Aesthetic properties
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Properties of Fresh Concrete
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Properties of Fresh Concrete
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Compaction of Concrete Finishing of Concrete
Workability
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Workability
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1. Slump test - simplest and crudest test
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Workability
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Workability
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Workability
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Workability
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Workability
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Segregation and Bleeding
BLEEDING
A layer of water ( 2 % or more of total depth of concrete)
accumulates on surface, later this water evaporates or re-
absorbed into concrete.
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Segregation and Bleeding
Types of segregation:
There are two kinds of segregation
Separation of the mortar (paste + fine aggregate) from the
body of concrete (for example, due to over vibration or
mishandling of concrete)
Bleeding
It is defined as phenomenon by virtue of which water appears
on the surface after a concrete has been placed and
compacted but before it has set.
Bleeding takes place due to sedimentation of the solids in
voids of concrete
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Measurement:
There are no tests for the measurement of
segregation.
Visual observation and inspection of cores of
hardened concrete are generally adequate to
examine the segregation.
There is, however, an ASTM standard test for the
measurement of rate of bleeding and the total
bleeding capacity 25
Continue…
Workability:
The amount of mechanical work or energy required to produce full
compaction of the concrete without segregation or bleeding.
It means (how easy it is to: PLACE, HANDLE, COMPACT and FINISH a
concrete mix)
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Method of Test for Bleeding of Concrete
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Properties of Fresh Concrete (Cont.)
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Properties of Fresh Concrete (Cont.)
Aggregate properties
There are two important factors here
1- amount of aggregates.
2- the relative proportions of fine to coarse aggregates.
increase of aggregate/cement ratio decreases workability
more cement is needed when finer aggregate grading are used.
Harsh concrete: deficiency in fine aggregate resulting in lack of the
desired consistency resulting in segregation.
Shape and texture of aggregate particles.
Nearly spherical particles give more workable concrete. Spherical
particles give lower surface –to –volume ratio, less mortar to coat
the particles, leaving more water to enhance workability.
The porosity of the aggregates can absorb a great deal of water and
less will be available to provide workability.
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Properties of Fresh Concrete (Cont.)
Cement characteristics.
Less important factor in determining workability than the aggregate
properties.
However, increased fineness of type III (rapid –hardening 0 cements will
reduce workability at a given w/c ratio.
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Properties of Fresh Concrete (Cont.)
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Properties of Fresh Concrete (Cont.)
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Properties of Fresh Concrete (Cont.)
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Process of Manufacture of Concrete
(a ) Batching
(b) Mixing
(c ) Transporting
(d ) Placing
(e) Compacting
(f ) Curing
(g) Finishing.
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BATCHING
(i ) Volume batching
(ii ) Weigh batching
(ii) Weigh Batching:
• weigh batching is the correct method of measuring the
materials.
• Weigh batching system should be adopted.
• Batching, facilitates accuracy, flexibility and simplicity.
• Large weigh batching plants have automatic weighing
equipment.
• The use of this automatic equipment for batching is one of
sophistication and requires qualified and experienced
engineers.
• Complication will come to adjust water content to cater for
the moisture content in the aggregate.
• The weighing arrangement consists of two weighing buckets,
each connected through a system of levers to spring-loaded
dials which indicate the load.
• The weighing buckets are mounted on a central spindle
about which they rotate.
• Thus one can be loaded while the other is being discharged
into the mixer skip.
• A simple spring balance or the common platform weighing
machines also can be used for small jobs.
Mixing
(i ) Hand mixing
(ii )Machine mixing
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Compacting Concrete
EXTERNAL VIBRATION
Screeding:
The Mechanical Screed:
Concrete is screeded TWICE.
The first screed levels the concrete roughly and compacts it.
The second screed levels and compacts the concrete more.
The screed is pulled along the top of the forms by two workers.
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Compacting Concrete
INTERNAL VIBRATION
is done with a mechanical vibrator or poker vibrator.
The POKER is put into concrete and vibrates it from the inside.
Method of internal vibrations:
Make sure there are enough workers so some can compact while others
continue to place.
Put the poker into the concrete QUICKLY.
Take the poker out very SLOWLY otherwise a hole, or weak spot, may be
left in the concrete
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Compacting Concrete
INTERNAL VIBRATION
•The SIZE of the poker determines how much concrete is vibrated at one time.
•The area vibrated at one time is called the RADIUS OF ACTION.
•This can be seen by over what radius air bubbles rise to the surface.
•The radius of action will be greater with a LARGER poker and more-workable
concrete.
•Always compact in a definite pattern so the radius of action overlaps and
covers the whole area of the concrete.
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Compacting Concrete
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Taking the poker out TOO QUICKLY will leave a hole in
the concrete.
2. To close the hole, vibrate near the hole and take the
poker out VERY SLOWLY.
3. NEVER touch the form face with the poker as it can
damage the formwork and the concrete.
4. NEVER touch the reinforcement with the poker.
5. NEVER spread or move concrete sideways with the
poker, always use a shovel.
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Compacting Concrete
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Curing
Curing; protection of concrete from moisture loss from as
soon after placing as possible, and for the first few days of
hardening
------Curing means to cover the concrete so it stays MOIST-----
By keeping concrete moist the bond between the paste and
the aggregates gets stronger. Concrete doesn’t harden
properly if it is left to dry out.
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Curing
Curing methods
1. Spraying surface of concrete with water
2. Protecting exposed surfaces from wind and sun by
windbreaks and sunshades
3. Covering surfaces with wet hessian and/or polythene
sheets
4. Applying a curing membrane, a spray-applied resin seal, to
the exposed surface to prevent moisture loss
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Curing methods
• Spraying surface of concrete with water
• Protecting exposed surfaces from wind and
sun by windbreaks and sunshades
• Covering surfaces with wet hessian and/or
polythene sheets
• Applying a curing membrane, a spray-applied
resin seal, to the exposed surface to prevent
moisture loss 73
Curing Methods
(a)Water curing
(b)Membrane curing
(c ) Application of heat
(d) Miscellaneous
Water Curing
(a ) Immersion
(b) Ponding
(c ) Spraying or Fogging
(d ) Wet covering
Application of heat
(a ) Concrete is vulnerable to damage only for short
time.
(b) Concrete member can be handled very quickly.
(c ) Less space will be sufficient in the casting yerd.
(d ) A smaller curing tank will be sufficient.
(e ) A higher outturn is possible for a given capital
outlay.
(f ) The work can be put on to service at a much early
time,
(g) A fewer number of formwork will be sufficient or
alternatively with the given number
of formwork more outturn will be achieved.
(h) Prestressing bed can be released early for further
casting.