ) 19270 4080
11 Gross Cost of Production,Rs 26750 24000
12 Total Gross Income,Rs 46020 28080
13 Gross Benefit Cost Ratio = (12/11) 1.72 1.17
14 Net Extra Income Due To Drip Over Conventional Irrigation = [10drip- 15190 0
10conventional]
15 Pay-Back Period, Years =(1/14) 1.65
16 Water Use Efficiency, kg/ha mm. 121.44 44.46
** The Mill reports a recovery % of 12.16 under drip and only 11.81 under conventional Irrigation
 Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation

Enhancing coverage of MIS

Micro Irrigation
• Provide infrastructure status to Micro Irrigation.
• No ‘Lift’ without ‘Drip’
• Watershed / Command area to be integrated with
Micro Irrigation.

‘JAIN Integrated Model’

 Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation

“On Demand” Irrigation

Objectives
• Irrigation as per crop need
• Substitution of open canal conveyance losses by pipe
network, followed by on-farm micro irrigation system.
• Increase coverage by integrating micro irrigation with
lift irrigation.
• Saving water upto 50%.
• Higher yield/productivity.
Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation

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