Camillo Balerna
Dr. Guillaume Ducard
𝑑𝜔𝑡𝑐
Θ𝑡𝑐 ⋅ = 𝑇𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐 + 𝑇𝑒𝑥𝑡
𝑑𝑡
Source: https://auto.howstuffworks.com/turbo2.htm
Camillo Balerna | 07/11/2017 | 3
Turbine
Power
pressure
position
Source: https://auto.howstuffworks.com/turbo2.htm
Camillo Balerna | 07/11/2017 | 4
Turbine – Causality Diagram
Inputs
Outputs
Inputs
Inputs
Outputs
Outputs
𝒑𝟑 𝒑𝒃𝒆𝒇,𝒕
o 𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐅𝐥𝐨𝐰 through the turbine 𝚷𝒕 = =
𝒑𝟒 𝒑𝒂𝒇𝒕,𝒕
𝑝3 𝜗𝑟𝑒𝑓,0
𝑚ሶ 𝑡 = ⋅ ⋅ 𝜇ሶ 𝑡
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑓,0 𝜗3
𝑃𝑡 = 𝑊ሶ 𝑡 = 𝐻ሶ 𝑖𝑛 − 𝐻ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑚ሶ t ⋅ 𝑐𝑝 ⋅ 𝜗3 − 𝜗4
Isentropic relation
𝜅−1
Turbine exit temperature
𝜅−1 1−𝜅
𝜗3 𝑝3 𝜅
𝜅
= = Π𝑡 𝜗4 = 𝜗3 ⋅ 1 − 𝜂𝑡 ⋅ 1 − Π𝑡 𝜅
𝜗4,𝑖𝑠 𝑝4
𝒑𝟑 𝒑𝒃𝒆𝒇,𝒕
o 𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐅𝐥𝐨𝐰 through the turbine 𝚷𝒕 = =
𝒑𝟒 𝒑𝒂𝒇𝒕,𝒕
𝑝3 𝜗𝑟𝑒𝑓,0
𝑚ሶ 𝑡 = ⋅ ⋅ 𝜇ሶ 𝑡
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑓,0 𝜗3
Input
Output
(1−𝜅)/𝜅 𝑟𝑡 ⋅ 𝜔𝑡
𝑐𝑢𝑠 = 2 ⋅ 𝑐𝑝 ⋅ 𝜗3 ⋅ 1 − Π𝑡 𝑐𝑢𝑠
ǁ =
𝑐𝑢𝑠
Variable Geometry
Source: https://www.dieselnet.com/tech/air_turbo_vgt.php
Camillo Balerna | 07/11/2017 | 11
Turbine – Outputs
o 𝐓𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 of the flow exiting the turbine
1−𝜅
𝜗𝑡 = 𝜗3 ⋅ 1 − 𝜂𝑡 ⋅ 1 − Π𝑡 𝜅
𝒑𝟑 𝒑𝒃𝒆𝒇,𝒕
o 𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐅𝐥𝐨𝐰 through the turbine 𝚷𝒕 = =
𝒑𝟒 𝒑𝒂𝒇𝒕,𝒕
𝑝3 𝜗𝑟𝑒𝑓,0
𝑚ሶ 𝑡 = ⋅ ⋅ 𝜇ሶ 𝑡
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑓,0 𝜗3
Input
Output
Fixed Geometry
Source: https://www.dieselnet.com/tech/air_turbo_vgt.php
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Turbine – Mass Flow Map
Variable Geometry
Source: https://www.dieselnet.com/tech/air_turbo_vgt.php
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Turbine – Variable Geometry Turbine (VGT)
Source: https://www.intmarketing.org/en/automotive/113-variable-turbine-geometry.html
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Compressor
Source: https://auto.howstuffworks.com/turbo2.htm
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Compressor
pressure
position
Power
Source: https://auto.howstuffworks.com/turbo2.htm
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Compressor – Causality Diagram
Inputs
Outputs
Inputs
Inputs
Outputs
Outputs
𝒑𝟐 𝒑𝒂𝒇𝒕,𝒄
o 𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐅𝐥𝐨𝐰 through the compressor 𝚷𝒄 = =
𝒑𝟏 𝒑𝒃𝒆𝒇,𝒄
𝑝1 𝜗𝑟𝑒𝑓,0
𝑚ሶ 𝑐 = ⋅ ⋅ 𝜇ሶ 𝑐
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑓,0 𝜗1
Isentropic relation
Compressor exit temperature
𝜅−1
𝜅−1 𝜅−1
𝜗2,𝑖𝑠 𝑝2 𝜅 𝜗1
= = Π𝑐 𝜅 𝜗2 = 𝜗1 + Π𝑐 𝜅 −1 ⋅
𝜗1 𝑝1 𝜂𝑐
𝒑𝟐 𝒑𝒂𝒇𝒕,𝒄
o 𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐅𝐥𝐨𝐰 through the compressor 𝚷𝒄 = =
𝒑𝟏 𝒑𝒃𝒆𝒇,𝒄
𝑝1 𝜗𝑟𝑒𝑓,0
𝑚ሶ 𝑐 = ⋅ ⋅ 𝜇ሶ 𝑐
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑓,0 𝜗1
Input
Output
Source: http://www.enginelabs.com/engine-tech/power-
adders/understanding-compressor-maps-sizing-a-turbocharger/ Camillo Balerna | 07/11/2017 | 25
Compressor – Operational Limits
Fluid-dynamic
instabilities destroy the Maximum speed
regular flow pattern allowed to avoid
possible back-flow mechanical damages
centrifugal forces
Behaviour at zero
(or very low) speed
blocking orifice Flow reaches
sonics conditions
choked orifice
Source: https://sport.sky.it/formula1/2017/03/21/formula-1--il-dizionario--power-unit-ed-elettronica.html
Camillo Balerna | 07/11/2017 | 27
Internal Combustion Engine
𝐄𝐧𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 can be approximated as following:
Assume constant
𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏,𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 + 𝑃𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐 + 𝑃𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 engine speed 𝜔𝑒
NA 1 bar 100 kW
𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 ∝ 𝑚ሶ 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 ∝ 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∝ 𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒
TC 4 bar 400 kW
Camillo Balerna | 07/11/2017 | 29
Turbocharged Engine
o 𝐄𝐧𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫, neglecting the friction and for a specific 𝑚ሶ 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 :
𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 ≈ 𝑘1 ⋅ 𝑚ሶ 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 + 𝑘3 ⋅ 𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 − 𝑝𝑒𝑥ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑡
NA 1 bar NA 1 bar
TC 4 bar TC 2 bar
C intake exhaust T
𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒,𝑟𝑒𝑞
Naturally Aspirated
Slower
increase
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Camillo Balerna | 07/11/2017 | 31
Formula 1 – Engine Response
How and how fast is the engine power response of a conventional
turbocharger compared to an electrified turbocharger (e.g. F1) ?
𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒,𝑟𝑒𝑞
Steeper
increase
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
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IDSC Open Lab 2017
http://www.idsc.ethz.ch/research-guzzella-
ML K37.1 onder/research-projects/Formula1.html