Question no 1:

Explain the following;

(a)

By dipping into liquid nitrogen, an adhesive tape loses its stickness.

 What makes adhesive tape different from other adhesives is that they have the
properties of both liquid and solid . The liquid component is needed to provide the
“wetness” (tack or stickiness) for good initial contact, and the solid component is critical
to resist any forces that could threaten to remove the application.
 Liquid nitrogen has an extraordinarily low boiling point of -196 degrees Celsius, or -321
degrees Fahrenheit.
 Yet when cold temperatures occur i.e when adhesive tape is dipped in liquid nitrogen (-
196.79 C ) liquid component of the adhesive tape hardens, similar to what happens to
butter in the refrigerator. The tape loses its natural form and its overall tackiness. It can
therefore no longer make the adequate contact needed for good adhesion. If the
temperatures continue to drop, the tape will eventually freeze, turning the liquid
component into a tack-free solid.

(b)

A hollow rubber ball when cooled in liquid nitrogen and thrown hard
against the wall breaks into pieces.
 When a hollow rubber ball is frozen with liquid nitrogen, the molecules in the ball are
unable to move around and vibrate as much to the point where they are almost frozen.
When the ball is dropped, the potential energy is unable to convert to kinetic energy.
When ball hits against the wall it breaks into pieces because it has become hard and
brittle when freezed.

(c)

A dinner bell coated with latex paint and kept in a freezer makes louder
noise than the one coated and kept at room temperature.
 Dinner bell coated with latex paint makes louder noise when placed in freezer because
latex paint is aqueous solution which freeze in the freezer and become hard due to
which bell makes louder noise .Also with the rise in temperature the frequency of the
 bell reduce and vice versa. Hence when bell kept in room temperature the frequency of
bell reduced resulting in lesser noise than when kept in freezer where frequency of bell
is high.

(d)
The Tg of a semi-crystalline polymer is often higher than the same
polymer in a completely amorphous state.
 In a semi crystalline polymer two regions are embedded together one is crystalline and
other is amorphous. So in crystalline region more energy is required to break the
crystallinity to amorphous and then rubber stage is achieved. But in case of amorphous
polymer no chains exists i.e., no chain breakage required only melting of polymer takes
place.

(e)
Molding or extrusion of plastics too close to Tg can result in a stiffening
of the material.
The influence of thermal expansion results in the stiffness of the polymer. Extrusion of plastics
accurs at or above the glass transition temperature of the polymer which is thermal expansion
phenomenon. If a polymer is amorphous, a decrease is seen in the modulus at temperature
near Tg, which is the stiffening of material.

(f)

In emulsion polymerization of styrene, often carried out at 80◦ C, the

reaction does not proceed quite to 100% conversion:
 The rate of emulsion polymerization of styrene at 80◦C temperature upon the particle
size of resultant latex , and upon their intrinsic viscosity of polymer produced. The
aromatic diluents were found to much have greater effect in reducing the rate of
polymerization is approximately third order in initial concentration of monomer in oil
phase as whole. The intrinsic viscosity of polymer produced tend to fall with rate of
polymerization.
 When temperature increase from 50 to 80◦C, the range of constant polymerization
range become narrow and reaction of system become deviate.

There are some reasons, the reaction does not proceed quite 100% conversion.

(g)
When nylon shirt are washed and hung up to drip-dry, the wrinkles
appear in shirt.
The reason of wrinkles appear in shirt is:

 A fiber is continuous polymer which when spun into thread, make fabric. When polymer
chain are broken, often achieved through heat, and then reset. This process allow chain
to take different shape, when heat is taken away, the bond cool in new shape ( a
wrinkle).

How to wrinkles or creases straighten out:

 Use correct iron settling techniques to remove deep wrinkles from your nylon clothing
without causing damage or leaving unwanted shine.
 Use steam to remove clothing wrinkles. The steam is obtained from hot shower or tea
kettle, it also help loosen a wrinkles hold.

(h)

The postage stamp , which is coated with linear poly ( vinyl alcohol)
adhesive, needs to moisture with water before applying due to some
reason:
When we want to separate the stamp from envelop paper. Due to moisture with water , the
stamp glue weak, and it allow the stamp to drift apart from envelop paper. So, this is reason we
moisturized the postage stamp with water.

Question No 02.

(a)
Screw-machine-made end products generally have better physical
properties, e.g., lower shrinkage, than the same products made from
plunger-type machines

 To a very large extent, high injection pressures create internal stresses in the molded part. The
resulting part, consequently, has inferior physical properties and is vulnerable to rapid quality
deterioration in use. Low injection pressures are therefore desirable. In plunger-type machines,
there is usually excessive pressure loss. Therefore, injection pressures are necessarily high in
these machines.
  In contrast, the same parts can be molded in reciprocating screw machines with much lower
pressures. Indeed, pressures can be reduced to as much as one-half to two-thirds those of the
plunger-type machines, particularly with high viscosity materials. Thus, parts produced in
reciprocating screw machines have better physical properties than the same part made from a
plunger-type machine.

(b)

Polymers like PVC and HDPE are easier to handle in screw machines
than plunger machines.
 Although screw machines are more complicated than plunger type machines, they are also more
flexible and their operation and adjustment to varying molding conditions are simpler. Resin
hang-up and the attendant decomposition and the loss of physical properties due to
overheating occur very rarely in screw machines. Also, it is much easier to keep the melt
temperature within limits by the regulation of screw speed and barrel heating. Thus heat-
sensitive polymers like PVC are easier to handle in screw-type machines. In addition, some
polymers require a greater heat input to effect plasticization. For example, the heat
requirement for high-density polyethylene (HDPE) is about 310 Btu/lb. As a result of the greater
shearing action and the attendant viscous heat generated in screw-type machines, polymers like
HDPE are easier to handle in these machines.