ACCESS METHOD on VSAT

Bogi Witjaksono
PT. Telekomunikasi Indonesia

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CODING & MODULATION

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 TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUES
10 00

10111 01001110 11 01
Source Channel Modulation
Coding Coding Techniques

PCM BCH BPSK

ADPCM REED SOLOMON QPSK
CELP VITERBI 8 PSK
VSELP TURBO CODE 16 QAM

• Compensate
Channel non linearity
•A/D Conversion •Spectral efficiency
• Error detection
•Compression •Power efficiency
• Error Correction
•Quality/MOS • BW efficiency
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• Latency
 CHANNEL CODING

„ Fungsi dasar :

{ Error Detection,
„ Mendeteksi kasalahan untuk selanjutnya minta kirim ulang
informasi.
„ Digunakan pada sistem Non Latency Sensitive – sistem
komunikasi terresterial.

{ Error Correction,
„ Mendeteksi kesalahan dan selanjutnya langsung
membetulkan kesalahan.
„ Digunakan pada sistem Latency Sensitive – sistem
komunikasi satelit, sistem komuniaksi data yang kompleks.
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 ERROR DETECTION PRINCIPLES - 1

Data = d = { d1 d2 d3 d4 }
Coded = C = { d1 d2 d3 d4 P1 P2 P3 }

Rule of coding,
P1 = d1 + d2 + d3
P2 = d2 + d3 + d4
Parity Bit :
P3 = d1 + d2 + d4 Even rule
(0 for no error)

No error State : P1 + d1 + d2 + d3 = Q1 = 0

P2 + d2 + d3 + d4 = Q2 = 0

P3 + d1 + d2 + d4 = Q3 = 0

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 ERROR DETECTION PRINCIPLES - 2
The Truth Table,
d1 d2 d3 d4 P1 P2 P3 Q
1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 Q1
0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 Q2
1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 Q3
Error Detection,
Error Position Q1 Q2 Q3
No error 0 0 0
P3 0 0 1
P2 0 1 0
d4 0 1 1
P1 1 0 0
d1 1 0 1
d3 1 1 0 6
d2 1 1 1
 ERROR DETECTION PRINCIPLES - 3

Combinational Circuit,
d1 d2 d3 d4 P1 P2 P3

Q1

Q2

Q3

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 ERROR CORRECTION PRINCIPLES - 1

„ Forward Error Correction / FEC,

{ Memberikan tambahan bit sebelum proses transmisi,
{ Jika terjadi error, decoder akan mendeteksi dan selanjutnya
akan membetulkan,

„ Macam-macam FEC,
{ Block Code - Reed Solomon, BCH, Hamming
„ Digunakan untuk membetulkan burst error
{ Konvolusional – Viterbi
„ Digunakan untuk membetulkan random error
{ Turbo Code
„ Digunakan untuk membetulkan random & burst error.
„ Masih memiliki kendala dalam hal “Latency”
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 ERROR CORRECTION PRINCIPLES - 2

„ Konvolusi-Viterbi Coding,
{ Proses encoding & decoding merupakan suatu rangkaian
proses yang tidak terpisah.

encoder circuit,
0
1
0
input 0 output
SR1 SR1
0 0
10 01 0 01
1 1
1 1 1
10

0
1
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 ERROR CORRECTION PRINCIPLES - 3

State Truth Table,

INPUT
Present
0 1
Sate Transition Transition
Output Output
State State

S0: 0 0 00 00 11 10
S1: 1 0 01 01 10 11
S2: 0 1 11 00 00 10
S3: 1 1 10 01 01 11
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 ERROR CORRECTION PRINCIPLES - 4

State Diagram,
0/00

-S0-
0/11 00 1/11

1/00
-S2- -S1-
01 10
0/01

1/10
0/10 -S3-
11

1/01 11
 ERROR CORRECTION PRINCIPLES - 5

Trellis Diagram, (ENCODER)

Input : 1 0 1 1
Output : 11 01 00 10

Initial
state Data flow
: path for input data = 0
: path for input data = 1 12
 ERROR CORRECTION PRINCIPLES – 6

VITERBI Decoder Diagram,

S0

S2

S1

S3
data DIKIRIM : 11 01 00 10 10 11 00
data DITERIMA : 11 01 10 10 10 11 00
data TERKOREKSI : 11 01 00 10 10 11 00 13
 MODULATION TECHNIQUE (1)

BPSK QPSK

⎡ ES ⎤
PS ( ∈) = 2 . Q ⎢ ⎥
⎡ 2. E b ⎤ ⎣ No ⎦
Pb ( ∈) = Q ⎢ ⎥
⎣ N o ⎦
⎡ 2. E b ⎤
Pb ( ∈) = Q ⎢ ⎥
⎣ N o ⎦
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MODULATION TECHNIQUE (2)
CORRECT RECEPTION PROBABILITY
2
16 QAM ⎛ ⎡ Es ⎤⎞
⎜
P C I = ⎜ 1 − 2. Q ⎢ ⎥ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎣ 5. N 0 ⎦⎠
Q
III ⎛ ⎡ Es ⎤⎞ ⎛ ⎡ Es ⎤⎞
⎜
P C II = ⎜ 1 − 2. Q ⎢ ⎟ ⎜
⎥⎟ . ⎜ 1 − Q ⎢ ⎥⎟⎟
⎝ ⎣ 5. N 0 ⎦⎠ ⎝ ⎣ 5. N 0 ⎦⎠
I II 2
⎛ ⎡ Es ⎤ ⎞
P C III = ⎜1 − Q⎢ ⎥ ⎟
I ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎣ 5.N0 ⎦ ⎠
ERROR RECEPTION PROBABILITY

⎛4 8 4 ⎞
Ps (∈) = 1− ⎜ . P C I + . P C II + . P C III ⎟
⎝ 16 16 16 ⎠
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MULTIPLE ACCESS METHOD

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Common Multiple Access Tech.

„ Digunakan untuk memaksimalkan penggunaan dari

satellite dan elemen2 komunikasi satelit lainnya.
„ Metoda yang umum digunakan :
{ FDMA = Frequency Division Multiple Access
„ Demand Assigned Multiple Access (DAMA)
„ Pre-Assigned Multiple Access (PAMA)
{ TDMA = Time Division Multiple Access
„ Fixed Assigned TDMA
„ ALOHA & Slotted ALOHA
„ Dynamic Reservation
{ CDMA = Code Division Multiple Access

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FDMA – Frequency Division Multiple Access

„ Sharing pada domain frequency untuk seluruh earth

station dalam penggunaan transponder.
„ Narrow bandwidth receiver yang berdampak pada less
noise power.
„ Membutuhkan power transmit yang lebih kecil.
„ Dioperasikan pada topologi jaringan STAR dan MESH.
„ Membutuhkan backoff untuk pengendalian odd order
intermod.
„ Membutuhkan frequency guardbands yang dapat
menurunkan throughput
„ Dapat mengurangi size dari earth station.

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 F D M A – Frequency Domain
• Bandwidth dibagi menjadi beberapa channel dan digunakan
secara bersamaan.

Frequency

1 2 3 4 5
Time

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 FDMA – Implementation Options
„ PAMA (Pre Assigned Multiple Access) - implies that the VSATs are pre-
allocated a designated frequency. Equivalent of the terrestrial leased line
solutions, PAMA solutions use the satellite resources constantly. Consequently
there is no call setup delay which makes them most suited for interactive data
applications or high traffic volumes . As such PAMA is used typically to connect
high data traffic sites within an organization. SCPC (Single Channel Per Carrier)
refers to the usage of a single satellite carrier for carrying a single channel of
user traffic. The frequency is allocated on a pre-assigned basis in case of
SCPC VSAT's. The term SCPC VSAT is often used interchangeably with PAMA
VSAT.

„ DAMA (Demand Assigned Multiple Access) - network uses a pool of satellite

channels, which are available for use by any station in that network. On
demand a pair of available channels are assigned so that a call can be
established. Once the call is completed, the channels are returned to the pool
for an assignment to another call. Since the satellite resource is used only in
proportion to the active circuits and their holding times, this is ideally suited for
voice traffic and data traffic in batch mode. DAMA offers point to point voice,
fax, and data requirements and supports video conferencing.

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Multiple Carrier Intermodulation Products
3rd order intermodulation products
from f1 and f2

(2f1-f2) f1 f2 (2f2-f1)

(3f1-2f2) Fifth Order (3f2-2f1)

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Amplifier Transfer Characteristic
Linear Region
Power Output Relative to Saturation (dB)

Saturation
0

12 dB
Onput Backoff
-10
1 dB Compression Point

-20

Input Backoff

-30

-40
-30 -20 -10 0

Power Input Relative to Saturation (dB) 22

 Kapasitas Transponder Pada Multiple Carrier
Transmission

„ Intermodulasi dapat dihindari dengan back off

pada TWTA / SSPA.
„ Frequency guard-bands yang dibutuhkan
mengurangi kapasitas dan throughput.
„ Typical backoff adalah 3 dB untuk 2 carriers
dan hingga 10 dB untuk > 10 carriers.
„ Ada beberapa kendala pada Power Control.

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 TDM/TDMA – Time Division Multiple Access

„ Membutuhkan proses synchronization dan timing beacon

„ Membutuhkan bit Preambles untuk synchronization dan

destination information.

„ Can require larger earth stations since each earth station must
receive and transmit the full bandwidth of the transponder.

„ Pembagian waktu transmit dengan paket secara individual.

„ Each packet must be acquired thus requiring a large number of

preamble bits.

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 T D M A – Time Domain
‰ Beberapa channel menggunakan seluruh bandwidth ada dan
pembagian penggunaannya didasarka atas waktu penggunaan
( Predictable Time Assignments )..

Frequency
1

2
3
Time

1
etc.

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TDMA – Packet Structure

Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot

1 2 3 … N

Data Bit
preamble
( information & error control)

Timing &
Destination & Source Control
acquisition

time
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 Contoh : Inbound TDMA -TDM

In-bound, downlink TDM stream to the hub

In-bound, uplink MF-

TDMA VSAT bursts

Hub

A B C D E
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Contoh : Outbound Link - TDM
“outbound” channel dari HUB,
melalui satellite menuju ke tiap
VSAT terminals
“Outbound” TDM stream from the
hub via the satellite

36 MHz Satellite transponder f2

f1
’ ’
Downlink “outbound”
TDM stream from the hub, via the
satellite, to each earth terminal
Combined channel rate
∼ 20 Mbit/s Demodulation &
decoding
Transmission
bandwidth ∼ 36 MHz
Demultiplexing the
combined channel into the
individual equivalent 64
kbit/s channels Terrestrial channel to
User equipment
Pick off the required 64 kbit/s signal 64 kbit/s Terrestrial/ network
that is intended for this VSAT from equivalent voice interface
the demultiplexed channel stream channel
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 CDMA – Code Division Multiple Access

‰ Beberapa channels yang berbeda ditransmisikan pada

bandwidth dan waktu yang bersamaan.

Frequency

Channels use different codes.

Other channels cause
noise-like interference.
time

Time
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 DSSS - Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Interference
Data Data
(T) Carrier (T)
Modulator Channel Recovery Demod

Spreading Synch Spreading

(PN) Code (PN) Code
Tc << T

Transmitter Receiver

Narrowband Narrowband
Interference Filter

Original
Data Signal
Data Signal
with Spreading ISI Other ISI
Other SS Users
SS Users

Modulated Receiver Demodulator

Data Input Filtering 30
DSSS-Transmit Side

+1
Traffic
(9 Kbps) time
-1

Spreading +1 +1 +1 time
Signal
27 Kcps
-1 -1 -1

+1 +1 +1 +1 time
Transmitted
Signal
27 Kcps -1 -1
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DSSS-Receiver Side

Received +1 +1 +1 +1 time
Signal
27 Kcps -1 -1

Despreading +1 +1 +1 time
Signal
27 Kcps
-1 -1 -1

Recovered +1
Traffic time
9 Kbps
-1
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