The Optimize of Gegerkalong Apartment’s Facade with Tropical
Architecture Approach
Chitra Clara Mianti AS, Beta Paramita
Department of Architectural Engineering Education
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (UPI), Bandung
Abstract—This study aims to know if façades that have
been designed with a tropical architecture approach for
Gegerkalong Apartment design has been optimized and
responded the tropical climate. To know that, two
parameters are used, which are to calculate how long
solar radiation shelf from facades before and after
treatment and also to calculate thermal energy
magnitude that came into the building. Sun Hours is one
of SketchUp plugin that helpful to calculate how long
facades are exposed by solar radiation. OTTV
calculation (Overall Thermal Transfer Value) is a
calculation that being used to know how much thermal
energy (Watt/m2) which come into the building so it is
known if the building is thermally comfortable or not.
Based on this study, it is known that facade before
treatment in north area is exposed by solar radiation for
11 hours, façade in east area is exposed for 3 hours,
façade in south area is exposed for 1 hours, and façade
in west area has been exposed for 6 hours. After being
given the handling of concept applications whose
function is to respond the tropical climate like façade
forms, giving shade, and others, found that radiation
exposure on facades are being reduced. Façade in the
north area reduced by 81.82%, façade in east area
reduced by 9.09%, façade in south area 0%, and façade
in west area reduced by 36.36%. OTTV calculation
obtained that the building has been qualified as an
energy-efficient building, which is only 8.44 Watt/m 2 for
tower A, and 8.43 Watt/m2 from set value that maximum
is 45 Watt/m2. It is a proof that tropical architecture
approach is an important aspects of building designing.
Keywords—Tropical, Sun Hours, OTTV, facade,
energy-efficiency
I. INTRODUCTION
Di zaman modern ini, setiap Negara berlomba lomba
untuk membangun bangunan tinggi (high rise building)
seperti halnya bangunan tower. Tidak jarang beberapa tower
tersebut menjadi landmark di tempat tersebut. Pada
kenyataannya semakin tinggi suatu bangunan semakin
banyak konsumsi energy yang dibutuhkan bangunan
tersebut. Energy yang dihasilkan tower dapat meningkatkan
carbon footprints yang merugikan baik pengelola dan
meningkatkan jumlah carbon di dunia. oleh karena itu
dibutuhkan analisis tahap awal sebelum menentukan desain
sebuah tower agar bangunan yang akan dirancang tidak
menghasilkan konsumsi energy yang banyak.
Bangunan yang akan dianalisis adalah mixused tower
yang di tempatkan pada rancangan kawasan pariwisata
taman hutan kota yang terletak di Jl. Jakarta, Bandung.
Seperti halnya bangunan komersial tower seperti seetlement
space needle dan Tokyo tower yang memiliki memiliki
restoran dan observation deck untuk melihat pemandangan
kota dari ketinggian 100+, Bangunan pariwisata yang akan
dirancang ini juga dapat menikmati suasana Kota bandung
dari ketinggian 120m. Tak hanya terdapat observation deck,
wisatawan juga dapat belajar mengenai jenis jenis bunga di
seluruh dunia dan tanaman tanaman disekitar lahan taman
hutan kota.
Bangunan pencakar langit seperti tower tentu
menghasilkan konsumsi energy yang banyak, tetapi tidak
dapat dipungkiri konsumsi energy tersebut dapat dikurangi.
Untuk mengevaluasi dengan tepat energi dan dampak
lingkungan dari pembangunan dan penggunaan energi,
faktor konversi diperlukan untuk memperhitungkan tidak
hanya untuk penggunaan energi di lokasi tetapi juga untuk
konsumsi sumber energi dan emisinya
(https://www.aga.org/sites/default/files/legacy-
assets/SiteCollectionDocuments/KnowledgeCenter/OpsEng
/CodesStandards/0008ENERGYEMISSIONFACTORSRES
CONSUMPTION.pdf). Paper ini memfokuskan pada
analisis konsumsi energy dan kemungkinan renewable
energy untuk bangunan observasi tower pada site pariwisata
taman hutan kota menggunakan aplikasi plugin milik
sketchup yaitu Sefaira.
II. SITE AREA
Objek yang akan di studi adalah bangunan tower yang akan fasad di Timur, tepatnya di Tenggara. bagian yang
ditempatkan pada site rancangan taman hutan kota yang paling banyak terpapar oleh sinar matahari ini dapat
terletak di Jl. Jakarta No. 48, Kebonwaru, Kota Bandung. digunakan untuk memasang renewable energy yang
Lahan ini memiliki luas lahan total 169.468m2. memiliki menggunakan panas matahari.
tingkat kelembapan 71% dan suhu kisaran 24° sampai 34°.
Bangunan tower memiliki luas area 34.000m2 dari luas
taman hutan kota. Area tower terdiri dari fasilitas berupa
Ketertangan:
A E
A: Enterance
D F B: Tower
C: Kolam Retensi
A B U T
D: Gazebo B
C E: Area Hijau
E F: Taman Tematik

gazebo, taman tematik, kolam retensi dan area hijau.

Bangunan rancangan tower memiliki ketinggian mencapai
120m sehingga dapat melihat gunung tangkuban perahu
dari pusat kota.

III. KONSEP DESIGN

a. Konsumsi Energi
Bangunan tidak lepas dari konsumsi energy yang
tinggi untuk mengoptimalkan performa banguna. Tetapi
GBCI memaparkan bahwa pola konsumsi energi yang
b. Software Simulasi Energi
berlebihan akan berpengaruh terhadap perubahan iklim.
Untuk merancang sebuah bangunan ada baiknya
Oleh karena itu penggunaan seperti pencahayaan alami
untuk menganalisis terlebih dahulu bangunan yang akan
yang optimal dam ventilasi yang efisien dapat
dirancang sebelum bangunan itu di realisasikan. Dengan
mengurangi konsumsi energy.
berkembangnya teknologi terdapat banyak software
Renewable energy juga merupakan langkah efektif
untuk melakukan simulasi. Salah satunya adalah plugin
untuk memenuhi kebutuhan energy pada bangunan.
pada sketch up yaitu Sefaira. Sefaira Architecture adalah
Penggunaan renewable energy ini juga untuk
alat simulasi berbasis kinerja yang mudah digunakan.
meminimalisir pola konsumsi energy yang besar.. GBCI
Ini menghitung intensitas penggunaan energi, segmen
juga mengatakan bahwa Setiap 0,5% daya listrik yang
energi, yaitu distribusi antara penggunaan akhir yang
dibutuhkan gedung yang dapat dipenuhi oleh sumber
berbeda, dan pencahayaan alami. Meskipun begitu.
energi terbarukan
Berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukukan oleh Li,
(file:///C:/Users/AVI/AppData/Local/Packages/Microsof
Sefaira memiliki kesenjangan yang signifikan antara
t.MicrosoftEdge_8wekyb3d8bbwe/TempState/Downloa
plug-in SketchUp dan aplikasi online tetapi keduanya
ds/Ringkasan%20GREENSHIP%20NB%20V1.1-
memiliki keterbatasan untuk memasukan opsi.
%20id.pdf).
(https://kth.diva-
solar panel merupakan renewable energy yang
portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1158865/FULLTEXT01.pdf)
memanfaatkan energy surya matahari dapat ditempatkan
di daerah bangunan yang paling banyak terkenal
c. Studi Preseden
daylight. Menurut Karyono Tenaga surya merupakan
Gardens by the Bay adalah taman holtikultura yang
sumber renewable energy alternatif paling aman. seperti
menyajikan berbagai tanaman dengan penyajian baru
halnya energi listrik yang dibangkitkan dari
yang dapat menghibur dan mendidik para pengunjung
photovoltaic. Konversi tenaga surya ke tenaga listrik
dengan tanaman yang jarang terlihat di bagian dunia ini,
tidak akan diikuti dengan limbah.(
mulai dari spesies di iklim dingin, sedang hingga hutan
file:///C:/Users/AVI/AppData/Local/Packages/Microsoft
tropis dan habitat.
.MicrosoftEdge_8wekyb3d8bbwe/TempState/Download
According to Karyono’s theory [3], a slop-shade
s/bangunanhematenergi-b2te-22juni-2011.pdf).
form is a suitable shield shape to be applied in the
tropical climate area. The façade concept which is used
Berdasarkan plugin sketchup bernama Sunhour
to resolve high rainfall is similar to the concept which is
untuk menganalisis bagain fasad yang terpapar
used to resolve the solar radiation problem. A slop-
matahari. Bagian yang
shade form is applied to graded façades form to
paling banyak terpapar oleh matahari adalah bagian
minimize the incoming rain and drained to the
 infiltration wells so the water can be reused with WHS
(Water Harvesting System).

Fig. 8 The difference of building high

level to respond mountain wind and
valley wind cicle
Fig. 6 slop form from the façade as a
response to rain

Fig. 9 Wind rose diagram analysis

Fig. 7 Rainwater utilization with Water

Harvesting System

d. Wind and Humidity

According to Hartono’s theory [8] there are
mountain wind velocity and valley wind velocity cycles.
Mountain wind occurs in the afternoon until night, and Fig. 10 Gratings for wind lane barrier
valley wind occurs in the morning until afternoon. The
result is mountain area will be hotter in the afternoon,
and colder in the night. The interpretation of the design
is making two towers with different high level so that
wind circulation in the building will be optimal (fig. 8).
Besides, the building is made with a Z-shape so the
wind circulation in each tower will be more effective.
The tower building orientation was made in line with
wind direction according to wind rose diagram (fig. 9).
In addition, to make the wind circulation in each tower
will be optimal.
The extra grating devices on each balcony are
enabled to dispel the strong wind lane, because Brown
[9] said that the grating installation can reduce the wind
lane from 7m/s to 5m/s. Besides reducing the wind
speed, the devices serves to hide the clothesline so the
building maintained its aesthetics.

Fig. 11 Implementation of cross-

ventilation in the building
 According to Mangunwijaya [10], the principal of
dry and dirty air movement always leads to the top
naturally, and the air always flows from high to low
pressure. The implementation of cross-ventilation from
design, creating natural wind circulation by making
horizontal ventilation lane on the 1 floor level and 8
floor levels (middle garden). And flows from the void
and ends to the skylight ventilation on the roof (fig. 11).

IV. METHODS
The assessment which is done from long sunlight
exposure from each facade and thermal energy calculation
from the facades. To know that how long solar radiation
exposure from each facade, will be used Sun Hours plugin
for SketchUp. Each facade, which are north (1), east (2),
south (3), and west (4) will be made simulation with
compared before and after treatment. Before doing that, the
Fig. 12 Façade after applying with tropical concepts from above, (1)
specific site location, will be assigned so the solar radiation North, (2) East, (3) South, and (4) West
data we get will more specific and according to the actual
circumstances. To know how much thermal energy that 1) North Facade
come into the building, OTTV calculation will be used that In the northern part of the facade which has not
has been accepted by the government of Bandung to the been given treatment, it appears that the color
main building, which are tower A and tower B. Both of this indicator result is red brick. The color indicates that
parameter will be used to know is tropical concepts that the façade’s solar radiation exposure is 11 hours or a
have been applied to the design are effective to respond the full day. After north facade was given treatment,
tropical climate.
duration of exposure reduced to 0 - 7 hours. The
lodging balcony unit, shown that solar radiation
V. DISCUSSION exposure reaches only 2 hours. In an area with a
a. Sun Hours Plugin yellowish-red indicator, it is a service area so it
doesn’t interfere with the thermal comfort of the users.
The selected day to do this simulation is on August
15, 2016, where August is the highest temperature
month and also summer season. The use of the building
is stimulated everyday remember this building is a
residential building. A long simulation that is 11 hours,
started from sunrise until sunset. The building façade
will be made simulations about comparing building
without treatment and the building that have been
applied to tropical concepts.

Fig. 13 (1) Facade color indicator before treatment, (2) Façade

color indicator after treatment

2) East Facade
In the eastern facade before treatment, the
dominant color indicator shown a yellow (in the
tower), which means the facade exposed to solar
radiation for 0 - 4 hours. Once given treatment, it
appears that a brighter yellow color indicator,
indicating that solar radiation exposure is reduced to 0
 - 3 hours. In the east, the morning sun is good for the entrance and also the effect of the jutting out
health so there should be no excessive treatment. emergency staircase result.

Fig. 14 (1) Façade color indicator before treatment, (2) Façade

color indicator after treatment Fig. 16 (1) Façade color indicator before treatment, (2) Façade
color indicator after treatment

3) South Facade
b. OTTV Calculation
Façade in the south area, the result of color
For the OTTV calculation (Overall Thermal Transfer
indicator is blue, indicating that solar radiation
Value), Tower A (1) and tower B (2) which is the main
exposure reaches only 2 hours. There is no
function (residential) will be calculated. This calculation
difference exposure between before and after
also considers the orientation of each facade and then
treatment. This indicator has been included either
divided into several tables with some indicators, divided
because of long exposure to less solar radiation.
into 9 tables. Qualified building should not be more than
45 Watt / m2. To shorten the time, only the conclusion
will be drawn from these calculations.

[1] Tower A
N Side Conduction Conduction Radiation Total Façade total OTTV
o through the wall through the through the area
openings openings
Watt Watt Watt Watt m2 Watt/m2
A B C D= E D/E
A+B+C
1 NORTH 32,393.10 3,804.19 9,942.67 337,659.96 41,664.00 8.10
2 EAST 10,592.60 2,685.31 12,070.28 25,348.19 1,545.60 16.40
3 SOUTH 291,559.35 3,356.64 6,478.79 17,375.37 43,216.57 8.04
4 WEST 22,092.95 3,748.25 17,375.37 43,216.57 3,091.20 13.98
648,157.99 13,594.39 45,867.11 707,619.50 83,798.40 8.44
TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL
Tabel 1. OTTV calculation conclusion for Tower A

N Side Openings total area WWR

o m2 (%)
F F/E
1 NORTH 272.00 0.65
2 EAST 192.00 12.42
3 SOUTH 272.00 0.73
Fig. 15 (1) Façade color indicator before treatment, (2) Façade 4 WEST 268.00 8.67
color indicator after treatment 1,004.00 1.20
TOTAL TOTAL
Tabel 2. Kesimpulan WWR (Window to Wall Ratio) for Tower A
4) West North
On the north facade, the simulations showed that
REQUIREMENTS
the facade has been exposed to solar radiation for 6 YES 3 STARS
hours. After being given the treatment, it appears ACCEPTED
Tabel 3. OTTV classification of Tower A
that the radiation exposure is reduced to 0 - 4 in
particular tower on the right and the entrance part Based on the OTTV calculation above, Tower A
(public area). This is because the use of a canopy at has been qualified as energy-efficient buildings
 with an OTTV value of 8.44 Watt/m2 of the total radiation exposure in concept forms that respond to the
value that is 45 Watt/m2. This shows that the tower tropical climate.
A is thermally comfortable. The north facade is known as the area with longest solar
radiation exposure, the efforts made to be maximum in the
[2] Tower B area, followed by another orientation is west, east, and
N Side Conduction Conduction Radiation Total Façade OTTV
south.
o through the wall through the
openings
through
openings
total area With the application of the tropical architecture
Watt Watt Watt Watt m2 Watt/m2 approach, solar radiation exposure that coming into the
A B C D= E D/E
A+B+C facade can be reduced 11 hours to 0 - 4 hours, or reduced to
1 NORTH 263,179.39 3,090.91 8,078.42 274,348.7 33,852.00 8.10
63.63%.
2
2 EAST 8,606.48 2,181.82 9,807.10 20,595.40 1,255.80 16.40 OTTV calculation has been proven in calculating the
3 SOUTH 263,179.39 3,090.91 5,965.52 272,235.8 33,852.00 8.04
2
amount of thermal energy stored in the building's facade. If
4 WEST 17,950.52 3,045.45 14,117.49 35,113.47 2,511.60 13.98 the thermal energy that goes beyond 45 Watt/m 2, then the
552,915.79 11,409.08 37,968.53 602,293.4 71,471.40 8.43
0 temperature inside the building is also high, and the use of
TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL
TOTAL
air conditioning can’t be avoided anymore.
Tabel 4. Conclusion of OTTV calculation for Tower B
With enough openings, a material which can reduce the
influx of radiation, better wind circulation, good building
N Side Openings total area WWR
o m2 (%) orientation, the incoming thermal energy also can be
F F/E
1 UTARA 221.00 0.65 reduced.
2 TIMUR 156.00 12.42
3 SELATAN 221.00 0.65 In the end, Sun Hours and OTTV calculator can be a
4 BARAT 217.75 8.67
815.75 1.14 parameter to determine whether the building's design has
TOTAL TOTAL
responded to the tropical climate. In addition, it is known
Tabel 5. WWR conclusion (Window to Wall Ratio) for Tower B
that the concept of tropical architecture approach can
overcome the problems that exist in the tropical climate.
REQUIREMENTS YES 3 STARS
ACCEPTED
Tabel 6. OTTV classification of Tower B

Based on the table of OTTV calculation above, tower VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

B has been qualified as energy-efficient buildings with
an OTTV value is 8.43 Watt/m2 of the overall value is
45 Watt/m2. It can be concluded that the tower B is
thermally comfortable.
VI. RECOMMENDATION
Factors that affecting how much exposure to solar
radiation on the facade that is the presence of openings and
canopy shade forms. It can be seen from the simulation
results by using plugins Sun Hours earlier, that the facade
with many openings and shade can reduce solar radiation
exposure into the building. In addition, the imagery on the
facade can also reduce solar radiation exposure.
Based on OTTV calculation, it can be concluded that the
material used, the amount of openings, building orientation
also very influential on how much thermal energy (Watt/m 2)
that goes into the building. If the thermal energy is bigger,
the temperature inside the building also hotter, and they
affect the user’s comfort, so that the use of air conditioning
is the only way to reduce the high temperature inside the
building.
VII. CONCLUSION
Sun Hours have been proven to be able to show a
simulation of the solar radiation exposure that came into the
building. By making a comparison between the simulated
facade before and after treatment, it can be known what
solution should be taken to reduce the length of solar
The author would like to thank the Architecture
Engineering Study Program, Department of Architectural
Engineering Education, Indonesia University of Education
(UPI), for giving the opportunity for the author to complete
the final project and provide the facilities needed for
performing the tasks as well as this paper.
IX. REFERENCES
[1] Koppen, Wladimir (1918). “Klassification der Klimate nach
Temperatur, Niederschlag and Jahreslauf”. Petermanns
Geographische Mitteilungen. 64. pp. 193 – 203, 243 – 248 – via
http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/koeppen.htm.
[2] Lippsmeier, George (1980). Bangunan Tropis. Jakarta: Erlangga
[3] Karyono, Tri Harso (2016). Arsitektur Tropis: Bentuk, Teknologi,
Kenyamanan, dan Penggunaan Energi. Jakarta: Erlangga. pp. 60 – 71.
[4] Priyanto, Eddy (2013). Pilihan Bentuk Tritisan Hemat Energi untuk
Kota Semarang. Riptek Vol. 7 No. 2 pp. 37 – 56.
[5] Indonesia, Green Building Council (2012). Greenship untuk Gedung
Baru: Ringkasan dan Tolok Ukur. Jakarta: GBCI.
[6] Karyono, Tri Harso (2010). Green Architecture: Pengantar
Pemahaman Arsitektur Hijau di Indonesia. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers. pp.
95 – 96.
[7] Markvart, T., Luis Castaner (2003). Practical Handbook of
Photovoltaics: Fundamental and Applications. Elsevier: UK.
[8] Hartono (2012). Jelajah Bumi dan Alam Semesta. Jakarta: PT
Grafindo Media Pratama. pp. 97
[9] Brown, GZ (1987). Matahari, Angin, dan Cahaya. Bandung: Trimatra
[10] Mangunwijaya, YB, Dipl. Eng. (1981). Pasal-Pasal Penghantar
Fisika Bangunan. Jakarta: Gramedia
The author was born in Palembang, on August 1, 1994. The author was
study at SDN 2 Perumnas Way Kandis Bandar Lampung until 2006. The
author continued his study at SMPN 4 Martapura South Kalimantan until undergraduate degree in Architectural Engineering Study Program,
2009. Furthermore, the author continue her study at YP UNILA high Department of Architecture Engineering Education, Indonesia University
school Bandar Lampung until 2012. Finally, the authors take an of Education (UPI) Bandung.