4
1.1. Wire Ropes ..... '...4
1.2. Chains .......9
1.3. SyntheticWeb SLings .......14
1.4. Hooks ......16
1.5.ShackLes.... ......20
1.6.EyeBol.ts. ......:. .........25
1.7. Lifting and SpreaderBeams "......29
prtprrrd ly 2.ryPESOFSL|NG|NG.... ......31
Tekfen Construction & lnetcllalien eo, lne 2.l.SingLeVerticatHitch. ......31
Totat 0uatity Management 2.2.ChokerHitch. ......31
2.3.BasketHitch. ......31
2.4.Legs Bridl.e Hitches.... ...........31
gr.phlc drrlgn 2.5. Endtess Hitch . . ".. .32
Hasan Ozer Uzunboy BfuetYapman 2.6.EyeandEyeHitch. ........32
2.7. Doubl"eWrap Basket Hitch ........32
2.8. Examplesof Stinging .........33
3.APPENDICIES. ......45
Appendix-1 Examptes for Safe Working Load Catcutation . . . . .45
Appendix-2 TypicaL Web and Round SLings With SWL and
2007
ModeMarkings.. ..........51
Appendix-3 Densityof Materials .......52
Appendix-4 Recommended Hand Signats For Crane Operations . . . . . .53
Appendix-S Lifting/Rigging Dictionary .......54
B x 12 means that each rope has B strands and each strand has 12 wires.
The way of manufacturing wire ropes is based on this principte. The
etasticity of a strand increases with increased number of wires.
lrrrilirrr;,rnrl
Wire Rope
conditions,
$it}ffi with thin metaL[ic wires among themsctvc',. carrying the load with a
certain safety coefficient,
wires in a tength of eight
rope diameters
o Ftexibi[ity and fatigue resistance, 1.1.6 Rope End Attachment
r Resistance to krnkings, 1.1.6.1. Wedge Socket Connection
. Resistance to impacts, deformations and crushings.
. Rope is Inserted into the socket by bending it in U
form.
1.1.4. lnspection of Wire Ropes . Awedge rs pl.aced in rope bend as shown in the
Frequent lnspection: ALl. sLings shal,L be inspected by the person handting figure on side.
the sting each day they are used. These visual checks shoutd be . The rope end is pulLed so as to ensure that the
concerned wlth discovering gross damage, which may be an immediate wedge enters into the socket and tightens the rope.
hazard: . U clamp is mounted such that it wi[[ be at a
Distortion of rope in the sLing such as kinking, crushing, unstranding, distance of 4 rope diameters to the socket and 5
bird caging, main strand displacement, or short rope lengths or rope diameters to the roPe end.
unevenness of outer strands shouLd provide evidence that the sting or . Rope socket is mounted by placing the U bolts of
slings shoutd be replaced. the cLamp in a manner that they wit[ not be at the
Genera[ corrosion condition, number, distribution, and type of visibte rope end. U boLt ctamps must never face to the
broken wires shoutd atso be considered in the inspection, rope end.
Rope Diameter of Number Distance between Clip When winding a newwire rope overa wire rope sheave ordrum, the
mm inch ctips ctips lmml size lmmt
rnrtiatwinding is very rmportant. lf the windings of a rope are wound
closer to one another regutarly and tightty, the subsequent rows properl"y
8-16 5116-518 4 80 9,5_14 follow depending on the initiaIwinding rows. A properLy wound rope wiLl
1? 314 5 110------T have less wear and [onger life compared to an improperLy wound rope.
7/B 5 130 18 several parts and wires of a rope have relative movements. The strands ,
25 L
J 150
1
16 formed by thin wires as wel[ as the wires of such strands rub against one
28 11/8 5 180 18 another during Lifting and lowering of the load since they move
31 1 1/4 6 2A0 22 continuousty. As a resutt of such rubbing, they abrade one another. ln
34 1318 7 230 22 order to prevent wear of steel ropes, entend their tife and avoid their
38 1 1t2 B 250 22 rusting, the steel ropes shoutd be [ubricated . Lubrication should be done
with a hard brush appl,ied on steel ropes. Before [ubrication, the steel
1.1.6.3. lnterconnecting Two Ropes rope should be cteaned with a hard brush.
Never use any kind of cl.ip to directLy connect two straight lenqths ol
rope. lf this is necessary, use the cLips to form on eye fwith thimbte) irr 1.2. Chains
each length
Due to their structure, chains
and connt-.r;l
aTe more stronger and easier-
the eyes
to-use lifting components.
together.
Chains have a wider range of
IFis 10)
fietds of use since they are used
Correct
as a sting, resistant to impacts,
suitabte to use for sharp-edge
loads and they are safe.
Hardened chains are durabte. Furthermore, depending on the Like hooks, chains can atso be X-rayed to detect some defects.
characteristics of a job, the high strength steel chains are atso used. Conditions such as the above shoutd be sufficient reason for
When chains are not used property, rustings, crackings, wears, reptacement.
stretchings and bendings may occur.
J.,2.f,_tlgalDamggg
1.2.1. Points to be Noticed in Handling thains
Do not expose a chain to temperatures greater than 260'C. Safe working
Chains shoutd be setected depending on the characterlstics of a job for loads need to be reduced when chains have been exposed to such
which they are to be used and the weight of load to be lifted. Chain temperatures. When exposed to 480'C or greater, chain must be
setection should be done by the competent technical staff quatified in this condemned.
fiel.d.
10 11
Chains shoutd atways be inspected before being stored. They should be
stored under cover in a dry area. Where possible, chains shoutd be hung
off racks or pegs. Chains that are not to be used for long periods shoutd
be LightLy oiLed.
The depth of
@ ldentification ol ofAttoysteet chain al[ chips, cuts
etc. must not
exceed that
a[[owed.
Extreme Wear at
Bearing Surfaces
Measure the remaining
material and discard if
R.- it is less than altowed
Maarura
tha trma
srctlon
aftrr ur @ lnspect Atl Links for wear at the Bearing Surfaces
&
to
d?trrmlna
Nmount ot
str!tch
( oon'txnot
Twisted Link +
ffi(o'n'lrws,
@ Never Twist or Knot a chain
@ lnspect Att Links for Bends, Twlsts and Damrgc
1.3. Synthetic Web Stings
Synthetic web sLings must be vrsualty inspected before each use' when the incl.uded angLe is greater than 90", use shacktes to attach the
sting shaLL be removed from service if inspections reveal any one of the sLing Legs to the hook. Using a shackLe prevents the slings from coming
fottowing defects. out of the hook and the rated capacity of the hook from being reduced'
1. lf sLings rated capacity when using two sLings pLaced in a hook ensure that the inctuded angte
tag is missing or not between the sl.ings is not greater than 90 Degrees. This prevent the
readabte, ACID CAUSTIC DAMAGE AND/OR BURNS stings from coming out of the hook and prevents point loading which
2. Acid or caustlc burns,
3. Mel.ting or charring of
any part of sLings
surface,
E_ reduces hook capacity. [Fig. 25)
4. Snags, punctures,
tears or cuts,
5. Broken or worn
H
stitches,
ABRASION
EET
6. GeneraI wear, stretch,
or tensite damage
CFI
exceeding the
TENSILE DAMAGE
H
manufacturer's
standards, TI Never side Load, back Load, or point load a hook. ALL reduce hook strength
7. Expose " Core
Warning" threads. EXPOSED
.,CORE
WARNING" THREADS
tr and create an unsafe condition. Point Loading can reduce hook capacity
as much as 60 %. tFig. 26)
EET
1.4. Hooks Er
Hooks are one of the mostty used type of rigging hardware. They are Hl
made in many different sizes and shapes to meet a wide range of
appl,ications. They can be attached to load btocks, slings, and other lifting GN
devices such as Lifting beams. PreferabLy, hooks shoutd be embossed
EN
with the size, rated capacity and equipped with latcheslcatches).
ru
rFn
EFI Side Load Back Load Point Load
F{
't6 17
The sting or lifting device must H
always be seated property in the
bowl of the hook. lFig.271
rrl Check for wear and deformation
Hl
Before use, hooks must be inspected
by a competent person and removed
from service when any of ihe
fl
Correct I I
cr
cr
Check for wear and cracks
ET
Load 0fl Center
. Wear exceeding 10% of original dimension. (Fig. 281
. Damage from heat.
r Unauthorized repairs ET
Never repair, atter, or reshape a hook byweLding, heating burning or HT
bending, untess approved by the hook manufacturer.
Ell
GT LOAD
cb LOAD LOAD
LOAD LOAD
Can Carry
-t
Can Carry 100 Can Carry Can Carry Can Carry
-b
J.
|!ll!@@ Elfect of Eccentric Loads on Hook capacity
l0olo maxlmum
twist
d-
10% maximum
allowable wear
d.
d-
d.
A
+
@ st"ndard choker Hook @aaiustabte sling choker Hook
1.5. Shacktes H
rn
The correct way to use a shackte with a hook is with the shackte pin
1.5.1. Correct Use of Shacktes positioned across the hook. IFig. 36)
Avoid using a shackte with the sting riding across the pin. This movement
coutd cause it to unscrew. IFig. 38)
lncorrect
d-
dr
d-
20
dt
J-
;r
dt
+
&$ Correct lncorrect
Shackte pin must be in
the hook and the stings
should be instatted into
Y l--l ,n.o..".,
Screw pin anchor
shackle
Round pin anchor
shackle
Safety type anchor
shackle
r
U
1.5.2. lnspection of Shacktes Screw pin chain Round pin chain Safety type chain
shackle shackle shackIe
Shacktes shoutd be inspected before use to ensure that:
. The body of the shackte and the pin are both identifiabl.e as being of the @rvpicat shacktes
same quatity grade,
. A[[ markings are readabte speciatty the Safe Working Load. ISWLI,
. The pin is of the correct type,
. The threads of the pin and the body are undamaged and seated wett,
. The shackte and pin are not distorted and must be aLigned, Never replace a shackle
. The shackte and pin are not undutyworn [in case of more than 10%
pin with a bott
' The shackle and pin are free from nicks, gouges, cracks and corrosion,
Check for wear and
straightness
Never Exceed 120 Degrees inctuded angte. Because the capacity of the Check that pin is
atways seated
shackte wiLl" be tremendousty reduced.
22 23
1.5. Eye Botts
Eye Bol.ts are often al.ready instalted in etectric motors, etc, but stitLthey
have to be checked atways for a safe working load stamp before using
them to tift a Load. lf there is no safe working load stamped on the bo[t,
do not use it and find atternative means of slinging the [oad.
Cottared or fLanged eye botts: can be used for Lifting at an angte, as with
Poor Practice Good Practice
Never allow shackle to Pack in the pin with two or more stings.
be putted at an angle washers to
-the tegs wi[[ open up centralize the
shackle-- 1-.6.1. Correct Use of Eye Botts
lf using a singl.e eye boLt to Lift a load, use some means to prevent the
load from turning and the bol.t from undoing. Attach a fibre rope ltagl,ine)
@ Eccentric shackte Loads
to controtthe [oad.
@ Do not use Screw Pin Shacktes if the Pin can Rol[ Under Load end Unscrcw
CORRECT INCORRECT
Load is in When the toad is apptied
INCORRECT -
the ptane of to the eye in this
CORRECT - lf shoulderless and ring bolts are
pulled at an angle as shown they the eye. direction it will bend.
Shoulderless
eye and ring witl either bend of break.
bolts are \
designed for
vertical toads
only
w
CORRECT -use a
shackle
Shoulderless
Shouldertess INCORRECT
ring bott
ring bott
Shoulderless shoutdertess
eye bott eye bott
@o.i"ntation of Eye Botts @ Neverlnsertthe Point
of a Hook in an Eye Bolt
@ur"of EyeBotts
o Heat damage,
. Absence of Safe Working Load [SWL) marking. H
G[
A Lifting Beam, Spreader or Equatizer Beam should be designed by a
+
quatified engineer. For questions or concerns retated to any beam used
in tifting on a project, contact your safety representative.
+
H
. ldentified by some recordable marking/number,
. Load tested to design specifications.
dr
A
d.
ln addition, tapped receiving hotes must be cleaned and inspected for
-b
*
thread wear and deterioration. Any atteration or repair to eye botts, such
d-
dt
as grinding, machining, wetding, notching, stamping, etc. is not
permissibte. Eye bolts which have visibte signs that alterations or repairs
have been made must be removed from service and shouLd be
destroyed. *
* Lifting Beam Spreader Beam
28 +
C{
Irl
H
2.1. Singte Verticat Hitch
AB
l-l
HW ill
such turning, the rope may be broken or
scraped. Since the whole load is on a single
sLing, Lifting and carrying wi[[not be {x
v
*fu
performed safelY. [Fig.
W
54)
W&
Loads in A & B do not change when beam angle
changes with baLanced center of gravity' The
Loads in C & D wltt chrngr ll loads are choke-hitched exactty at their
is '
# ffi
beam angle chrngu
center of gravity. The weight of load
equal.l,y distributed over both [egs'
IFis 55)
or jamming
ffiW
etsewhere. [Fig. 56)
AAA
into account in rigging, Special.ty for
cytindricattoads, care should be taken
Leg length can be adiusted
to avoid sLiding of the load through the with turnbuckles
sting. IFig. 58)
AA&
while 3rd leg
It causes the load to turn and retease. batances it.
IFig. 5e)
bLr&
2.7. Double Wrap Basket Hitch @ Leg Bridte Hitch 13 tegsl
UA
within sting wrapping, the sting keeps contact
with the Load by 360o. Care shoutd be taken for
slinging cytindrica[ [oads at their center of Note: The capacity of basket hitches are
affected by their sting angles.
gravity. IFig. 601
<-all+ e
@sinste Basket Hitch
33
Choker hitches
are not suited to
#
long loose r
Not recommended
bundtes when loads are
long
w
RrcHr
// \ ['rli;:'J' Doubted Choker
Use a Doubled Choker to
// \\ stipprns
a-4------!- turn loads
ro prrvrnt
stlPP.9. k..p
W RIGHT
60 degree or more
</
q\t
I /---Y
\ ,,]'angtc60dogrm
I ormorr
/n
t-w
o r.-1r
WRONG
The hitch
compresses
e Wrap the load and
itch prevents it
from stipping
out of the
slings.
@fl Determination of
Note: Ensure that the sptice is atways clear of the hooks and load Capacity of 3- Leg Bridte Hitches
When tegs of equal
length use sma[lest
H/ L ratio
Endlcrr rtlng ln
doubtc bukrt hltch
conllgur.tlon
Note: Load may be
Endless or supported on onty 2 legs
9rommet white 3rd [eg balances it.
sting in Therefore the recommended
verticaI hitch safe weight to load is
configuration
@ Determination of
2 Grommct or.ndlart Capacity of 4- Leg Bridte
When tegs are not of
slings ln doubh b.rkal Hitches L
equa[ length use
hltch conflgumtlon
smallest H/L ratio
Endless sting
in Choker Hitch
Configuration Note: Load may be carried bY
onty 2 legs while other legs
onty batance it. Therefore tho
recommended safe weight to
load is:
1A 37
H
ril @ Determination of
Capacity of Single Choker Hitch
ElI
H When this angle is
greater than 45o
lnclined Legs
Weight = SWL lof
single vertical
hitch I x H/Lx2
Vertical Legs
Weight = SWL (of
singte vertical hitch
+
q.
lx2
Ell
@ Determination of Capacity of Singte Basket Hitch
-I
Eh
When this angle is less than 450
Weight =SWL I of singte verticat hitch I x A/B
-L
dr @ Determination of Capacity of Doubte choker Hitch
dr
+
ooo
oo
lr-,
s
H
+
o
*
.o
Ef When the choker angle
is greater than 450
@ Determination of Capacity of Double Basket Hitch and lnclined Logs Weight =SWL lof singte vertical hitchl x A/B x H/L x 2
+
*
H
Everything
below the
boom point is
Rapid swinging
causes load to drift
out- increasing
radius and load on
Rrdlus of
contect should
bs equal to 1
@ Ensure that stings are protected at Att sharp corners on Heavy ltrmr.
40 l+1
The tension
Severe bending
t_:_l Ll [:
Let the eye ride higher and keep this
angte approximatety 45 degrees or
more
@@ Do not Permit Bending Near Any sptice or Attached Fitting
L1,
Appendix-l Examples for Safe Working Load Calculation
A way to find the capacity of the required sling:
@ sa"y Away From Me when They are Being pulled out From Under Loadg.
For-teg Stings
L=1m&H=0.866m
H H = 0.866 m
Weight = 1500 kg
I I
stings are 2 for both three and four lfL=L1 A = 60 Degrees t-l
leg stings. The other legs onty lf L = 3/4 of L1 A = 90 Degrees LI
LA L7
Appendix-3 Density of MateriaLs
Appendix-4 Recommended Hand Signats For Crane Operations
Qqppq{ ,' ,
rBB2o 550
'lnch The Load'
T
Note:
1- ln some cases the above figures average on[y and the actualwcir;lrt
may vary according to particu[ar composition / water content, otr
2 A[tfigures have been rounded for conveinence of use.
3- when dea[ing with hollow body, check for any contents and wht:tlr.r Tetescoping Jib
such contents are Liabte to move.
ffi
4- For ca[culation purposes: jk.'#;,ffi
on head Retract Jib
Weight
1 kg = 2.2lbs lpound)
Density
To convert tbs/ft3 to kglm3, muLtipty by 16.02.
Jib Up /fo^':ilHli"dfu
'Y
Travel To Me Travel From Me 0perations Cease
t52
Inctuded angle less than or equaL to 120o
Appendix-2 Typicat Web and Round Stings With SWL and Mode
To catcutate each sling size for the above toad of 2000 kg and sting angte
Markings
of 120" the fottowing procedure appties:
Tension = 2000 x 1 = 2000 kg A safe working Load [swL) and working Load Limit IwLLJ r.abet is sewn
into the sting, the capacity can atso be designated by colour coding the
entire fabric of the sling.
|[llltE
Slngte
EI Lcg
Stlng
50
51
Appendix-S Lifting / Rigging Dictionary Doubte wrap basket hitch CiftLisepet baQtama
A2B lAntiTwo Btockingl lki ycinLLi emniyet svicteri Drum Tambur
Abrasion Asrnma Excava!ion Kazt
Angte Aqr Extension Uzatma
Back up atarm Eye bott Vidatr askr mapasr
Gerivites atarmr
Banksman isaretci Factor of safety Emniyet katsaysr
Basket Hitch Sepet tipi sapantama Futty extended outrigger Tamamen acr[mrs vinq ayaQr
Bend Gantry crane Ayakl.r kdprLitri vinc
EQitme
Bott Civata Gross load Gros yrik
56
57
lnctuded angte less than or equal
to 60o
At a sting angte of 60o, the stings
,,oo',.,4,,00*n
rrttnernrrr coo
wit[ have the same lenght as the
distance between their anchorage
7/ \ points.
To catcutate each stings size for the
/\ above load of 2000 kg and sLing
2000 k9
angte of 60o, the fottowing
or procedure appties:
T=Lr0.5 T=Lx0.6 2 ton
Tension=Loadx0.6
Tension=Loadx0.70
T=Lx0.70 T=Lxl
Tr Tension lfor each slingl Tension = 2000 x 0.7 = 1400 kg
L: Load
1400 kg 1400 k9
Tension=Loadx0.5
\_/
TensioN = 1000 x 0.5 = sting angte 90o
500 [kg)
Thus the tension on each
2000 kg
1000 kg Leg is 500 kg or
or 2 tonnees
I tonnes