MPPT Method Based on Temperature Control of the
Photovoltaic Cells
Nuno Miguel Martins da Rocha, Denizar Cruz Martins
Power Electronics Institute, Electrical Engineering
Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC
Florianópolis, Brazil.
denizar@inep.ufsc.br
Abstract — The photovoltaic (PV) conversion efficiency is affected
by modifications of the operation conditions particularly the ones
concerning PV cell temperature and radiation due to the
displacement of the system maximum power point (MPP). There
are several electronic devices known as maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) that allow the minimization of those effects by
assuring the system continuously operation on its MPP. The
present work focuses on the study of a system that allows
controlling the temperature of PV cells, providing that way
thermal and electric energy while at the same time ensuring that
the PV system operates as close as possible to its MPP without the
need to employ any MPPT algorithm to the DC-DC converter.
I. INTRODUCTION
The conversion of solar energy into electrical energy is
accomplish using a photovoltaic (PV) cell, which is affected by
the operation conditions. Particularly the ones concerning cell
temperature and radiation levels as they directly affects the
system power output. An increment in radiation levels enhances
it while a increase in temperature reduces it [1]. Consequently,
alterations on the solar radiation levels and PV cell temperature
originates the displacement of the PV system maximum power
point (MPP). Therefore, in order to guarantee that the PV
system constantly operates on its MPP, many works suggest the
use of specific electronic circuits known as maximum power
point tracking (MPPT). There are several MPPT algorithms that
use different kind of inputs and outputs [2]–[6]. The most
common use the output current, voltage or both, to calculate the
MPP. However, some of the newest MPPT algorithms suggest
using the PV cell temperature as an input to determine the MPP
[7], [8].
High levels of solar radiation denote more energy.
However, it also means high PV cell temperature leading to a
cutback of the PV system true potential, due to the negative
effect of temperature rising. Thus, in recent years many works
have focused on increasing the PV system efficiency through
the manipulation of the PV cell temperature[9]–[13].
In light of the aforementioned, one realizes that a way to
maximize the PV module efficiency would be by combining a
MPPT technique based on temperature control, with a PV
This work was supported by CAPES, CNPq and FINEP.
Júlio César Passos
Mechanical Engineering Department.
Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC
Florianópolis, Brazil.
julio.passos@ufsc.br
cooling technique. Therefore, the present work analyses a
method that allows controlling the temperature of PV cells,
ensuring this way the PV system constantly operation on its
MPP without the need for implementing any MPPT algorithm
to the DC-DC converter. The use of a fixed duty cycle will
suffice, provided that the system load behaves as a voltage
source. Such as a battery bank or an electrical grid.
It is also evaluated the efficiency of the proposed method as
a MPPT and executed a system analysis, comparatively to a PV
system that employs a MPPT algorithm to the DC-DC
converter.
This paper begins by presenting a small explanation on how
the PV module performance is affected by operation
conditions. Afterwards, it is introduce the authors MPPT
method and proposed system. Lastly, the MPPT system
comparative analysis results are presented as well as
suggestions for future research works.
II. PV MODULE CHARACTERISTICS
A PV module yields a unique current (I) - voltage (V)
generation curve according to the levels of solar incident
radiation and PV cells temperature, as shown in Fig. 1. The
location of the MPP varies horizontally and vertically,
according to the changes in the temperature of PV cells and the
incident radiation levels, respectively [8]. Thus, in order to
ensure that the PV system output power corresponds to the
maximum available, it is necessary assuring that the system
operates on its MPP.
However, if the temperature of the PV cells is kept at a
constant value, the displacement of the MPP only occurs
vertically, regardless of the variations observed in the levels of
incident radiation [7], as described in Fig. 2. Consequently, if
the PV cells permanently exhibit a constant temperature of
operation, clamping the PV system output voltage guarantees
the system continuously MPP operation. In other words,
operation of the DC-DC converter using a fixed duty cycle will
guarantee PV maximum power extraction. As long as the
system load behaves as a voltage source.
 MPP thermal energy concurrently by removing the heat dissipated
from the PV cells. As the thermal energy is produced, through
heat extraction from the PV cells, an improvement in PV cells
efficiency conversion occurs, mainly due to a temperature
Solar radiation increasing

decrease. Hence, it is believed that this type of equipment can

be used to perform a temperature control of the PV cells, while
Current (I)

at the same time providing an improvement of the overall

performance of the system.
The PV/T system illustrated in Fig. 3 is presented as an
example of a MPPT methodology that uses an algorithm based
on temperature control. This system aims to ensure that the
temperature of the PV cells are kept as close as possible to a
pre-defined user value. The main system components are: a
PV/T module, water pump and a water tank.
Voltage(V) The mentioned pump is powered by the electrical grid and
has variable speed, which is regulated via a microcontroller.
Temperature increasing The PV/T system PV cells temperature (TPV/T) is controlled
through the circulation of water on their rear surface. Therefore,
an algorithm is responsible for controlling the duty cycle of the
Figure 1. MPP across the I-V plan considering solar radiation and pump, which is accountable for impose a flow of water on the
temperature changes [7].
back surface of the PV module, thus limiting the temperature
increase of the PV cells. The water pump and the MPPT
PV Cell Temperature = 25 °C hydraulic system characteristics head loss curves are shown in
9 Fig. 4.
2
1000W/m
8 MPP Water
Water Tank (TWT) distribution
system
7
800W/m2
6
600W/m2 Shower
Current (I)

Tfo
)
PV/T

5
ule(T

TB
Microcontroller
4
Mod

Vp DC-DC
400W/m2 TPV/T Vmpp(T)
Converter Load
PV/T

2 Water Tfi

200W/m
2 Pump
1

0 Figure 3. MPPT system based on the temperature control of the PV cells.

0 10 20 30 40
Voltage (V) 7

Figure 2. Current-Voltage characteristics of Photovoltaic Module 6 System head loss

(III)
KC200GT at various irradiance levels [14].
Head loss (mH2O)

5
(II)
III. PROPOSED SYSTEM 4
The PV cells are capable of absorb up to 80% of the incident
solar radiation. However, only a small percentage of this energy 3 10
(I) 0W
is converted into electricity, depending on the PV cell
2 70
technology used. In this manner, the remainder energy is W
dissipated in the form of heat [15]. There are solar panels that 1
are able to take advantage of this wasted heat, producing 55
W
electrical and thermal energy simultaneously. These types of 0
equipment are known as solar Photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) 0 10 20 30 40 50
hybrid solar collector [10]. Flow rate (litres/min)
A PV/T system combines PV cells and a thermal collector
into a single unit, thus allowing the production of electricity and Figure 4. Water pump and the proposed system hydraulic characteristics
head loss curves.
 IV. ANALYSIS METODOLOGY Ta
The efficiency of a PV and PV/T module is mainly affected
by temperature and radiation changes. Hence, a system
performance analysis can be accomplish by knowing the
climatic information and through the use of a thermal and an
electrical model. The thermal model provides the information Glass Conductive
regarding the PV cell temperature for the operating conditions Tg resistance
and the electrical model the power generated by the PV cell for
that temperature. Solar cell Convective
and EVA TPV/T resistance
A. Thermal Model
The thermal model used to obtain the PV cells of both PV Tedlar
Radiative
and PV/T systems was developed by Tiwari and Sodha [16] and Tpt resistance
has the following assumptions:
 EVA transmissivity is 100%;
Water in Tf Water Out
 No stratification in the storage water tank;
Isulation
 The heat capacities of the different components
have been neglected;
 A mean temperature is assumed across each layer;
 The water flow is uniform;
 The system is in quasi-static state; Ta
 One-dimensional heat conduction. Figure 5. Thermal resistance circuit for a water PV/T [16].

1) Thermal model PV/T module The electrical efficiency (ηe) is determine from (1.3) [19],
The thermal circuit for a water PV/T module is illustrated [20] where T represents the PV cell temperature and TSTC the
in Fig. 5. An energy balance analysis of the different standard test conditions (STC) temperature and βsc, ߟ௘ௌ்஼ , are
components results in equations (1.1) - (1.9) [16]–[18] from voltage temperature coefficient for short-circuit and the PV cell
which can be obtained the PV cell temperature of the PV/T electrical efficiency at STC, in that order.
module (TPV/T) for a giving climatic data, i.e. incident solar
radiation (S) and ambient temperature (Ta), and design
parameters of the module [16]. e  e STC 1   (T  T STC ) 
  
The back surface temperature (Tbs) is obtain using (1.1)
where hf, hp1, S, UgT,, represent the fluid heat transfer The average fluid temperature (Tf) is determined by (1.4)
coefficient, solar irradiation, penalty factor due to the presence and the fluid temperature in from (1.5). APV/T, Cp, F’, hp2, M, ݉ሶ,
of solar cell material, glass and EVA, tedlar heat transfer PV/T, QWT, Tfi are PV/T module area, specific heat, collector
coefficient, overall heat transfer coefficient from glass to tedlar efficiency factor, penalty factor due to the interface between
through PV cell, correspondingly. tedlar and working fluid, water tank mass, mass flow rate,
temperature fluid in, water tank thermal energy.
hp1  eff S  U gT Ta  h f T f
Tbs   
U gT  h f    F ' APV /TUa   
  1  exp   
 hp1 hp2  eff S    
mC  
The product of effective absorptivity and transmissivity
Tf   Ta   1    p 
((ατ)eff) is given by (1.2) where. αPV, αT, represent the    F ' APV /TUa 
Ua 
absorptivity of the photovoltaic cell and tedlar, βPV, ηe and τg  
   p
mC  
the photovoltaic cell packing factor, electrical efficiency, glass   
cover transmissivity, in that order. 
  F ' APV /TUa  
 1  exp  
 
 eff   g  pv  pv  T 1   pv   e  pv    
mC p 
  Tfi  
F ' APV /TUa
 
  p
mC 
 
 
 QWT Ta
T fi  (1.5)
M  Cp

Equation (1.6) provides the PV cell temperature for the

PV/T module where Ug represents the overall heat transfer
coefficient from PVcell to ambient through the glass cover and
UT the conductive heat transfer coefficient from PV cell to fluid Glass Conductive
through tedlar. Tg resistance
 eff S  U g Ta  UT Tbs
Solar cell Convective
TPV /T  (1.6) resistance
U g  UT and EVA TPV/T

Radiative
As seen in (1.1) - (1.6) the PV cell temperature for the PV/T Tedlar
module depends of the water mass flow rate, which depends of Tpt resistance
the pump operation stage. Therefore, when the pump is not
operating it is assume that natural circulation occurs. In that
situation the mass flow rate is given by (1.7) [21] where UL
represents the overall heat transfer coefficient from PV/T
module to ambient and ΔT =10 ºC because it is the typically
observed value for natural circulation water systems [22]. Ta
Figure 6. Thermal resistance circuit for PV module [16].

U L  F ' APV /T B. MPPT control algorithm

m   
  The applied MPPT control algorithm constantly monitors
U L   T 
Cp  ln 1   the PV cells temperature of the PV/T system as to ensure that
 
 S  U L  T fi Ta  

they are kept as close as possible to the reference temperature
(Tref), the user pre-defined value, by controlling the water pump
duty cycle. Since the water tank storages the fluid responsible
for cooling the PV cells. Therefore, as the need for cooling
The rate of thermal energy transferred from the PV/T
increases, the temperature of the water inside the storage tank
module to the circulating water (QPV/T) is obtain through (1.8)
(TWT) will rise too. Consequently, the cooling system only
where the fluid out temperature (Tfo) is given by (1.9).
operates if the PV module temperature is bigger than the
temperature of the water inside the tank.

QPV /T  m  Cp  T fo  T fi   
The thermal model applied to perform the PV/T system
analysis neglects the thermal capacity of the various
components. Therefore, in order to allow the system to react
 h p1h p 2  eff S    F ' APV /T U a  thermally to the flow variations two temperature differences
T fo   Ta  1  exp   were consider. For the transition to the pump intermediate stage
 Ua    p
mC 
    was considered Tref + 5 ° C and + 10 ° C Tref for higher stage.
The MPPT algorithm flow chart is shown in Fig. 7 and his
  F ' APV /T U a 
T fi exp   stages and process / decision are:
  p
mC 
  1. Start;
(1.9)
2. Obtain TPV cell and TWT;
2) Thermal model PV module 3. TPV/T > Tref and TWT < Tref;
The PV module thermal resistance circuit is shown in Fig.
4. Pump stage = I;
6. Its energy balance analysis results on (1.10) [16], from which
the temperature of PV cell is obtained and where UTa represents 5. TPV/T > (Tref + 5 ºC) and TWT < (Tref + 5 ºC);
the overall heat transfer from PV cell to ambient through tedlar.
6. Pump stage = II;
7. TPV/T > (Tref + 10 ºC) and TWT < (Tref + 10 ºC);
 eff S  (Ug  UTa )Ta 8. Pump stage = III;
TPV 
U g  UTa 9. Pump stage = 0;
 
10. Return.
 system operation point (OP) is imposed by implementing a
fixed duty cycle to the DC-DC converter concerning the voltage
manufacturer specifications (Vref), with reference to the pre-
defined control algorithm temperature (Tref). Therefore, once
the P-V curve is acquired it is possible to determine the location
of the MPP and verify if the PV/T system imposed OP matches
its MPP. That way one can determine the system efficiency as
a MPPT (MPPPTeff). Fig. 9 describes an example of the
difference between the MPP and the system imposed OP. The
MPPPTeff is determined from (1.12) and the electrical power
output is obtained using (1.13).
P
1  100  MPPT eff (1.12)
MPP

e  APV  S (t )  MPPTeff  Pe (1.13)

V. SYSTEM ANALYSIS RESULTS
In the system analysis was consider that the control
algorithm is Tref = 35 ºC. The system design and climatic data
used are described in Table I and Fig. 10, respectively. The
information related to the climatic data was acquired by the
base line radiation network (BSRN) station of Florianópolis,
Figure 7. MPPT algorithm flow chart. Santa Catarina, Brazil [24] for December the twentieth of 2014.
A southern hemisphere summer day proximate to the solstice.
C. Eletrical model 200
180
A five-parameter current-voltage model is illustrated in Fig. 160
OP
8. This model is use to analyze the electrical performance of 140 MPP
Power [W]

PV/T and PV module. Equation (1.11) [23] describes the Power 120 Vref
(P) – voltage (V) generation curve for both modules as function 100 ΔP
of PV cells temperature (T) and their specifications. Where Rs 80
and Rsh represent the series and shunt resistances, a, EG, I, ID, 60
Iph, I0, kb, q, V are ideality factor, semiconductor band gap 40
energy, output current, diode current, photogenerated current, 20
diode reverse saturation current, elementary electric charge,
circuit voltage, Boltzmann constant, respectively. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Voltage [V]
Rs I
Figure 9. Example of the difference between the maximum power point and
ID Ish + the system imposed operation point.
+
Iph Rsh V 35 1500
-
-
Irradiation [W/m2]
Temperature [°C]

Figure 8. Equivalent electrical circuit of a photovoltaic model [17]. 30 1000

R  I V
 S STC
 STC  I ph   sc T  T STC
 s 
Rsh


S  25 500
  
P 
q EG 1 1 
 q V  I  R
s   
  V Solar Irradiation
3  STC   
  STC  T  akb  T T   akb T  
   Io  STC   e  e  1   Ambient Temperature
 T   
      20 0
   
  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
   Local Time
Figure 10. Climatic data of Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil, on
In the electrical analysis, it was consider that the PV system 20/12/2014 [24].
constantly operates on its MPP. On the other hand, the PV/T
 The analyzed system operates in closed circuit, thus the 100
water inside the tank will heat up, resulting in a reduction of the 95

MPPT efficiency [%]

90
cooling capability. Consequently, a bigger water mass will 85
result in a higher cooling proficiency. In that way, the 80
evaluation of the efficiency of the PV/T system as MPPT was 75
conducted as a function of water tank mass with the intent to 70
find the mass that provides the best performance for the 75
60
analyzed day. Looking at Fig. 11, it is noticeable that alongside 55
with the increment of the water mass, occurs also an 50
improvement of efficiency of the MPPT performed by the PV/T

00
0
0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0
75

40
45
20
25

75
30
35

50
10
15
system. It is also clear that from beyond a water mass of 500 kg

10
the system MPPTeff remains constant. Therefore, the system Water mass tank [kg]
analysis performance was carried out regarding the water
Figure 11. PV/T system MPPT efficiency as function of water mass.
masses of 75 and 500 kg. The water mass with the smallest and
biggest MPPTeff, respectively. 80 100
Fig. 12 shows the temperature curves of the water stored

Water tank temperature [°C]

inside the tank and MPPTeff. It is noticeable that as the water

MPPT efficiency [%]

temperature comes close to the Tref a reduction in MPPTeff
occurs. It is also unmistakable, that from the moment that the 60 80
water temperature exceeded Tref, there is an abrupt reduction
concerning the MPPTeff. This is due to the fact that the system
is no longer able to cooldown the PV cells to the pre-define
value the algorithm. 40 60
Fig. 13 demonstrates the temperature curves observed in PV
cells for both the PV and PV/T system. It is visible that the PV
cell temperature of the PV/T system for the larger water mass
is closest to the Tref, imposed by the control algorithm, than the 20 40
smallest one. This occurs because the system cooling ability is 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
practically preserved all through the day. Also patent, is that the Local time
PV cells temperature of the PV system is far superior to those MPPT 500 kg TWT 500 kg
of the PV/T. Therefore, the hybrid system allows minimizing
MPPT 75 kg TWT 75 kg
the negative effects of high PV cell temperature.
Tref
TABLE I. SYSTEM DESIGN PARAMETERS [16], [23]. Figure 12. PV/T system MPPT efficiency and water tank temperature.
Parameters Value
APV/T 1,41 m2 80
a 1,3253
Cp 4181,5 J/kgK 70
Temperature [°C]

F’ 0,895
60
hp1 0,8772
hp2 0,9841 50
hf 59,73 W/m2K
I0STC 1,749 x 10-7 A 40
IphSTC 8,214 A
RP 200 Ω 30
RS 0,3 Ω
UL 8,6 W/m2K 20
Ug 9,24 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
UgT 8,1028 W/m2K Local time
UT 66 W/m2K TPV/T 500 kg TPV
UTa 5,33 W/m2K
αpv 0,775 TPV/T 75 kg Tref
αT 0,50
β 0,00426 Figure 13. PV cell temperature of the PV and PV/T system.
βpv 0,90
βsc -0,123 V/ºC
ηeSTC 0,142
τg 0,95
 The proposed PV/T system uses a water pump to provide
160
fluid circulation. Therefore, it is necessary to perform a system
energy balance, in order to determine the real power output. In

Power [W]
120
other words, it is necessary to determine the difference between
the electricity produced by the system and consumed by the
80
pump. Fig. 14 shows the electric power output for the PV (PePV) OPePV
and PV/T (PePV/T) system as well as the pump power 40 OPePV/T 500 kg
consumption (PeP). Fig 15 demonstrates the overall electrical
power output for each system (OPe). It is clear that the use of OPePV/T 75 kg
0
the water pump originates a deficit in the electrical output
power of PV/T system. Also noticeable is that smallest water 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Local time
tank mass originates a bigger power deficit.

As mentioned before, a PV/T module produces electrical and Figure 15. PV/T and PV overall electric power output.
thermal energy. Thus, the output energy of the overall system
is obtained by taking into account those two types of energy. 800
Fig. 16 exhibits the generation curves concerning the overall
power output of the PV module (OPPV) and PV/T (OPPV/T) 600

Power [W]
system, for the previously mention water masses. It is manifest
that the despite the use of the water pump, the PV/T system 400 OPPV
provides a bigger power output when compared to the PV
system. 200 OPPV/T 75 kg

OPPV/T 500 kg
Fig. 17 demonstrates the overall energy gain (OEG) and the
0
correspondent economic savings (OEcS) for the PV/T and PV
system, considering the overall power output. As expected, the 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Local time
PV/T system presents a superior energy gain, which
consequently leads to bigger economic savings. The economic
savings were calculate considering the value of 0,44436 Figure 16. PV/T and PV overall power output.
Brazilian Real (BRL)/kWh as informed by National Electric
Agency of Brazil (ANEEL) for residential B1 type consumer 4 8
Overall economic savings [BRL]

for the city of Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil [25]. It was

considered that all produced energy was consumed. For

Overall energy gain [kWh]

instance, the thermal energy would be used to reduce the load 3 6
of an electric boiler or shower.
200
2 4
160
Power [W]

120 1 2
80

40 0 0
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
0 Local time
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 OEGPV OEcsPV
Local Time
PePV PeP 500 kg OEGPV/T 75 kg OEcsPV/T 75 kg
OEGPV/T 500 kg OEsPV/T 500 kg
PePV/T 75 kg PeP 75 kg
PePV/T 500 kg
Figure 17. PV/T and PV overall electric power output.
Figure 14. PV/T and PV overall power output.
 VI. CONCLUSION
In view of the obtained results, it is acknowledgeable that
the proposed method gathers the potential to be used as a PV
MPPT, offering a high efficiency performance. The studied
method ensures the PV system constantly operation on its MPP
without the need for implementing any MPPT algorithm to the
DC-DC converter. The use of a fixed duty cycle will suffice,
provided that the system load behaves as a voltage source.
The analyzed MPPT method holds the disadvantage of the
electrical consumption regarding the water pump, which yields
a deficit on the electrical production of the system. On the other
hand, the PV/T system overall power output, vastly exceeds the
PV system. This is due to its capacity to produce thermal
energy.
From the energy point of view, the studied system provides
a bigger benefit, which consequently leads to larger economic
savings. Considering that, there is a local need for thermal
power. Thereby, allowing for example the load reduction of an
electric boiler or shower.
In light of the attained results, it is believed that the
suggested system, in addition to have an improved energy
performance, also allows the simplification of the MPPT
control system, as it enables the use of an algorithm, based on
temperature control, which is simpler and requires lower cost
sensors.
As suggestions for future works, the authors recommend the
conduction of an economic analysis that considers the capital,
operation and maintenance costs, as well as the experimental
validation of the theoretical results.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors thank CAPES, CNPq and FINEP for the
financial support that made this work possible.
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