Prepared by : Y.H.

LIM

CHEMISTRY
FOLIO
CHAPTER 9: Manufactured Substances in Industry

NAME: LIM YAU HAO

CLASS: 4 SCIENCE
TEACHER: Pn.Huda
SCHOOL: SMK TMN MUTIARA RINI
2
 CONTENTS
Prepared by : Y.H.LIM

CHAPTER 9 : Manufactured Substances in Industry

9.1 Sulphuric Acid ............................................................................................... 1

Uses of Sulphuric Acid in Daily Life ..................................................................... 2
Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid ........................................................................... 3

9.2 Ammonia and its Salts ................................................................................... 5

Uses of Ammonia ............................................................................................... 6
The Properties of Ammonia ............................................................................... 8
The Industrial Process in the Manufacture of Ammonia ................................... 9

Haber Process ................................................................................................ 10

Ammonia Fertilisers ....................................................................................... 12

9.3 Alloys ........................................................................................................... 13

Physical Properties of Pure Metal ................................................................... 14

Importance , Properties , Composition and Uses of Alloys .............................. 15

(i)
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9.4 Synthetic Polymers ..................................................................................... 17

The Types of Synthetic Polymers .................................................................... 18

Uses of Synthetic Polymers in Daily Life ......................................................... 21

9.5 Glass and Ceramics ..................................................................................... 22

The Uses of Glass and Ceramics ...................................................................... 23

Glass................................................................................................................. 24

Ceramics .......................................................................................................... 25

The Uses of Improved Glass and Ceramics ..................................................... 26

9.6 Composite Materials .................................................................................. 27

The Properties , Compenent and the Uses of Composite Materials ................ 28

9.7 Appreciating Various Synthetic Industrial Materials ................................. 29

(ii)
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9.1: Sulphuric Acid
The manufacture of sulphuric acid is one of the most important chemical
industries at the present time.
The chemical formula for sulphuric acid is H₂SO4 , it is a
non-volatile diprotic acid.

The Uses of Sulphuric Acid in Daily Life

a) Manufactured of fertilizers
b) Manufactured of white pigment in paint barium sulphate
c) Manufactured of detergents
d) Manufactured of polymers
e) In school laboratories

a)Manufacture of fertilizers
Sulphuric acid reacts with tricalcium phosphate can produce the
superphosphate fertilizers which is calcium dihydrogen phosphate :
2H2SO4 + Ca3(PO4)2 Ca(H2PO4)2 + 2CaSO4
Calcium dihydrogen phosphate

Sulphuric acid reacts with aqueous ammonia can produce the

ammonium sulphate fertilizers :
H2SO4 + 2NH3 (NH4)2 SO4
ammonium sulphate
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Sulphuric acid reacts with potassium hydroxide can produce the

potassium sulphate fertilizers :
H2SO4 + 2KOH K2SO4 + 2H2 O
Potassium sulphate

b)Manufacture of White Pigment in paint barium sulphate

The sulphuric acid can reacts with the barium hydroxide to produce
the barium sulphate by the process which called neutralization :
H2SO4 + Ba(OH)2 BaSO4 + 2H2 O
Barium sulphate

c)Manufacture of detergents
Detergents are the cleaning agents such as washing powder , dish
soap etc.
Sulphuric acid reacts with hydrocarbon to produce sulphonic acid.
Sulphonic acid is then neutralized with sodium hydroxide to
produce detergent.

d)Manufacture of polymers
Polymers is a long molecule made up from lots of small molecules
which called monomers . Polymers also can be called as synthetic
fibre. Rayon is an example of a synthetic fibre that is produced from
the action of sulphuric acid on cellulose.
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e)In school laboratories
- As a strong acid
- As a drying or dehydrating agent
- As an oxidising agent
- As a sulphonating agent
- As a catalyst

Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid

Sulphuric acid is manufactured by the Contact Process .The raw
materials used in the Contact Process are sulphur , air and
water .This process involves three stages.

Stage I : Production of sulphur dioxide gas , SO2

Sulphur is burnt in furnace to produce sulphur dioxide.
S + O2 SO2
Stage II : Conversion of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide , SO3
Sulphur dioxide is reacted with oxygen to form sulphur trioxide
under the following conditions
Temperature: Between 450。C - 550。C
Catalyst used: Vanadium(V) Oxide , V2 O5
Pressure : 1 atmosphere , 1atm
2SO2 + O2 2SO3
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Stage III : Production of sulphuric acid
Sulphur trioxide dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid to form
oleum , H2S2O7 , viscous liquid.
SO3 + H2SO4 H2S2O7
Oleum is diluted with an equal volume of water to form
concentrated sulphuric acid (98%)
H2S2O7 + H2O 2H2SO4
The two reactions in stage III are equivalent to adding sulphur
trioxide to water.
SO3 + H2O H2SO4
Howerver, sulphur trioxide is not dissolved directly in water to
produce sulphuric acid. This is because
- SO3 has low solubility in water.
- SO3 reacts violently in water, producing a large amount of heat
which will cause the sulphuric acid evaporate and release to
surrounding . It will pollute the environment as the vapour of
sulphur acid dissolve in rains to form acid rains
Stage I Stage II Stage III

Diagram above shows the three stages in the manufacture of sulphuric acid by the Contact process in
industry.
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9.2 : Ammonia and Its Salts

Ammonia , NH3 is a very important compound in industry.

The main uses of ammonia:

a) To manufacture nitrogenous fertilizers such as ammonium
sulphate , ammonium nitrate and urea
b) Used as coolant in refrigerator , air conditioner
c) As a raw material for the manufacture of nitric acid in the
Ostwald process.
d) To be converted into nitric acid used for making explosives
e) To produce ammonium chloride used as an electrolyte in dry
cells
f) Prevent the coagulation of latex
g) Used in the manufacture of synthetic fibres such as nylon

a)The manufacture of nitrogenous fertilizers

1) Ammonium sulphate
Ammonia reacts with sulphuric acid by neutralization to produce
ammonium sulphate.
2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2 SO4
Ammonium sulphate
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2) Ammonium nitrate
Ammonia reacts with nitric acid by neutralization to produce
ammonium nitrate.
NH3 + HNO3 NH4NO3 Ammonium nitrate

3) Urea
Ammonia reacts with carbon dioxide at a temperature of
200。C and pressure of 200 atmospheres (200atm) to produce urea .
2NH3 + CO2 (NH2)2 CO + H2O

Urea

b)Coolant
Liquid ammonia is suitable for use as a cooling agent (refrigerant) in
refrigerators because it has low boiling point and very volatile

c)Raw materials in Ostwald process

In the Ostwald process, ammonia is converted into nitric acid by
following step:
1) Ammonia is oxidized to nitrogen monoxide gas in the presence of
platinum as the catalyst.

platinum
4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O
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2) Nitrogen monoxide is further oxidized to nitrogen dioxide

2NO + O2 2NO2

3) Nitrogen dioxide is dissolved in water to produce nitric acid

4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O 4HNO3

d)Explosives
Nitric acid is used to make explosives such as TNT when nitric acid
reacts with organic substance such as methylbenzene
(common name : toluene)

e)Electrolytes
Ammonia reacts with hydrogen chloride to produce ammonium
chloride which is used as the electrolyte in dry cells

f)Prevent the coagulation of latex

Ammonia can neutralize the organic acids that are produced by
microorganisim in latex. Thus it is used to maintain latex in liquid
form.
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The Properties of Ammonia

a) Colourless and pungent gas
b) It is less dense than air
c) An alkaline gas (change moist red litmus paper to blue)

d) Extremely soluble in water and produce a weak alkali

NH3 + H2O NH4OH NH4+ + OH-

e) 0.1mol dm-3 ammonia solution has a pH value of about 10

f) Reacts with aicd to form ammonium salt

NH3 + HNO3 NH4NO3
2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2 SO4

g) Reacts with solution of metal ions (except Na+ , K+ and Ca2+) to

produce precipitates of metal hydroxides in aqueous state.It
produces hydroxide ions to react with metal ions.

Fe3+ + 3OH- Fe(OH)3

Brown precipitate

Mg2+ + 2OH- Mg(OH)2

White precipitate
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h) Ammonia gas reacts with hydrogen chloride to form a white

smoke of ammonium chloride.
NH3 + HCl NH4Cl

i) Some metal hydroxide such as zinc hydroxide and copper (II)

hydroxide dissolve in excess aqueous ammonia to form
complexes.
Zn(OH)2 + 4NH3 [Zn(NH3)4]2+ + 2OH-
Cu(OH)2 + 4NH3 [Cu(NH3)4]2+ + 2OH-

The Industrial Process in the Manufacture of Ammonia

The Haber process is the industrial method used to prepare ammonia
gas on a large scale using nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas.

In 1981, Fritz Haber was awarded the Nobel prize for his
discovery of the manufacture of ammonia gas from hydrogen
gas and nitrogen gas
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Haber Process
Nitrogen gas used in the Haber process is obtained from the factional
distillation of liquid air. Hydrogen gas used in the Haber process can be
obtained by two methods :
(a) The reaction between steam and heated coke (carbon)
H2O + C CO + H2
This mixture is known as water gas

(b) The reaction between steam and natural gas (consists mainly
of methane, CH4 )
2H2O + CH4 CO2 + 4H2

In the Haber process :

(a) A mixture consisting of one volume of nitrogen gas and three
volumes of pure and dry hydrogen gas is compressed to a
pressure between 200 – 500 atmospheres.
(b) The gas mixture is passed through a catalyst of powdered iron at
a temperature of 450 – 550。C.
(c) At this optimum temperature and pressure, ammonia gas is
produced

N2 + 3H2 2NH3
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Figure The manufacture of ammonia gas by the Haber process

The gas mixture produced consists of about 17% ammonia gas. The
ammonia gas is liquefied when gas mixture is cooled.The unreacted
nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas are pumped back and be reacted again.

Ammonium Fertilisers
1) Plants require nitrogen to produce protein. Nitrogen is absorbed by
plants in the form of nitrates, NO3- which are soluble in water.

2) Ammonium fertilizers are chemical fertilizers added to soil to

replace the elements in soil used up by plants.

3) Ammonium fertilizers contain ammonium ions, NH4+ , that can be

converted into nitrate ions by bacteria living in the soil .
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4) The effectiveness of ammonium fertilizers is determined by the

percentage of nitrogen by mass in them .The fertilizer with a higher
percentage of nitrogen is more effective.

5) The percentage of nitrogen by mass can be calculated using the

following formula:

Percentage of nitrogen by mass

Mass of nitrogen
= X 100%
Molar mass of fertiliser

Percentage of
Compound Formula Molar mass nitrogen by
mass
14
X 100%
Ammonia NH3 17 17
= 82.35%
28
X 100%
Ammonium NH4NO3 86 80
Nitrate = 35%
28
X 100%
Ammonium (NH4)2SO4 132 132
sulphate = 21.21%
28
X 100%
Urea CO(NH2)2 60 60
= 46.67%
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9.3 : Alloys

Physical Properties of Pure Metals

(a) Weak and Soft

(b) Contains atoms of the same size arranged in a regular and

organized closed-packed structure

(c) Ductile
When a force is applied to a metal, the atoms can slide over one
another easily.This makes the metals ductile and metals can be
drawn to form long wires (Figure 9.3a)

Force

Firgure 9.3a Ductility of pure metal

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(d) Malleable
Empty space exists in the structures of pure metals.When
hammered or pressed , groups of metal atoms may slide into new
positions in these empty spaces. This makes metal malleable ,
able to be made into different shapes or pressed into thin
sheets(Figure 9.3b)

Force

Figure 9.3b Malleability of pure metal

So, how to overcome these weakness??

• The properties of a particular metal can be improved if it is mixed with
another metal or non-metal.
•Such mixture of metals are called alloys . Some alloys also contain
non-metals.
•As atom of different metals have different sizes, adding another metal
disrupts the regular arrangement of atoms.As a result, the alloy is
stronger and harder than the pure metal.Usually only small quantities of
other metals are added to the pure metal.
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Force

Additional atom does not allow

atoms to slide over one another
Figure alloy

So, what is alloy?

Alloy is a mixture of two or more elements with a certain composition in
which major component is a metal.Alloying is the process to mix the
different elements in specific ratio to produce new mixture with desire
characteristic.

Importance of alloys
• increase strength and hardness of metals
• to prevent corrosion of metals
• to improve appearance of metal
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Composition, Properties and uses of alloys

Alloy Composition Properties Uses
Carbon steel 99% iron Hard and strong building , bridges , heavy
1% carbon machinery , body of vehicles

Stainless steel 74% iron Shiny , strong , and cultery , chemical plant ,
18% chromium resists corrosion machine parts
8% nickel

Bronze 90% copper Hard , strong and shiny Ornaments , medals , statues ,
10% tin swords

Brass 70% copper Hard and shiny Ornaments , electrical

30% zinc appliances , kitchenware

Magnalium 70% aluminium Light , hard and strong Aircraft body frames , rims of
30% magnesium racing car tyres

Duralumin 95% aluminium Light , hard and strong Fan blade , electrical cable ,
3% copper racing bicycles , bodies of
1% magnesium aircraft , bullet trains
1% manganese

Pewter 97% tin Lustrous and strong Ornaments , candlesticks ,

3% copper and mugs, souvenirs
antimony
Solder 50% tin Hard , shiny , and with Electrical wires and metal
50% lead low melting point pipes

Cupro-nickel 75% copper Hard , shiny and resists Coinage

25% nickel corrosion (10sen , 20sen , 50sen)

Constantan 60% copper High electrical Thermocouples , electrical

40% nickel resistance over a wide resistors
range of temperature
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9.4 : Synthetic Polymers

What are polymers?

Polymers are large molecules made up of many smaller and identical
repeating units joined together by covalent bonds. These small
molecules that are joined together to form the big molecule known as
monomers.
Polymerisation
Polymerisation is a chemical process that monomers joined together to
form polymers.
Two types of polymerisation:
1) Addition polymerisation
2) Condensation polymerisation
Polymerisation
A A A A A A -A-A-A-A-A-A-
Monomers Polymers

Polymers
The relative molecular mass of polymers is large because it is
macromolecule (a very big molecule)
The properties of a polymer are different from its monomers
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Polymers can be devided into 2 types :

a) Naturally occurring polymers
-Polymers that exist in living thing in nature (plants and animals)

b) Synthetic polymers
-Polymers that are man-made by chemical processes in the
laboratories.

a)Naturally Occurring Polymers

Examples :

1) Protein : in muscles , skin , silk , hair , wool and fur

Amino acid is the monomer that can be polymerised to form
protein.
polymerization
Amino acid Protein
(monomers) (polymer)

2) Carbohydrates : in starch and cellulose

Glucose is the monomer that can be polymerised to form
carbohydrates.
polymerisation
Glucose Carbohydrat
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3) Natural rubber : in latex

Isoprene is the monomer that can be polymerised to form natural
rubber.

( )
H CH3 H H H CH3 H H
nC = C C=C C = C C=C
H H H H n
Isoprene(monomer) natural rubber (polymer)

b)Synthetic Polymers
Three types of synthetic polymers:
1) Plastic
When subjected to heat , becomes soft so they can be moulded into
various shapes.
It is light, strong and inert to chemicals such as alkali and acid and
are insulators of electricity and heat.
Examples : polyethylene , PVC , polypropylene , Perspex , Bakelite

2) Synthetic fibres
Long chain polymers that withstand stretching.
Examples: Nylon ( make rope,fishing lines , stocking , clothing )
Terylene ( clothing, sleeping bags , fishing nets )
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3) Elastomers
Can regain its original shape after being stretched or pressed
Examples: natural rubber , synthetic rubber (neoprene,SBR)
Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) is used to make car tyres

Examples of synthetic polymer , their monomers and uses

Synthetic Polymer Monomer Uses
Polyethylene (PE) Ethene, C2H4 Plastic bag , plastic
IUPAC name: polythene container, plastic toys,
plastic cups and plates
Polypropylene (PP) Propene, C3H6 Plastic bottles, plastic
IUPAC name: polypropene tables, car battery cases,
ropes
Polyvinylchloride(PVC) Chloroethene, C2H3Cl Water pipe, shoes , bags,
IUPAC name: polychloroethene rain clothes, wire casing
Polystyrene(PS) Phenylethene, Packaging materials.
IUPAC name: polyphenylethene C6H5CH= CH2 Toys. Heat insulator ,
disposable cup, plates
Perspex (PP) Methyl-2-methyl Safety glass, airplane
IUPAC name: poly(methyl-2- propenoate glass, car lamps , traffic
methylpropenoate) (methylemetacrylate) signs, lens , reflectors and
CH2 = C(CH3)CO2CH3 toys
Teflon(PTFE) Tetrafluoroethene,C2F4 Coating for non-stick
IUPAC name: frying pans and electrical
polytetrafluoroerhene insulators
Terylene Hexane-1 , 6-diol and Clothing, sleeping bags,
Benzene-1 , 4- sails, ropes, fishing net
dicarbonxylic acid
Nylon Hexane-1, 6-diol and Ropes, stocking, carpets,
hexane-1, 6-dioic acid parachutes , fishing lines
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Uses of Synthetic Polymers in Daily Life

a) strong and light
b) Cheap
c) Able to resist corrosion
d) Inert to chemical reactions
e) Easily moulded or shaped and be coloured
f) Can be made to have special properties

Pollution Problem Caused by Synthetic Polymers

Synthetic polymer cannot be decomposed by bacteria or other micro-
organisms.Hence, polymers will not decay like other organic garbage.
Discarded plastic items may cause blockage of drainage systems and
rivers thus causing flash floods.Small plastic items that are thrown into
the rivers, lakes, seas are sometimes swallowed by aquatic animals and
cause them die.
Plastic container that are not buried in the ground will become breeding
grounds for mosquitoes which will cause diseases such as dengue.
The opening burning of polymers will release the poisonous gases that
will cause air pollution.
Methods to Overcome Environment Problems of Polymers
- Reduce, reuse and recycle synthetic polymers
- Develop biodegradable polymers
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9.5 Glass and Ceramics

The raw materials for making glass and ceramics are obtained from
Earth’s crust.
Main component of glass and ceramics: Silica / Silicon dioxide, SiO2

Properties of Glass and Ceramics

a) Hard but brittle
b) Inert to chemical reactions
c) Insulators of electricity
d) Poor conductors of heat and electricity
e) Withstand compression but not tension (stretching)
f) Can be easily cleaned
g) High melting point

The uses of glass and ceramics also depends on their differences.

Table 9.5a shows the differences between glass and ceramic.

Glass Ceramic
Transparent Opaque
Softens when heated High melting point , hence retains
shape on heating
Impermeable Usually porous except when glazed
Table 9.5a The differences in properties between glass and ceramic
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Table 9.5b The uses of glass

Property of Uses Examples
glass
Inert Household materials Lamp,bottles,glasses,plates,
bowls and kitchen wares
Transparent Building materials Mirrors and window glass
Industrial materials Bulbs,glass tube for radios,
radars and televisions
Inert and easily Scientific apparatus Lens,burettes,beaker,test
cleaned tubes, conical flask,prism

Table 9.5c The uses of ceramics

Property of ceramics Uses Examples
Hard and strong Building materials Bricks,tiles and
cement
Long lasting and non- Materials for Plates, bowl, cooking
corrosive decorative items utensils,porcelain and
vases
Electrical insulators To make electrical Insulators in toasters
insulating parts and irons, spark plugs
in car engines
Inert and hard In surgical and dental Artificial hands,legs
apparatus and teeth
Semiconductor type of As microchips To make microchips in
ceramics computers,radios and
televisions
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Glass
Fused glass is the simplest type of glass, which consists mainly of silica
or silicon dioxide.Occasionally a little boron oxide is added.
Other types of glass are mainly metal silicates.
Table 9.5d shows the type of glass and their uses.
Name of glass Composition Properties Examples
of uses
Fused glass Silicon dioxide -High melting point, Telescope
-Difficult to change the mirrors, lens,
shape optical fibres
-Good heat insulator
Soda lime glass Silicon dioxide -Low melting point Bottle, light
Calcium oxide -Transparent bulb, flat
Sodium oxide -Easily shaped glass, bowls
Borosilicate Silicon dioxide -High melting point Laboratory
glass (Pyrex) Boron oxide -Good heat insulator apparatus,
Sodium oxide -Resistant to heat and Cooking
Aluminium oxide chemical attack untensils ,
-Transparent to visible electrical-
and infrared radiations tubes and
glass pipelines
Lead glass Silicon dioxide -Low melting point Decorative
Lead(II) oxide -High density items, crystal
Sodium oxide -High refractive index glasswares,
lens
Table 9.5d properties , composition and uses of different types of glass

 The coloured glass is produced by adding traces of transition metal

oxides to it.
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Ceramics
 Ceramic is manufactured substance made from clay that is dried
and then baked in a kiln at high temperature.
 The main constituent of clay is aluminate, silica, and feldspar.
 Kaolinite is an example of high quality white clay that consist of
hydrated aluminosilicate crystals.
 Red clay contains iron (III) oxide which gives its red colour.
Examples: Tiles, Cement , Bricks , Porcelain
 Table 9.5e shows the comparison between metals, non-metals and
ceramics

Property Metals Non-metals Ceramics

Melting point High Low Very high
Hardness Hard but ductile Usually not hard Very hard but
and malleable brittle
Heat Good Poor Poor
conductivity
Electrical Good Poor Poor
conductivity
Reactivity to Very reactive Reactive Unreactive
chemicals
Table 9.5e Comparison between metals,non-metals and ceramics
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The Uses of Improved Glass
 Photochromic Glass
The type of glass that is sensitive to light intensity.The glass
darkens when exposed to sunlight but becomes clear when light
intensity decreases.It is produced when a dispersion of silver
chloride, AgCl or sulver bromide, AgBr is added to normal glass

 Conducting Glass
The type of glass that can conduct electricity.It is produced by
embledding a thin layer of conducting material in glass.It can be
classified to two types.The first type is produced by adding indium
tin (IV) oxide (ITO) to conduct the electricity.This type is used in
the making of LED (Liquid Crystal Display) panel.Another type is
produced by thin gold treads.It is used to heat the windows of
aircraft to remove the condensed water by passing electric current.

The Uses of Ceramics

 Superconductor
The type of ceramics that conducts electricity without loss of
electrical energy.It is used to make light magnets, electric motors
and electrical generators

 Ceramic Car Engine Block

Type of ceramics that has a high thermal resistance.At a higher
temperature,the combustion of fuel becomes more efficient and
produces more energy with less pollution.
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9.6 : Composite Materials

Composite material is a structural material formed by combining two or
more materials with different physical properties, producing a complex
mixture.
Composite materials will have different properties far more superior to
the originsl materials.So, it can overcome the limitations of the original
materials.
Two phases of composite materials :
 Continuous Phase (Base)
 Dispersed Phase (Matrix)

Properties of Composite Materials :

a) Harder
b) Stronger
c) Lighter (Low density)
d) More resistant to heat and corrosion
e) Made for specific purposes

Types of Composite Materials

Reinforced concrete , Superconductor , Fibre optic (optical fibres )pr ,
Fibreglass , Photochromic glass
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Table 9.6 shows the properties of composite materials compared to their
components and the uses of composites.

Composite Component Properties of Properties of Uses of

material component composite composites
Reinforced Concrete Hard but brittle, Stronger, higher framework for
concrete With low tensile tensile strength, high ways,
Strength not so brittle , bridges and
Steel Hard with high does not corrode high-rise
tensile strength easily , can builidings
but expensive withstand higher
and can corrode applied forces and
loads
Superconductor Copper(II) oxide Insulator of Conducts Effient
Yittrium oxide electricity electricity without generators,
and resistance when electric cables,
Barium oxide cooled by liquid Amplifiers,
nitrogen computer parts
Fibre optics Glass of low Tranparent does Reflect light rays Transmit data
(Optical fibres) refractive index not reflect light and allow light in the form of
Glass of higher rays rays to travel light in tele-
refractive index along the fibre communication
Fibreglass Glass Heavy, strong Light , strong, Water and
but brittle and tough,resilient and food storage
non-flexible flexible , with containers,
Polyester plastic Light , flexible, high tensile boats,roofing,
elastic but weak strength , not swimming pool
and inflammable inflammable linings,car
bodies, fishing
rod
Photochromic Glass Transparent and Sensitive to light: Photochromic
glass non sensitive to Darkens when optical lens,
light light intensity is camera lens,
Silver chloride or Sensitive to light high , becomes car windshields
silver bromide clear when light ,optical
intensity is low switches
Table 9.6 properties of composite materials compared to their components and the uses of composites.
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9.7 Appreciating Various Synthetic Industrial Materials

 Continuous research and development (R & D) is required to

produce better materials used to improve our standard of living.
 New materials are required to overcome new challenges and
problems we face in the changing world.
 Synthetic materials are developed constantly due to the limitation
and shortage of natural materials.
 New needs and new problems will stimulate the development of
new synthetic materials.For example, the use of new plastic
composite material will replace metal in the making of a stronger
and lighter car body. This will save fuel and improve speed. Plastic
composite materials may one day be used to make organs for
organs transplant in human bodies. New superconductors made
from composite materials are developed.
 The understanding of the interaction between different chemicals is
important for both the development of new synthetic materials as
waste.
 A responsible and systemic method of handling the waste of
synthetic materials and their by-products is important to prevent
environmental pollution. The recycling and development of
environmentally friendly synthetic material should be enforced.