Anda di halaman 1dari 14

Surface soil analysis Profile soil analysis

Ph (1:1, 1:2.5)
Ph
EC (1:2.5)
EC
Exchangeable cations
N
Water soluble cations
P
Organic carbon
K
Free calcium carbonates
Micronutrients
Water Sample Analysis
CARBONATE 0.1 N Sulphuric acid
3 ml of H2SO4 in 1 liter water
50ml water (100ml conical flask) (Use 1000 ml volumetric flask)

Standardize with 0.1 N sodium
Two drop phenolphthalein carbonate

pink colour – presence of CO3


No colour –No CO3 Phenolphthalein indicator
 Dissolve 0.5 g of phenolphthalein
Titrate with 0.1 N H2SO4 in 100 ml of 95 % alcohol
(use 100 ml Volumetric flask)

Colour Disappear
Methyl orange indicator
Bicarbonate Estimation
Dissolve 0.5 g of methyl orange
powder in 100 ml of 95 % alcohol
Use the above same solution (use 100 ml Volumetric flask)
(Continuous process)


Two drops methyl orange

Titrate with 0.1N H2SO4

Pinkish Red colour change.
SULPHATE

50 ml water (25 ml volumetric flask) Sodium acetate-Acetic acid buffer


 1. 100 g sodium acetate dissolved in
10 ml Sodium acetate-Acetic acid buffer water (200 ml)
2. add 31 ml glacial acetic acid
 3. made up to 1 liter (use 1000 ml
1 ml gum acacia volumetric flask)

 Gum acacia solution


1 g Bacl2
2.5 g of gum acacia is dissolved in 1 liter
 and keep over night.
Make up with distilled water

Absorbance read at 400 nm.

Standard preparation
 0.2718 g of K2SO4 dissolved in 1 liter (50 ppm)
 From this add 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ml in to a separate 25 ml volumetric flash.
 Continue the similar procedure for sulphate
 This gives 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 ppm of sulphate respectively.
CALCIUM

10 ml water

10ml of 10 % NaoH 10 % NaoH
  Dissolve 100 g of NaOH in 1000 ml
Mureoxide Indicator (pinch) water or
  Dissolve 200 g of NaOH in 2000 ml
Titrate with 0.02N EDTA water
 (use 1000 ml Beaker)
Colour change (purple – pink)
Murexide Indicator

Grind 40 g of potassium sulphate, 10 g


Calcium  Magnesium of ammonium chloride and 0.2 g of
ammonium purpurate (murexide)
10 ml water

10ml NH4cl –NH4OH –Buffer 0.02 N EDTA
 4g of EDTA dissolved in 1 liter
1ml of Eriochrome Black T indicator This is standardized with CaCO3

Titrate with 0.02N EDTA
NH4Cl – NH40H Buffer
 Ammonium chloride 67.5 g in 250 ml
Colour change from pink to sky blue. Ammonia solution 600 ml
Made this volume to 1 liter.
(pH of this buffer solution is 10)

SODIUM AND POTASSIUM

Feed the water sample in flame


photometer and take reading
CHLORIDE

50 ml water (china clay) 0.1 N Silver Nitrate



16.987 g of AgNO3 in 1 liter water
1 ml potassium chromate indicator (use Volumetric flask)

titrate with 0.1 N Silver nitrate Potassium chromate indicator
5 g of potassium chromate in 100 ml

water
(use 100 ml volumetric flask)
(Flesh red precipitate occurs)
SOIL SAMPLE ANALYSIS

EC
20 g of soil + 50 ml distilled water
(100 ml beaker)

Allow to stand for half –an –hour

Intermittent stirring

Take reading with out stirring

pH
Same soil suspension

Stir the content and take reading
AVAILABLE NITROGEN

20 g of soil 0.32 % KMnO4


 3.2 g of potassium permanganate in 1
Transfer it into distillation flask liter or
 32 g of potassium permanganate in ten
1 ml liquid paraffin/paraffin wax liter or
 64 g of potassium permanganate in
add few piece of glass beads twenty liter

100 ml 0.32% KMNO4 2.5 % NaOH


 25 g of NaOH in 1 liter or
100 ml 2.5% NaOH 250 g of NaOH in ten liter or
 500 g of NaOH in twenty liter
keep a 100ml beaker with 20ml of 2%
boric acid + double indicator at the end
of the condenser mouth 2 % Boric acid
(mouth should be beneath the boric acid) 20 g of boric acid in 1 liter water or
 40 g of boric acid in two liter water
20 minutes distillate collection
Test by red litmus paper if it turns blue Double indicator
distillation is not over 0.5 g bromocresol green and 0.1 g
methyl red dissolved in 100 ml of ethyl
 alcohol.
Titrate with N/50 H2SO4
N/50 or 0.2 N H2SO4
Dilute the 0.1 N H2SO4 for five times.

0.1 N Sulphuric acid


3 ml of H2SO4 in 1 liter water
(use 1000 ml volumetric flask)

Standardize with 0.1 N sodium


carbonate
PHOSPHORUS Standard
5g of soil (50 ml shaking bottle) A) Primary standard
 1) 50 ppm of Phosphorous
50ml Olsen reagent 0.2195 g of potassium di-hydrogen
 phosphate dissolved in 400 ml water.
pinch of charcoal Add 25 ml of 1N H2SO4. Made up to
 1000 ml.
shaking for 30 minutes this gives.

Filter using whatman No 40 filter paper B) Secondary standard
 1) 5 ppm of phosphorous
5ml of filtrate (25 ml volumetric flask) 100 ml 50 ppm solution is diluted
 to 1000 ml.
4ml reagent B 2) Serial dilution
From the 5 ppm stock solution,

add 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, and
made up volume using distilled water.
5 ml is added in to a separate 25 ml

volumetric flask. This gives 0.1, 0.2, 0.3,
Read in absorbance at 660 nm.
0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 and 1 ppm
respectively.

Follow the same process described for P


estimation.

Reagents required
Olsen reagent or 0.5 M sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
42 g of NaHCO3 dissolved in 1 liter of water or
420 g of NaHCO3 dissolved in ten liter of water or
840 g of NaHCO3 dissolved in ten liter of water or
500 g of NaHCO3 dissolved in 11.91 liter of water

Reagent A
12 g of ammonium molybdate dissolved in 250 ml water
0.291 g of antimony potassium tartarate dissolved in 100 ml water
1000 ml of 5N H2S04 (138 ml conc. H2S04 of in 1 liter)
Mix these three and made up the volume to 2 liters.

Reagent B
Dissolve 1.056 g of ascorbic acid in 200 ml of reagent A.
POTASSIUM

5g of soil (50 ml shaking bottle)



25 ml of 1N Ammonium Acetate.

shaking for 5 minutes

Read in Flame photometer.

Reagents Required
1N Ammonium Acetate:
77 g of ammonium acetate in 1 liter of water or
770 g of ammonium acetate in 10 liter of water or
1540 g of ammonium acetate in 20 liter of water or
Adjust the pH to 7.0 by using ammonia solution or acetic acid.

Standard preparation
1000 ppm of Potassium : 1.907 g of potassium chloride (KCl) in 1 liter.
100 ppm of Potassium : 100 ml 1000 ppm potassium is diluted to 1000 ml.

Serial dilution
10 ppm : 10 ml of 100 ppm diluted to 100 ml
20 ppm : 20 ml of 100 ppm diluted to 100 ml
30 ppm : 30 ml of 100 ppm diluted to 100 ml
40 ppm : 40 ml of 100 ppm diluted to 100 ml
50 ppm : 50 ml of 100 ppm diluted to 100 ml
60 ppm : 60 ml of 100 ppm diluted to 100 ml
70 ppm : 70 ml of 100 ppm diluted to 100 ml
80 ppm : 80 ml of 100 ppm diluted to 100 ml
90 ppm : 90 ml of 100 ppm diluted to 100 ml
100 ppm : as such
Exchangeable cations
10 g of soil sample is soaked with 1N neutral ammonium acetate for overnight.
This is leached with 1N neutral ammonium acetate till free of chloride. Then the volume
is made up to 250 ml using 1N neutral ammonium acetate. This sample solution is
analysed for individual cations viz., calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium as per
recommended procedure.
Reagents required
CALCIUM
10 % NaoH
10 ml water
 Dissolve 100 g of NaOH in 1000 ml
 water or
10ml of 10 % NaoH
 Dissolve 200 g of NaOH in 2000 ml
 water
Murexite Indicator (pinch) (use 1000 ml Beaker)

Titrate with 0.02N EDTA 0.02 N EDTA
 4g of EDTA dissolved in 1 liter
Colour change (purble – pink) This is standardized with CaCO3

NH4Cl – NH40H Buffer


Calcium  Magnesium Ammonium chloride 67.5 g in 250 ml +
Ammonia solution 600 ml
Made this volume to 1 liter.
10 ml water
(pH of this buffer solution is 10)

10ml NH4cl –NH4OH –Buffer
Murexide Indicator
 Grind 40 g of potassium sulphate, 10 g
1ml of Eriochrome Black T indicator of ammonium chloride and 0.2 g of
 ammonium purporate (murexide)
Titrate with 0.02N EDTA
Erio-chrome black T indicator
 1g of eriochrome black T dissolved in 1
Colour change from pink to sky blues. liter

Sodium and potassium


Feed the water sample in flame photometer and take reading
MICRONRTRIENTS

10g of air dried soil (shaking bottle)



20ml of DTPA solution

2 hours shaking

Filter through No:42 Filter Paper.

Read in Atomic Absorption Spectro Photometer.

Reagents required
13.1 ml of TEA (tri-ethanol amine), 1.967 g of DTPA and 1.47 g of CaCl2 in 100 ml
water. Wait for some time to dissolve. Dilute this to 900 ml. adjust the pH to 7.3 + or –
0.05 using HCl. Then made up the volume to 1 liter.
ORGANIC CARBON
Regents required
0.5g soil (passed through 0.2 mm sieve)
1N K2Cr2O7
(in 500 ml conical flask)
49.04 g of K2Cr2O7 in 1 liter water
 or
10ml of 1N K2Cr2O7 98.08 g of K2Cr2O7 in two liter water

20ml of con.H2SO4 Orthophos[horic acid

stand for 30 minute 0.5N FAS
 146 g of FAS dissolved in water
add 200ml H2O add 10 ml of conc H2SO4
 make up to 1 liter
or
10 ml ortho Phosphoric acid 392 g of FAS dissolved in water
 add 15 ml of conc H2SO4
1ml diphenylamine indicator make up to two liter

titrate with 0.5N FAS
 Diphenylamine indicator
Colour change from dull greenish blue to 0.5 g of Diphenyl amine is dissolved in
bright green. 100 ml of conc sulphuric acid.

Run the blank
FREE CALCIUM CARBONATES
10 g soil (100 ml beaker)

50 ml 0.5 N HCl

boil for 5 minutes

filter it

10 ml filtrate (100 ml beaker)

Two drop of phenolphthalein indicator

titrate with 0.25 N NaOH.

Reagents required
0.5 N HCl
44 ml of conc HCl diluted to 1000 ml.
this is standardized with alkali.

0.25 N NaOH
10 g of NaOH dissolved in 1 liter of
water or
20 g of NaOH dissolved in 2 liter of
water
Mechanical Analysis
20 g soil in 500 ml beaker after 4 min - lower the robinson pipette
 for 10 cm
60 ml of 6% hydrogen peroxide 
 pipette out 20 ml suspension
(weighed porcelain basin)
Stir it and keep on water bath for 30 dried (water bath first followed by in a
minutes till frothing ceases oven at 1050 C
 
after 8 hour, lower the robinson pipette
Add 200ml of N/5 HCL ,stir it and for 10 cm
keep it over night 
 pipette out 20 ml suspension (weighed
Filter through whatman No.50 filter porcelain basin)
paper dried (water bath first followed by in a
 oven at 1050 C
Wash with water
Till free of chloride 
(add a drop of filtrate in silver nitrate – Determine the weight.
no white precipitate ) 
 Wash the sediments and decants the
Transfer soil to 500ml beaker supernatant after sand settling
 
Add 400ml water Add water to height more than 10cm
 
8ml 1 N NaOH repeat the procedure till all clay and silt
 is washed away
Stir for 10 minutes (mechanical stirrer ) 
 transfer the residue to porcelain basin
Transfer to 1000ml measuring cylinder 
and made up to 1000 ml dried (water bath first followed by in a
 oven at 1050 C
Shake the contents by repeated inversion 
using the rubber stopper. sand weight obtained
 
sand is sieved through series of sieves
and proportion of different sand obtain

Anda mungkin juga menyukai