CHAPTER NINE COLUMNS 44

9.1.1 Moment Magnification for Sway Frames

The design moments M 1 and M 2 at the ends of a compression member are taken as

M 1 = M 1 ns + δ s M 1 s (9.38.a)

M 2 = M 2 ns + δ s M 2 s (9.38.b)

where
M 1ns = factored end moment at the end M 1 acts due to loads that cause no sway calculated
using a first-order elastic frame analysis
M 2ns = factored end moment at the end M 2 acts due to loads that cause no sway calculated
using a first-order elastic frame analysis
M 1s = factored end moment at the end M 1 acts due to loads that cause substantial sway
calculated using a first-order elastic frame analysis
M 2 s = factored end moment at the end M 2 acts due to loads that cause substantial sway
calculated using a first-order elastic frame analysis

δ s = moment magnification factor for sway frames to reflect lateral drift resulting from
lateral and gravity loads
The magnified sway moments δ s M s are computed in one of three methods.

1. A second-order elastic frame analysis may be used.

2. The moment magnification factor δ s is calculated from Eq. (9.39)

1
δs = ≥1 (9.39)
∑ Pu
1−
0.75 ∑ Pc

where
∑ Pu = the summation of all vertical loads in a story

∑ Pc = the summation of critical buckling loads for all sway resisting columns in a story

3. The moment magnification factor is calculated from Eq. (9.40)

1
δs = ≥1 (9.40)
1− Q
CHAPTER NINE COLUMNS 45

where Q is the stability index, defined in the previous sections.

If δ s calculated from Eq. (9.40) exceeds 1.5, it has to be calculated using one of the two
methods described in 1 and 2.
When sustained lateral loads are present, I for compression members is to be divided by
( 1 + β ds ) . The term β ds is taken as the ratio of maximum factored sustained shear within
a story to the maximum shear in that story associated with the same load combination, but
shall not be greater than 1.0.

Example (9.12):
For the frame shown in Figure 9.28.a, design column BC given the following: service dead
load including own weight = 6 t/m, service live load = 4 t/m, concentrated wind load at I =
3.0 t acting to the left and a concentrated wind load at H = 6.0 t acting to the left.
Use f c′ = 280 kg / cm2 and f y = 4200 kg / cm 2 .

Note that all frame members are 30 × 60 cm in cross section.

Figure 8.28.a: Frame dimensions

Solution:

1- Evaluate internal forces in second story members

Effective moments of inertia are given by

I beam = 0.35 (30 )(60) / 12 = 189000 cm 4 ,
3
CHAPTER NINE COLUMNS 46

and

I column = 0.7 (30 )(60) / 12 = 378000 cm 4

3

The modules of elasticity of concrete is given by

Ec = 15100 280 = 252671.328Kg / cm 2

Using STAAD-III structural analysis software, the normal forces and bending moments for
service dead load, live load and wind loads are shown in .‫ﺧﻄﺄ! ﻟﻢ ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻊ‬.b.
CHAPTER NINE COLUMNS 47

.‫ﺧﻄﺄ! ﻟﻢ ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻊ‬.b: Normal forces and bending moments
1- Check whether columns on the second floor are sway or nonsway:
Case (1): D + L + W
For this case, the horizontal displacement at point I = 6.2 cm, and at point H = 3.94 cm, as
evaluated from STAAD-III.
Wu = 0.75[1.4(6) + 1.7(4)] = 11 .40 t / m

Vu = 0.75[1.7(3)] = 3.825 t

(11 .4 )(20) (6.2 − 3.94 ) / 100 = 0.269 > 0.05

The stability index Q =
3.825 (5.0)
i.e., second story is unbraced (sway).

Case (2): D + W
For this case, the horizontal displacement at point I = 6.21 cm, and at point H = 4.11 cm, as
evaluated from STAAD-III.
Wu = 0.9(6) = 5.4 t / m

Vu = 1.3(3) = 3.90 t

The stability index Q =

(5.4 )(20) (6.21 − 4.11) / 100 = 0.116 > 0.05
3.9 (5.0 )
i.e., second story is unbraced (sway).
2- Check whether the column is short or long:
CHAPTER NINE COLUMNS 48

For column BC,

ψC =
[0.7 (30)(60)3 / 12 (500)] = 4.0
[0.35 (30)(60)3 / 12 (1000)]

ψB=
[0.7 (30)(60)3 / 12 (500)](2) = 8.0
[0.35 (30)(60)3 / 12 (1000)]
Using the appropriate alignment chart, k = 2.33, and
k l u 2.33 (440 )
= = 56.95 > 22 , i.e column is long.
r 0.3 (60 )
Sway and nonsway moments:
Case (1) : D + L
M ns = 1.4 (41.36 ) + 1.7 (27.57 ) = 104.77 t.m

M s = 0.0 t.m

Pu = 1.4 (28.76 ) + 1.7 (19.18) = 72.87 t

Case (2) : D + L + W
M ns = 0.75 (104.77 ) = 78.58 t.m

M s = 0.75 (1.7 )(4.93) = 6.28 t.m

Pu = 0.75 (72.87 ) + 0.75 (1.7 )(0.96 ) = 55.87 t

Case (3) : D + W
M ns = 0.90 (41.36 ) = 37.22 t.m

M s = 1.3 (4.93) = 6.41 t.m

Pu = 0.90 (28.76) + 1.3 (0.96 ) = 27.13 t

E c = 15100 280 = 252671.328 kg / cm 2

0.4 (252671.328) (30)(60 )

3

(EI )eff = = 5.457700685 (10 ) kg .cm 2

10

12 (1 + 0.0 )

π 2 (5.457700685)(10)
10

Pcr = = 512.5 tons

(2.33 × 440)2 ×1000
For column EF,
CHAPTER NINE COLUMNS 49

ψF =
[0.7 (30 )(60) / 12 (500 )]
3
= 2.0
[0.35 (30)(60)3 / 12 (1000)](2)

ψE =
[0.7 (30 )(60) / 12 (500 )](2 )
3
= 4.0
[0.35 (30)(60)3 / 12 (1000)](2)
Using the appropriate alignment chart, k = 1.79

π 2 (5.457700685)(10)
10
Pcr = = 868.36 tons
(1.79 × 440)2 ×1000
For dead, live, and wind loads,
1
δs = = 1.19
11 .4(20)
1−
0.75 (868.36 + 512.5 + 512.5)
For dead plus wind loads,
1
δs = = 1.08
5.4(20)
1−
0.75 (868.36 + 512.5 + 512.5)
3- Evaluate the magnified moments:
Case (1) : D + L
M max = 104.77 t.m

Pu = 72.87 t

Case (2) : D + L + W
M max = 78.58 + 1.19 (6.28) = 86.05 t.m

Pu = 55.87 t

Case (3) : D + W
M max = 37.22 + 1.08 (6.41) = 44.14 t.m

Pu = 27.13 t

4- Design the reinforcement:

Case (1) seems to be the most critical of the three loading cases
60 − 2 (4 ) − 2 (1) − 2.0
γ= = 0.80
60
CHAPTER NINE COLUMNS 50

Φ Pn P 72.87 (1000 )
= u = = 40.48 kg/cm 2
Ag Ag 30 (60 )

Φ Mn M 104.77 (100000 )
= u = = 97.01 kg/cm2
Ag h Ag h ( )(
30 60 60 )
Using the interaction diagram given for γ = 0.80 , the reinforcement ratio ρ = 0.07 .

As = 0.07 (30 )(60 ) =126 cm2 , use 16 φ 32 mm , as shown in .‫ﺧﻄﺄ! ﻟﻢ ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻊ‬.c.

Clear distance between bars

= 30 − 2(4) − 2(1) − 4(3.2) − 2(0.8) = 5.6 cm > 1.5 (2.5) cm > 4.0 cm O.K.
Use 4-bar bundles at the corners of the section as shown in Figure 9.28.c to satisfy clear
spacing requirement.
Spacing of ties is the smallest of:
§ 48 (1) = 48 cm
§ 16 (2.5) = 40 cm
§ 30 cm
Use φ 10 mm ties @ 30 cm.

(c)
Figure 9.28: (continued); Designed cross section; (c) using 16φ 32 mm
bars
Note that the given beam and column dimensions in this example are rather small resulting
in high reinforcement ratios. The small section dimensions are advertently selected to
demonstrate the design procedure of slender columns which are part of way frames.
CHAPTER NINE COLUMNS 51

9.2 Problems
P9.17.1 In Example (9.12), design columns AB and DE for ACI load combinations and
check overall structural stability under gravity loading.

P9.17.2 Design a short, spirally reinforced column to support a factored axial load of 250
tons.
Use f c′ = 350 kg / cm2 and f y = 4200 kg / cm 2 .

P9.17.3 Design a short tied column to support a factored axial load of 250 tons.
Use fc′ = 350 kg / cm2 and f y = 4200 kg / cm2 .

P9.17.4 Using the strength interaction diagrams, design a short, spirally reinforced column
to support a factored axial load of 200 tons and a factored moment of 15 ton.m.

Use f c′ = 350 kg / cm 2 and f y = 4200 kg / cm 2 .

P9.17.5 Check whether the given cross section shown in Figure P9.17.5, is adequate for
resisting a factored axial force of 250 tons and a factored moment of 20 ton.m.
Use f c′ = 400 kg / cm 2 and f y = 4200 kg / cm 2 .

Figure P9.17.5
CHAPTER NINE COLUMNS 52

P9.17.6 A hinged end column 6.0 m tall supports a service dead load of 80 tons, and service
live load of 40 tons. The loads are applied at an eccentricity of 6 cm at the bottom and 8 cm
at the top. The top eccentricity is to the right of the centerline and the bottom eccentricity is
to the left of the centerline. Design a tied column, rectangular in cross section to support the
given loads.
Use f c′ = 400 kg / cm 2 and f y = 4200 kg / cm 2 .