Line Sizing

OFFICIAL COPY - ES49985 - ZTZ94004C4 - - - PDF Generated on 23-Aug-2012 3:08PM
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ES49985 ZT Z 94 004 C4
DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION:
CAL-PR-004
LINE SIZING
SOFTWARE TECHNICAL SHEET
o
Status/ Date N of
Written by Checked by TA Approval CDE Approval
Revision (dd-MMM-YYYY) Pages
C1 9-DEC-11 8 B. Timmins M. McAreavey M. McAreavey J-L. Isnard
C2 16-MAR-12 15 M. McAreavey XODUS M. McAreavey J-L. Isnard
C3 12-JUN-12 15 L. Gharios A. Gerritse A. Gerritse J-L. Isnard
C4 10-JUL-12 15 L. Gharios A. Gerritse A. Gerritse J-L. Isnard
INFORMATION ON STATUS:
P Preliminary for Information
I Internal Discipline Checking
C For Comments and Approval
V Valid for Construction
A Approved For Construction
X “As Built”
EPM Engineering Project Manager or Assigned Substitute
© Copyright SBM Offshore N.V. 2012
Copyright by SBM Offshore N.V. or any of its subsidiaries. This document is the property of SBM Offshore N.V. or
any of its subsidiaries. This document or any part thereof is CONFIDENTIAL and may not be made known, copied, Ex No. :
multiplied, or used in any other way without the permission of SBM Offshore N.V. or any of its subsidiaries
CAL-PR-004 LINE SIZING

ES49985 ZT Z 94 004 C4 PAGE 2
REVISION STATUS / SUMMARY OF CHANGES
REVISION REVISED CHAPTERS REVISION DESCRIPTION REASON FOR REVISION
C1 N/A For Comments First Issue
C2 ALL Re-issued for Comments Incorporation of Vibration Assessment

Indicated on the left margin by a Comments and proposed optimisation
C3 For Comments and/or Approval
vertical bar of spreadsheet incorporated
Calculation spreadsheet has been
None, this revision is issued in order to
changed but not the calculation basis
C4 keep consistency in revision with For Comments and/or Approval
hence this technical sheet remains
calculation spreadsheet
unchanged from revision C3.

ES49985 ZT Z 94 004 C4 PAGE 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. SOFTWARE DETAILS ..........................................................................................................4

2. REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................4
3. ACCESS DETAILS ................................................................................................................4
4. CALCULATION BASIS .........................................................................................................4
4.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................4
4.2 GAS LINE SIZING ....................................................................................................5
4.3 LIQUID LINE SIZING ................................................................................................7
4.4 2-PHASE LINE SIZING ............................................................................................8
4.5 VIBRATION ASSESSMENT .....................................................................................8
4.5.1 Flow Induced Turbulence (FIT) ...................................................................8
4.5.2 Flow Induced Pulsation (FLIP) ..................................................................10
4.5.3 Acoustically Induced Vibration (AIV) .........................................................11
4.5.4 2-Phase Flow Induced Vibration................................................................11
5. INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE.................................................................................................. 14
6. SOFTWARE VALIDATION .................................................................................................. 15
7. SOFTWARE REVISION HISTORY ...................................................................................... 15

ES49985 ZT Z 94 004 C4 PAGE 4
1. SOFTWARE DETAILS
Software Name Line Sizing

Software Number CAL-PR-004
Type Excel Spreadsheet
Developer Internal
Revision C3
Issue Date 24-May-2012
2. REFERENCES
1. Corporate Engineering Standards, Process Design Standard, ES45000-STT92003A3.

2. Corporate Engineering Standards, Piping Material Classes Standard Specifications,
ES45000-SPT92022A4.
3. Corporate Engineering Standards, Piping Vessel Systems Material Classes Standard
Specification, ES45000-SPV92026A1.
4. Comparison of the Iterative Approximations of the Colebrook-White Equations, C.T.
Goudar, Hydrocarbon Processing, August 2008 (included as an electronic
attachment).
5. Flow of Fluids through Valves, Fittings and Pipe, Crane Publication 410M (Metric
Edition).
6. British Standard Marine Series, Specification for Salt Water Piping Systems in Ships,
BS MA-18 1973 (re-affirmed 2006).
7. Recommended Practice for Design and Installation of Offshore Production Platform
Piping Systems, API RP 14E, Fifth Edition, October 1991 (re-affirmed March 2007).
8. Energy Institute, Guidelines for the Avoidance of Vibration Induced Fatigue Failure in
Process Pipework, 2nd Edition.
9. Vibration Excitation Forces Due to Two-Phase Flow in Piping Elements, Riverin J.L &
Pettigrew M.J, JPVT, 2007 (included as an electronic attachment).
10. Process Discipline, Piping Vibration, Technical Guideline, ES49985-TTZ94109.
11. Corporate Engineering Standards, Piping Support Standard Specification, ES45000-
SPF92052A2.
3. ACCESS DETAILS
The spreadsheet file is attached to this document; file name “CAL-PR-004”. The native
file can be accessed by searching for this document (ES49985-ZTZ94004) in EZ Search
and selecting “Preview Native”.
4. CALCULATION BASIS
4.1 GENERAL
Nominal pipe sizes, service codes and pipe material classes are specified as per the
Piping Material Classes Specifications, SPT92022 [2] and SPV92026 [3].

ES49985 ZT Z 94 004 C4 PAGE 5
Pipe schedule, pipe material and internal pipe diameter are derived from SPT92022 [2]
and SPV92026 [3] based on the pipe material class and the nominal pipe size.
The pipe roughness is derived from §7.1.4 of the Process Design Standard [1] based on
the pipe material. Alloy Steel and Super Duplex materials are assumed to have the same
roughness as Duplex.
The Erosional Velocity Constant (C) is derived from §7.2.1 of the Process Design
Standard [1] based on the pipe material and if the service is continuous or intermittent.
Alloy Steel and Super Duplex materials are assumed to have the same “C” values as
Duplex; lined and galvanized carbon steel are assumed to have the same “C” values as
carbon steel. Erosional velocity is only valid for gas where significant liquid droplets are
expected (ex. outlet of gas cooler) and 2-phase line sizing.
4.2 GAS LINE SIZING
Actual Volume Flowrate (AVF) is determined as follows:
If Volume Flowrate data input units are Am3/hr then the AVF equals the data input value
for Volume Flowrate.
If the Volume Flowrate input units are Sm3/hr then the AVF is calculated as follows:
AVF = Q x M / (23.689 x ρ)
Where; AVF = Actual Volume Flowrate (Am3/hr)

Q = Volume Flowrate (Sm3/hr)
M = Gas Molecular Weight (kg/kgmol)
ρ = Gas Density (kg/m3)
If the Volume Flowrate input units are MMscfd then the AVF is calculated as follows:
AVF = Q x M x 106 / (23.689 x 35.31 x 24 x ρ)
Where; AVF = Actual Volume Flowrate (Am3/hr)

Q = Volume Flowrate (MMscfd)
M = Gas Molecular Weight (kg/kgmol)
ρ = Gas Density (kg/m3)
Standard conditions are 15.56°C and 1.01325 bara ir respective of whether the input units
are Sm3/h or MMscfd.
The Mass Flowrate is calculated as follows:
W = AVF x ρ
Where; W = Mass Flowrate (kg/hr)
The Actual Velocity is calculated as follows:
u = AVF / (3600 x A)

ES49985 ZT Z 94 004 C4 PAGE 6
Where; u = Actual Velocity (m/s)

A = Internal Cross-sectional Area of Pipe = π x (d / 1000)2 / 4
d = Pipe Internal Diameter (mm)
The Reynolds Number is calculated as follows:
Re = ρ x u x d / µ
Where; Re = Reynolds Number (dimensionless)

µ = Gas Viscosity (cP)
The Friction Factor is calculated using the Serghides correlation. Serghides is more
accurate than Colebrook or Moody [4]. The Serghides correlation is as follows:
If Re > 2300 then;
f = [A – (B – A)2 / (C – 2 x B + A)]-2
A = -2 x LOG[(ε / d) / 3.7 + 12 / Re]

B = -2 x LOG[(ε / d) / 3.7 + 2.51 x A / Re]
C = -2 x LOG[(ε / d) / 3.7 + 2.51 x B / Re]
Where; f = Friction Factor (dimensionless)

ε = Pipe Roughness (mm)
Else if Re < 2300 then;
f = Re / 64
The Pressure Drop per 100m of length is calculated according to Equation 3-14 of Crane
[5]:
∆p = 0.000005 x f x (L / d) x ρ x u2
Where; ∆p = Pressure Drop per 100m (bar / 100m)

L = Length = 100,000m
The Erosional Velocity Limit is calculated as per §7.2.1 of the Process Design Standard
[1]:
ve = C / ρ0.5
Where; ve = Erosional Velocity Limit (m/s)

C = Erosional Velocity Constant (metric)
The Noise Velocity Limit is calculated as per §7.4.2 of the Process Design Standard [1]:
vnoise = 175 / ρ0.43


ES49985 ZT Z 94 004 C4 PAGE 7
Or, 60 m/s, whichever is lowest
Where; vnoise = Noise Velocity Limit (m/s)
The Maximum Allowable Velocity is determined as the minimum of ve and vnoise.
The Pressure Drop Limit is determined according to §7.4.3 of the Process Design
Standard [1] based on the operating pressure and by application of linear interpolation of
this CES data.
4.3 LIQUID LINE SIZING
The Actual Volume Flowrate is the input value converted to m3/hr.
The Velocity, Reynolds Number, Friction Factor and ∆p are calculated as per the gas line
sizing (refer to §4.1).
The Material Velocity limit is derived from §7.3.1 of the Process Design Standard [1]
assuming that Alloy Steel, Duplex and Super Duplex have the same limits as SS /
Titanium, galvanized carbon steel has the same limits as carbon steel, and cPVC has the
same limits as GRP.
If the selected service code is seawater (WS), the selected material is galvanized carbon
steel or lined carbon steel, and the line size is 4” nominal bore or below, the material limit
is determined according to Figure 1 of [6].
The velocity limit versus pipe bore is linear on a logarithmic scale. Therefore, the
relationship between velocity limit and pipe bore takes the following form:
y = a.xb
Where; y = Velocity Limit (m/s)

x = Pipe Bore (internal diameter) (mm)
For the galvanised carbon steel plot on Figure 1 [6] the constants “a” and “b” equal 0.1633
and 0.632 respectively. These constants shall apply to all the applicable materials, i.e.
galvanized carbon steel and lined carbon steel.
The Pump Velocity Limit is derived from Table 2.3 of API RP 14E [7] based on the type of
pump (reciprocating or centrifugal), if the line is on the pump suction or discharge, and the
pump speed (only applicable to reciprocating pumps). Table 2.3 provides ranges for
centrifugal pumps; the lower limits of the ranges are assumed. If the line is not associated
with a pump no value will be calculated.
The Maximum Allowable Velocity is determined as the minimum of the Material and Pump
Velocity Limits.
The Pump Pressure Drop Limit is determined according to §7.3.2 of the Process Design
Standard [1] based on if the liquid is sub-cooled or boiling, and if the line is on the suction
or discharge of the pump.

ES49985 ZT Z 94 004 C4 PAGE 8
4.4 2-PHASE LINE SIZING
The AVF is the sum of the gas AVF and liquid AVF. The gas and liquid AVFs are
determined as per §4.2 and §4.3 respectively.
The mixture density is calculated as follows:
ρm = W / AVF
Where; ρm = Mixture Density (kg/m3)

W = Mass Flowrate = (AVFliquid x ρliquid) + (AVFgas x ρgas)
The Velocity is calculated as per the gas line sizing (refer to §4.1) but using ρm instead.
The Maximum Allowable Velocity is determined as the minimum of the Erosional Velocity
Limit or 15 m/s (only applicable if corrosion inhibitor is injected). This is as per §7.5 of the
Process Design Standard [1].
4.5 VIBRATION ASSESSMENT
The vibration assessment is based on the Energy Institute (EI) Guidelines [8]. The
vibration mechanisms that are included in CAL-PR-004 are those which are affected by
the size of the line; namely:
• Flow Induced Turbulence (FIT) – applicable to gas, liquid and 2-phase lines.
• Acoustically Induced Vibration (AIV) – applicable to gas and 2-phase lines.
• Flow Induced Pulsation (FLIP) – only applicable to gas lines.
• 2-phase Flow Induced Vibration – (SHOULD BE DISREGARDED UNTIL
FURTHER ASSESSMENT IS CARRIED OUT): only applicable to 2-phase lines.
This is not covered by the EI Guidelines. This assessment is based on [9].
For more detailed information on these vibration mechanisms refer to the Piping Vibration
Technical Guideline [10].
4.5.1 Flow Induced Turbulence (FIT)
The basis for the FIV assessment included in CAL-PR-004 is module T2.2 of the EI
Guidelines [8]. CAL-PR-004 includes the elements of T2.2 that enable the Likelihood of
Failure (LOF) score to be calculated. The formulae for these elements are included
below.

ES49985 ZT Z 94 004 C4 PAGE 9
The fluid momentum is calculated as follows:
ρ.v2
Where; ρ = Fluid Density (kg/m3) – mixture density for 2-phase

v = Fluid Velocity (m/s) – as calculated in §4.1
The Fluid Viscosity Factor (FVF), which is only applicable to gas lines, is calculated using
Equation 7, T2.2 [8]:
FVF = µ0.5 / (0.001)0.5
Where; µ = Gas Viscosity (Pa.s)
The span interval (Lspan) between the supports is automatically calculated as per the
Piping Support CES [11] based on the pipe material, nominal pipe size and the pipe
schedule. A proposed span interval can also be entered.
Using the pipe outside diameter and the span interval (if the proposed value is blank then
the CES value is used otherwise the proposed value is used) the support arrangement is
automatically calculated according to Table 1.
Table 1 – Support Arrangement Determination

Support Arrangement Span Interval Range
STIFF Lspan < 0.4056 x Dext0.4927
MEDIUM STIFF Lspan ≥ 0.4056 x Dext0.4927
Lspan < 0.5623 x Dext0.5034
MEDIUM Lspan ≥ 0.5623 x Dext0.5034
Lspan < 0.7443 x Dext0.5033
FLEXIBLE Lspan ≥ 0.7443 x Dext0.5033
The correlations in Table 1 differ from those in T2.2 of the EI Guidelines [8]; however, the
above correlations are more up to date according to the vibration experts at Xodus and
closely match the results from T2.2 [8].
Utilising the Support Arrangement and the Pipe OD the Flow Induced Vibration Factor (Fv)
can be determined by Table 2.2 of the EI Guidelines [8]. For reference this table is shown
below.

ES49985 ZT Z 94 004 C4 PAGE 10
CAL-PR-004 automatically calculates Fv according to the table above. Note that the EI
range is up to 30”. It is assumed that the range is valid up to 32”.
The FIT Likelihood of Failure (LOF) is calculated as follows:
FIT LOF = FVF x ρ x v2 / Fv
Note that for liquid and 2-phase lines FVF is set to 1.
If the LOF score is > 1 then CAL-PR-004 returns a High (H) risk; if between 0.5 and 1.0 a
Medium (M) risk; and less than 0.5 a Low (L) risk.
4.5.2 Flow Induced Pulsation (FLIP)
The basis for the FLIP assessment included in CAL-PR-004 is module T2.6 of the EI
Guidelines [8]. CAL-PR-004 includes the elements of T2.6 that enable the risk of FLIP to
be determined. The formulae for these elements are included below.
The critical diameter (Dcrit) of side branches from the main line is calculated as follows:
Dcrit = 1000 x [400 / (π x ρ x v2)]0.5
Where; Dcrit = Critical Diameter (mm)
The user enters the Maximum Branch Inside Diameter of all the side branches from the
main line. If this maximum size exceeds Dcrit then there is a risk of failure due to pulsation
induced vibration. If the user leaves the Maximum Branch Inside Diameter blank then it is
assumed by CAL-PR-004 that there are no branches and hence no risk.

ES49985 ZT Z 94 004 C4 PAGE 11
4.5.3 Acoustically Induced Vibration (AIV)
The basis for the AIV assessment included in CAL-PR-004 is module T2.7 of the EI
Guidelines [8]. CAL-PR-004 includes the elements of T2.7 that enable the risk of AIV to
be determined. The formulae for these elements are included below.
AIV is only a risk if there is a pressure letdown station (i.e. control valve, relief valve or
restriction orifice) in the line. Additionally, for a 2-phase line if the liquid mass fraction is
greater than 0.2 then there is no risk of AIV. AIV is not applicable to liquid lines.
The user specifies if there is a pressure letdown station and then CAL-PR-004 determines
if there is an AIV Potential. If there is no potential there is no risk. If there is a potential
for AIV the Power Working Level (PWL) is calculated as follows:
PWL = 36 x LOG[W] + 12 x LOG[(t + 273.15) / MW] + 126.1 + SFF
Where; PWL = Power Working Level (dB)

W = Mass Flow Rate (kg/s)
t = Temperature Upstream of Pressure Letdown Station (°C)
MW = Molecular Weight of Gas Phase (kg/kgmol)
SFF = Sonic Flow Factor = 0 (based on the fact that all lines are sized to be
sub-sonic as per the CES)
If the PWL is greater than 155 dB then there is a risk of AIV.
4.5.4 2-Phase Flow Induced Vibration
(SHOULD BE DISREGARDED UNTIL FURTHER ASSESSMENT IS CARRIED OUT)
The EI Guidelines [8] do not provide an assessment methodology for vibration induced by
2-phase flow. Therefore, the work of Riverin et al [9] is used as the basis for the
assessment of 2-phase flow induced vibration.
The Likelihood of Failure (LOF) score is calculated using the following formula:
LOF = VP / VL
If the LOF score is > 1 then CAL-PR-004 returns a High (H) risk; if between 0.5 and 1.0 a
Medium (M) risk; and less than 0.5 a Low (L) risk.

ES49985 ZT Z 94 004 C4 PAGE 12
Calculation of VL
Support Arrangement VL
FLEXIBLE 1.822
MEDIUM 3.547
MEDIUM STIFF 4.641
STIFF 6.905
CAL-PR-004 returns the VL value according to the Support Arrangement determined in the
FIT assessment (refer to §4.5.1).
Calculation of VP
0.0036 × H × (G pf )0.5
VP =
(ro
2 2
)[ (
− ri × 0.25 ro − ri
4 4
) (r o
2
− ri
2
)]
0.25
Where; ro = Pipe External Radius (m)

ri = Pipe Internal Radius (m)
(
H = 0.5 × A × Dc × CF × − 2.3038 × 10 −3 ( d o / t ) 0.5 − 1.951335 × 10 −6 ( d o / t ) 2 + 0.4214579 ( d o / t ) −2 + 3.06871 × 10 −5 ( d o / t )1.5 + 0.0200985 )
−0.3862
D c = 0.5574 × d o
Where; CF = Calibration Factor (determined empirically) = 9.0
do = Pipe External Diameter (m)
t = pipe wall thickness (m)
A is defined in the following table:
Support Arrangement A
FLEXIBLE 1.850
MEDIUM 1.382
MEDIUM STIFF 1.210
STIFF 1.000
CAL-PR-004 returns the A value according to the Support Arrangement

determined in the FIT assessment (refer to §4.5.1).
Calculation of Gpf
1. Calculate the Homogeneous Void Fraction (β):
Qg
β=
(Q g + Ql )

ES49985 ZT Z 94 004 C4 PAGE 13
Where; Qg = Volumetric Flow Rate of Gas Phase (m3/s)

Ql = Volumetric Flow Rate of Liquid Phase (m3/s)
2. Calculate the Reduced Peak Frequency (fo):
f o = 10 a
Where;
a = -0.44962038993603 x β-1 - 0.178699698284705 x β + 0.0503494522972694 x β-2 -1.2500380195281 x β1.5
If β < 0.25 then fo = 0.064
3. Calculate Reduced Frequency (f):
F × di
f =
j
Where; di = pipe internal diameter (m)

j = Superficial Mixed Phase Velocity (m/s) – calculated in §4.4
F is defined in the following table:
Support Arrangement F
FLEXIBLE 1
MEDIUM 4
MEDIUM STIFF 7
STIFF 16
CAL-PR-004 returns the A value according to the Support Arrangement

determined in the FIT assessment (refer to §4.5.1).
4. Calculate the Normalised Force Power Spectral Density (Gpfn):
 G pfo  m2
If f > fo G pfn = 2.33 × 10 6 ×  m2 
(f )
 ( f o ) 
If f ≤ fo G pfn = 2.33 × 10 6 × G pfo
Where;
G pfo = 10 b
b = -0.759210725337181 x β-1 – 0.845011533462857 x β - 0.391927768123498 x β2 -0.726625440388921 x β-0.5
If β < 0.25 then Gpfo = 1.88 x 10-5
m2 = 3.08928571428569 - 34.9880952380951 x β + 57.4285714285712 x β2 -27.6190476190475 x β3


ES49985 ZT Z 94 004 C4 PAGE 14
If β < 0.25 then m2 = -2.5
5. Calculate Gpf
(
G pf = G pfn × ρ L × j 2 × d i ) × dj × We1
2 2 i
0.8
Where; ρL = Density of Liquid Phase (kg/m3)

We = Weber Number:
ρL × j 2 × di
We =
σ
Where; σ = surface tension (N/m)
5. INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE
The following steps should be followed when using CAL-PR-004:
1. Select the nominal pipe diameter from the list.

2. Select the service code from the list.
3. Enter the line number.
4. Select the pipe material class from the list. The pipe classes in the list are the ones
from the CES ref. 2 and 3. Due to project specificity, the user can add up to 5 pipe
classes (defined as future in the drop down list). The reference data for those
classes can be specified and the corresponding cells are not protected.
5. The line data will be automatically returned. Make sure that all data has been
returned. If not, it is likely that an invalid nominal pipe diameter has been selected
for the pipe material class. In which case correct this error in step 1.
For swivel and riser sizing, the internal diameter can be directly changed in the ID
cell (this cell has been unprotected for this purpose).
6. Enter the Process Data. This data should reflect the maximum actual flow
conditions. If the stream contains three phases the “2-Phase” worksheet shall be
used and the liquid Process Data should reflect the liquid phase with the higher
flow rate.
7. The Velocity and Pressure Drop (not applicable to 2-Phase) will be returned
automatically. A check area allows the user to verify that the actual velocity and
the actual pressure drop calculation are with the recommended limitation. If the
cell is green it signifies that the criteria are met, if not, it signifies that the criteria
are not met.
8. If the risk of Flow Induced Vibration (FIV) is high increase the line size and/or
reduce the pipe support Span Interval. The Piping discipline should be consulted
when reducing the Span Interval.
9. Repeat steps until an optimum line size is obtained.

ES49985 ZT Z 94 004 C4 PAGE 15
6. SOFTWARE VALIDATION
Refer to validation report number ES49985-RTZ94004.
7. SOFTWARE REVISION HISTORY

Revision Date Changes Reason for Change
C1 9-Dec-2011 N/A N/A
C2 16-Mar-2012 Vibration Assessment Added Added Functionality
C3 24-May-2012 Spreadsheet optimized to allow Comments from user incorporated
more flexibility and revised piping
material classes specifications
implemented (ref. 2 and 3).
C4 10-Jul-2012 Two bugs were highlighted, the Comments from user incorporated
spreadsheet has hence been
corrected and reissued.
Change in excel formula to calculate
f factor. Only the calculation step
has been changed not the
calculation itself.
Span Intervals were missing for
some schedule. They are added in
revision C4

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OFFICIAL COPY - ES49985 - ZTZ94004C4 - - - PDF Generated on 23-Aug-2012 3:08PM

SINGLE BUOY MOORINGS INC

C1 9-DEC-11 8 B. Timmins M. McAreavey M. McAreavey J-L. Isnard

C2 16-MAR-12 15 M. McAreavey XODUS M. McAreavey J-L. Isnard

C3 12-JUN-12 15 L. Gharios A. Gerritse A. Gerritse J-L. Isnard

C4 10-JUL-12 15 L. Gharios A. Gerritse A. Gerritse J-L. Isnard

CAL-PR-004 LINE SIZING

REVISION STATUS / SUMMARY OF CHANGES

REVISION REVISED CHAPTERS REVISION DESCRIPTION REASON FOR REVISION

C1 N/A For Comments First Issue

C2 ALL Re-issued for Comments Incorporation of Vibration Assessment

CAL-PR-004 LINE SIZING

1. SOFTWARE DETAILS ..........................................................................................................4

CAL-PR-004 LINE SIZING

Software Name Line Sizing

1. Corporate Engineering Standards, Process Design Standard, ES45000-STT92003A3.

CAL-PR-004 LINE SIZING

4.2 GAS LINE SIZING

Actual Volume Flowrate (AVF) is determined as follows:

Where; AVF = Actual Volume Flowrate (Am3/hr)

AVF = Q x M x 106 / (23.689 x 35.31 x 24 x ρ)

Where; AVF = Actual Volume Flowrate (Am3/hr)

The Mass Flowrate is calculated as follows:

Where; W = Mass Flowrate (kg/hr)

The Actual Velocity is calculated as follows:

CAL-PR-004 LINE SIZING

Where; u = Actual Velocity (m/s)

The Reynolds Number is calculated as follows:

Where; Re = Reynolds Number (dimensionless)

If Re > 2300 then;

A = -2 x LOG[(ε / d) / 3.7 + 12 / Re]

Where; f = Friction Factor (dimensionless)

Else if Re < 2300 then;

Where; ∆p = Pressure Drop per 100m (bar / 100m)

Where; ve = Erosional Velocity Limit (m/s)

vnoise = 175 / ρ0.43

CAL-PR-004 LINE SIZING

Or, 60 m/s, whichever is lowest

Where; vnoise = Noise Velocity Limit (m/s)

The Maximum Allowable Velocity is determined as the minimum of ve and vnoise.

4.3 LIQUID LINE SIZING

The Actual Volume Flowrate is the input value converted to m3/hr.

Where; y = Velocity Limit (m/s)

CAL-PR-004 LINE SIZING

4.4 2-PHASE LINE SIZING

The mixture density is calculated as follows:

Where; ρm = Mixture Density (kg/m3)

4.5 VIBRATION ASSESSMENT

4.5.1 Flow Induced Turbulence (FIT)

CAL-PR-004 LINE SIZING

The fluid momentum is calculated as follows:

Where; ρ = Fluid Density (kg/m3) – mixture density for 2-phase

FVF = µ0.5 / (0.001)0.5

Where; µ = Gas Viscosity (Pa.s)

Table 1 – Support Arrangement Determination

CAL-PR-004 LINE SIZING

The FIT Likelihood of Failure (LOF) is calculated as follows:

FIT LOF = FVF x ρ x v2 / Fv

Note that for liquid and 2-phase lines FVF is set to 1.

4.5.2 Flow Induced Pulsation (FLIP)

Dcrit = 1000 x [400 / (π x ρ x v2)]0.5

Where; Dcrit = Critical Diameter (mm)

CAL-PR-004 LINE SIZING