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  • Understanding Southeast Asia: Syncretism in Commonalities

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    lindsay
    23 tayangan187 halaman
    This book argues that a focus on commonalities in history, culture and worldviews facilitates Understanding Southeast Asia. Thus this work is unlike histories that define national differences or the works of specialist scholars. It begins with the common origins of its peoples and languages, and regards uniting factors through agricultural, archeological, cultural, geographical, historical, linguistic, religious and technological perspectives. As a globally important region today, Southeast Asia’s driving forces remain the same as for millennia – agriculture, stability and trade. Early trading depots of 2,000 years ago evolved with the great trading eras of China and India to portray Southeast Asia as a Golden Land of inspiration and wealth. It adapted cultural elements from trading partners to define its civilization in terms of commercial etiquette, world religions, governance and much more. Thus historically contextualized, the short European colonial interlude serves to highlight both the resilience and openness of the culture. That confidence arises from traditions and beliefs that long predate European influence and persist in the adopted religions as in all aspects of life. Hence narrow Western worldviews easily clash with the region’s deep integrative understandings. Far from the superficial values once popularized in political journals, this worldview imbues all aspects of life and the environment. Understanding such regional commonalities helps explain political actions, group decision-making, tolerance, the machinations of ASEAN, and even periodic inertia. The consistency of traits that logically flow from such awareness is the message of this important contribution to Understanding Southeast Asia.

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    This book argues that a focus on commonalities in history, culture and worldviews facilitates Understanding Southeast Asia. Thus this work is unlike histories that define national differences or the works of specialist scholars. It begins with the common origins of its peoples and languages, and regards uniting factors through agricultural, archeological, cultural, geographical, historical, linguistic, religious and technological perspectives. As a globally important region today, Southeast Asia’s driving forces remain the same as for millennia – agriculture, stability and trade. Early trading depots of 2,000 years ago evolved with the great trading eras of China and India to portray Southeast Asia as a Golden Land of inspiration and wealth. It adapted cultural elements from trading partners to define its civilization in terms of commercial etiquette, world religions, governance and much more. Thus historically contextualized, the short European colonial interlude serves to highlight both the resilience and openness of the culture. That confidence arises from traditions and beliefs that long predate European influence and persist in the adopted religions as in all aspects of life. Hence narrow Western worldviews easily clash with the region’s deep integrative understandings. Far from the superficial values once popularized in political journals, this worldview imbues all aspects of life and the environment. Understanding such regional commonalities helps explain political actions, group decision-making, tolerance, the machinations of ASEAN, and even periodic inertia. The consistency of traits that logically flow from such awareness is the message of this important contribution to Understanding Southeast Asia.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Unduh sebagai PDF, TXT atau baca online dari Scribd
    Tandai sebagai konten tidak pantas
    23 tayangan187 halaman

    Understanding Southeast Asia: Syncretism in Commonalities

    Diunggah oleh

    lindsay
    This book argues that a focus on commonalities in history, culture and worldviews facilitates Understanding Southeast Asia. Thus this work is unlike histories that define national differences or the works of specialist scholars. It begins with the common origins of its peoples and languages, and regards uniting factors through agricultural, archeological, cultural, geographical, historical, linguistic, religious and technological perspectives. As a globally important region today, Southeast Asia’s driving forces remain the same as for millennia – agriculture, stability and trade. Early trading depots of 2,000 years ago evolved with the great trading eras of China and India to portray Southeast Asia as a Golden Land of inspiration and wealth. It adapted cultural elements from trading partners to define its civilization in terms of commercial etiquette, world religions, governance and much more. Thus historically contextualized, the short European colonial interlude serves to highlight both the resilience and openness of the culture. That confidence arises from traditions and beliefs that long predate European influence and persist in the adopted religions as in all aspects of life. Hence narrow Western worldviews easily clash with the region’s deep integrative understandings. Far from the superficial values once popularized in political journals, this worldview imbues all aspects of life and the environment. Understanding such regional commonalities helps explain political actions, group decision-making, tolerance, the machinations of ASEAN, and even periodic inertia. The consistency of traits that logically flow from such awareness is the message of this important contribution to Understanding Southeast Asia.

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    dari 187

    Understanding

    Southeast Asia
    !
    !
    Syncretism in Commonalities
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    TSU Press
    © Copyright retained by the author. The text words may be
    copied in any form in context for educational and related
    purposes.

    TSU Press, an imprint of Thaksin University, Songkhla,


    Thailand.

    National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry


    Author: Falvey, J. Lindsay, author.
    Title: Understanding Southeast Asia : syncretism in commonalities /
    Lindsay Falvey.
    ISBN: 978-0-9807875-8-0 (paperback)
    Notes: Includes bibliographical references and index.
    Subjects: Southeast Asia--History.
    Southeast Asia--Politics and government.
    Southeast Asia--Social conditions.
    Southeast Asia--Economic conditions.
    Other Authors/Contributors:
    TSU Press - Thaksin University Press (Thailand), issuing body.
    Dewey Number: 959

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    A/)"$&$+
    了解东南亚：通性大融合
    了解东南亚这本书囊括例举了整个地区的历史，文化和世
    界观的各种共性。因此，这本书不同于描述国家差异的历
    史或专家学者的著作。它从各种民族和语言的共同起源开
    始，并通过考古，语言，历史，农业，科技，地理，文化
    和宗教观点来探讨各种团聚因素。作为当今全球重要的区
    域，千年以来它仍保持同一驱动力 - 农业，稳定和贸易。
    起始于2000年前的交易点发展成为包括中国和印度的巨大
    贸易时代，使这一地区通常被描绘为灵感和财富的金土地
    。它采用了来自贸易伙伴的文化元素来规范商业礼仪，世
    界宗教，治理等方面的文明。从历史发展看，短期的欧洲
    殖民彰显了其应变能力和文化开放性。信心源于早于这些
    发展阶段的已有的传统和信念，并在生活的各个方面在采
    用的宗教中体现出来。因此，西方的狭隘世界观很容易与
    该地区的深厚的集体观念相冲突。远远不同于曾经普及于
    政治刊物的肤浅的价值观，这种世界观将精神灌输于一切
    事务。了解这些区域的共性有助于解释政治行为，群体决
    策，宽容，东盟的阴谋诡计，甚至是周期性的惯性。从这
    一认识在逻辑上的推理得到的这一特性的一致性是了解东
    南亚这本书所要表述的重要信息。

    +
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    if you would know me …

    If you would know me, clear your eyes,


    look past your conceptions, my view realize,
    see despite deceptions, I’ve ne’er been surprised
    of your world’s inventions and take what applies
    to my Golden Land home, as from Tang to Rome
    I have long been renowned by those who me found.

    My Edenic realm’s long supplied stable rice


    that made my trade strong, new markets enticed,
    and from them I borrowed some language and trends,
    their religious tableau with my old rite blends
    to create one culture beneath my veneers
    that colonies strictures sought to domineer,
    yet I survived intact, surveyed globe’s estates,
    to emboldened enact and style my new States
    founded resilient, retaining tolerance
    for what’s significant: tempered reverence.

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    !
    Years Peoples in Southeast Asia Direction of Change
    Ago
    40,000 - Mainly Australo-Melanesian First Australo-Melanesian migrants
    across the region descendants continue to move
    - Minor Mongoloid features south beyond the region
    entering in the north
    10 - - Continuing Australo-Melanesian Southward migrations spread
    40,000 in the south Mongoloid influence and features
    - Increasing Mongoloid features in
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    0- - Accelerated Mongoloid influence Rapid coverage of Mongoloid
    10,000 with the spread of agriculture influences in cultural and genetic
    across most of the region terms
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    !
    Language Representative Commentary
    Group Languages
    Austroasiatic
    Tibeto-Burman Burmese, Chin, Kachin, - Origin northwest of Austroasiatic
    Naga centre of Southern China;
    possibly a more recent
    introduction to the region
    Miao-Yao Miao, Yao - Origin in southern China;
    continuing expansion into
    northern Laos, Myanmar and
    Thailand
    Tai-Kadai Lao, Shan, Thai, some - Origin in southeastern China
    (Daic) languages of Guizhou and where once widespread
    Guangxi provinces in
    southern China.
    Austronesian Some of Taiwan, South - Origin southern China via
    Vietnam, Malaysia, the Taiwan then to the Philippines,
    Philippines, and Indonesia Borneo and Sulawesi onward.
    (except far eastern islands)
    !
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    Importer Exporter
    Melaka Java, Pegu, Ayutthaya
    Aceh India, Pegu, Tenasserim,
    Pattani Ayutthaya, Cambodia, Nakhorn Srithammarat, Songkhla

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    Origin of City Examples
    Historical local centres Ayutthaya/Bangkok, Hanoi, Mandalay, Mataram
    (Surakarta and Yogyakarta)
    Early colonial trading Batavia, Manila, Penang, Semarang, Singapore,
    centres Surabaya
    Later colonial Bandung, Kuala Lumpur, Palembang, Yangon, Saigon
    commercial centres
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    Development: Late 1930s Southeast Asia & Korea and Taiwan71
    Country GDP/Capita Infant % Enrolled in
    (1990 dollars) Mortality/’000 Education
    Indonesia 1175 225-250 4.0
    Myanmar 749 232 5.5
    Philippines 1522 139 11.5
    Malaya 1361 147 7.8
    Thailand 826 n.a. 10.7
    Vietnam/Laos/Cambodia n.a. 190 2.5

    Korea 1459 n.a. 5.8


    Taiwan 1302 142 7.8
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    !
    Country Chinese % of Pre-WWII Population
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    Laos 10
    Indonesia 3
    Malaya 40
    Myanmar 1.8
    Siam 25
    Vietnam 1
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    Official Dates of Independence for Southeast Asian Countries89
    Country Date of Independence Comment
    Brunei 1984: 1 January From UK
    Cambodia 1953: 9 November From France
    Indonesia 1945: 17 August Declared
    Laos 1949: 19 July From France
    Malaysia 1957: 31 August From UK
    Myanmar 1948: 4 January From UK
    Philippines 1946: 4 July From USA
    Singapore 1965: 9 August From Malaysian Federation
    Thailand 1238 By tradition; never colonized
    Vietnam 1945: 2 September From France
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    "#$%&'!%&(!
    Scott, James C.. Art of Not Being Governed : An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia.
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    : Yale University Press, . p 344
    !
    http://site.ebrary.com/id/10348471?ppg=344
    Copyright © Yale University Press. . All rights reserved.
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    Continued openness to foreign ideas Trade destination and global corridor
    Tolerance of diverse beliefs and worldviews Anglo-American influence
    Integration into lowland nation-state cultures Colonial rule helped modernization & stability
    Centuries-old identity as a trading region National borders defined by colonials
    Climate change immigration from China Monarchies changed from about 1900
    Chinese and Indian cultural influence 19th century colonial expansion of ricelands
    Early history defined by climate changes Improved governance taxed profits
    Last 7,000 years define today’s cultures Major city per state for last two centuries
    Both language families from southern China Western-educated independence leaders
    Unique bifurcated linguistic re-encountering, Specific versions of capitalism and Marxism
    Rice adaptability defined settlement & culture A global buffer to communism
    Joined by trade where rice was secure Old-style rulers ousted in early 20th century
    Rulers required rice, defence & trade National governments centralized power
    World religions infused with traditional beliefs Pervasive patron-client relationships
    Golden to Arabs, Chinese, Indians & Romans Central planning
    Animism persists in adopted religions Post WWII independence
    Neglect of rice correlated to loss of power Foreign capital for economic development
    Loss if trust in ruler justifying coups d’état Cozy rent-seeking from governments
    Irenic Buddhism, Christianity and Islam Entrepreneurial Chinese underpin economies
    Minority lifestyles styled as primitive Reproductive rates reduced as wealth rose
    Communality arising from rice cultivation Individuals slowly identifying with nations
    Cities were once the world’s largest ASEAN echoes Japanese Asia Co-prosperity
    Women’s equality exceeding colonizers’ Ideological differences subordinated to trade
    Women moguls & ship commanders Traditions support reliable food and trade
    Integrated Chinese essential to development Spirit propitiation, protective rites, amulets etc
    International traders for a millennium Spirits and Deities omnipresent in nature
    Purges of traditional beliefs usually failed Religion inseparable from the secular
    Trade in technology, capital & knowledge Inshaallah, karma, harmony, God’s law
    Patronage as a preferred practice Trade central to politics and ASEAN
    Intra-regional and export trade continuous Current foci on markets and efficiencies
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    1
    M. & M. Aung-Thwin (2013) A History of Myanmar Since Ancient Times:
    Traditions and Transformation. Reaktion Books. Pp334.
    2
    E. Renan (1882) What is a Nation? Conference at the Sorbonne, March 11 as
    Qu’est-ce qu’une nation? Translated by Ethan Rundell (1992), Paris, Presses-Pocket.
    <http://ucparis.fr/files/9313/6549/9943/What_is_a_Nation.pdf>
    3
    Oxford English Dictionary (2015)
    4
    Plutarch (<100/1878) Plutarch’s Morals Volume 2: 490b). Translated from the
    Greek by Several Hands. Corrected and Revised by William Goodwin. Little,
    Brown, and Co, Boston. <http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/1753>
    5
    Erasmus (1519) Letter to Melanchthon, April 22. See R. Murray (1920) Erasmus &
    Luther: Their Attitude to Toleration. Forgotten Books.
    http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/Erasmus_Luther_1000618511/109
    6
    C. McCullagh (2000) Bias in Historical Description, Interpretation, and
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    7
    L. Kuznar (1997) Reclaiming a Scientific Anthropology. Rowman. Pp 284.
    8
    A. Acharya (2014) Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN
    and the Problem of Regional Order. Routledge. Pp314.
    9
    Best summary of traditional disciplinary scholarship is probably: N. Tarling (2008)
    The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: Vol. 1, From Early Times to c. 1800, and
    Vol. 2, The Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Cambridge University Press. Pp
    619 & 663.
    10
    M. Meade and M. Ench (2010) Medical Geography. Guilford Press. Pp 498.
    11
    B. Tuchman (1964) Can History be Served Up Hot? New York Times, March 8.
    “The unrecorded past is none other than our old friend, the tree in the primeval
    forest which fell without being heard.”
    12
    I. Lilley (2010) Early Human Expansion and Innovation in the Pacific.
    International Council on Monuments and Sites, UNESCO, Paris. Pp193.
    http://www.international.icomos.org/world_heritage/TS_Pacific_20101210_final.pdf
    13
    P. Soares, J. Trejaut, J-H. Loo, C. Hill, M. Mormina, C-L. Lee, Y-M. Chen, G.
    Hudjashov, P. Forster, V. Macaulay, D. Bulbeck, S. Oppenheimer, M. Lin and M.
    Richards (2008) Climate Change and Postglacial Human Dispersals in Southeast
    Asia. Mol. Biol. Evol. 25(6): 1209-1218.
    14
    J. Schwartz and I. Tattersall (2005). The Human Fossil Record: Craniodental
    Morphology of Genus Homo (Africa and Asia). Wiley. Pp450.
    15
    L. Falvey (2010) History of Rice in Southeast Asia and Australia. Chapter 7
    (pages 183-224) in Rice: Origin, Antiquity and History, edited by S. Sharma. CRC
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    16
    M. Lipson et al. (2014) Reconstructing Austronesian Population History in Island
    Southeast Asia. Nature Communications 5, Article: 4689.
    http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/140819/ncomms5689/full/ncomms5689.html
    17
    N. Vavilov (1926) Studies on the Origin of Cultivated Plants. Pp248. Leningrad.

    !"#$%&'("#)"*+,-.'/$(&'+0&)(+1+2(34$5+ $%%!
    !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
    18
    Modified after Gunawan Kartapranata (2015)
    http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Gunkarta
    19
    Gunawan Kartapranata (2015) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Gunkarta
    20
    C. Higham (1996) The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia. Cambridge University
    Press. Pp381.
    21
    N. Thrower (1999) Maps & Civilization: Cartography in Culture and Society.
    University of Chicago Press. Pp326.
    22
    http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ptolemy_Asia_detail.jpg
    23
    M. Stark (2006) From Funan to Angkor: Collapse and Regeneration in Ancient
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    24
    G. Coedes (1968) The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. East West Center
    Press, Honolulu.
    25
    D. Marr and A. Milner (1986) Southeast Asia in the 9th to 14th Centuries. Institute
    of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore. Pp244.
    26
    M. Ricklefs (1993) A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300. Stanford
    University Press.
    27
    M. Htin-Aung (1967) A History of Burma. Cambridge University Press, London.
    28
    B. LePoer (1987) Thailand: A Country Study. Library of Congress, Washington.
    29
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    30
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    31
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    Oxford English Dictionary (2015)

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