Yıldız Technical University

Cascaded First-
Order Filters

Introduce cascaded first-order op-amp filters

Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Lesson Objectives

Introduce cascaded filters

Introduce bandpass filter characteristics
Introduce second-order transfer functions

2
First-Order LPF and HPF

3
Cascaded Filter

Input Input
First-Order Output First-Order Output
LPF HPF

4
Cascaded Filter

5
Bandpass Filter Characteristics

6
Transfer Function

Second-Order Filter
Standard Form:

7
Cascaded Bandpass Filters

8
Question
Is it possible to form a cascaded band-reject
filter?

9
Summary

Cascaded Filters
Bandpass Transfer Functions

10
 Second-Order
Transfer Functions

Introduce second-order filter transfer functions

Lesson Objectives

Introduce second-order filter transfer functions

Examine features of transfer functions

12
Filter Transfer Function

Ratio of output voltage to input

voltage as a function of frequency
For any frequency, the transfer
function is a complex number that
indicates how the filter modifies
the magnitude and phase of the
input to produce the output

13
First-Order Low-Pass Filter

14
Second-Order Low-Pass Filter

15
Effect of Quality Factor (Q)

16
High-Pass Filters

17
Band-Pass Filters

18
Butterworth and Chebyshev

Types of transfer functions

For second-order filters, the type is
determined by the Q value
Butterworth (Maximally Flat)
Chebyshev

19
Chebyshev Filters

20
Butterworth Filters

21
Fourth-Order Butterworth vs. Chebyshev

22
Summary

Introduced second-order transfer functions

Examined features of transfer functions

23
 Second-Order
Transfer Functions

Introduce second-order filter transfer functions

Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Lesson Objectives

Introduce second-order filter transfer functions

Examine features of transfer functions

25
Filter Transfer Function

Ratio of output voltage to input

voltage as a function of frequency
For any frequency, the transfer
function is a complex number that
indicates how the filter modifies
the magnitude and phase of the
input to produce the output

26
First-Order Low-Pass Filter

27
Second-Order Low-Pass Filter

28
Effect of Quality Factor (Q)

29
High-Pass Filters

30
Band-Pass Filters

31
Butterworth and Chebyshev

Types of transfer functions

For second-order filters, the type is
determined by the Q value
Butterworth (Maximally Flat)
Chebyshev

32
Chebyshev Filters

33
Butterworth Filters

34
Fourth-Order Butterworth vs. Chebyshev

35
Summary

Introduced second-order transfer functions

Examined features of transfer functions

36
 Second-Order
Filter Circuits

Introduce second-order Sallen-Key filter circuits

Lesson Objectives

Introduce second-order filter circuits

Design second-order filters

38
 Sallen-Key Low-Pass Filter

Vi
Vo

39
Lowpass Design Equations
Special Case 1 Special Case 2 Special Case 3
(K = 1, Solve for C’s) (K = 1, Solve for R’s) (R’s equal and C’s equal)

Can simplify with R1 and R2 are interchangeable

40
Sallen-Key Highpass Filter

Vi
Vo

41
Highpass Design Equations
Special Case 1 Special Case 2
(K = 1, C1 = C2 = C) (R’s equal and C’s equal)

42
 Sallen-Key Bandpass Filter

Vi
Vo

43
Bandpass Design Equations
Special Case
(R’s equal and C’s equal)

44
Notch Filters

45
Example Design
Butterworth 2nd Order LPF
Special Case 1
(K = 1, Solve for C’s)

Can simplify with

46
Example Design

47
Summary

Introduced second-order filter circuits

Designed a second-order lowpass filter

48
 Filtering
Demonstration
Dr. İbrahim Beklan
Küçükdemiral
Department of Control and
Automation Engineering

Demonstrate filtering of signals

Lesson Objectives

Examine frequency spectra of signals

Demonstrate filtering by a second-order filter circuit

50
Spectrum of Sine Wave

51
Spectrum of Sum of Two Sine Waves

52
Spectrum of Square Wave

53
Spectrum of Square Wave

54
Relaxation Oscillator

55
 Measurements

1kHz Square
Wave Vo

Relaxation Oscillator f0 = 1kHz Q=5 Sallen-Key BPF

56
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)

57
Summary

Introduced frequency spectra

Examined physical circuit filtering performance

58