DAFTAR ISI

Halaman

KATA PENGANTAR ........................................................................ ii

DAFTAR ISI ...................................................................................... iii

DAFTAR GAMBAR .......................................................................... v

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ......................................................................... vi

I. PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang ......................................................................... 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah .................................................................. 1
1.3 Tujuan Umum ......................................................................... 2
1.4 Tujuan Khusus.......................................................................... 2

II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA

2.1 Sejarah Pembentukan Batubara .......................................... 3
2.1.1 Asal Mula Batubara ...................................................... 3
2.1.2 Definisi Batubara........................................................... 4
2.1.3 Proses Terbentukya Batubara ........................................ 5
2.1.4 Materi Pembentuk Batubara .......................................... 8

2.2 Penambangan Batubara ........................................................ 10

2.2.1 Penambangan Terbuka....................................................... 10
2.2.2 Penambangan Dalam atau Bawah ................................... 11
2.2.3 Penambangan Bawah Air ............................................... 11
2.2.4 Penambangan di Tempat ................................................ 11

2.3 Dampak Penambangan Batuba ra ........................................ 11

2.3.1 Dampak Terhadap Lingkungan ..................................... 12
2.3.2 Dampak Terhadap Manusia .......................................... 13
2.3.3 Dampak Sosial dan Kemasyarakatan ............................ 13

2.4 Penanggulangan Dampak dari Pertambangan Batubara .. 14

2.5.1 Desulfurisasi .................................................................. 14
2.5.2 Membuang NOx dari Batubara ...................................... 14
2.5.3 Pencucian Batubara ........................................................ 16

2.5 Analisis Batubara ................................................................... 16

2.5.1 Basis Untuk Mengklasifikasikan Batubara .................... 16
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 2.5.2 Berbagai Metode Standar Analisis Batubara ................. 17
2.5.2.1 Berbagai Standar Nasional ................................ 17
2.5.2.2 Standar Internasional ......................................... 18
2.5.2.3 Standar Indonesia (SNI)..................................... 18

2.6 Penentuan Kualitas Batubara ............................................... 18

2.6.1 Analisis Proksimat .......................................................... 18
2.6.1.1 Penentuan Moisture ............................................ 18
2.6.1.2 Penentuan Ash .................................................... 20
2.6.1.3 Penentuan Volatile Matter .................................. 21
2.6.1.4 Penentuan Fixed Carbon .................................... 22
2.6.2 Analisis Ultimate ............................................................ 22
2.6.2.1 Penentuan Carbon, Hydrogen .............................. 23
2.6.2.2 Penentuan Nitrogen ............................................. 24
2.6.2.3 Penentuan Kadar Sulfur ..................................... 25
2.6.2.4 Penentuan Oxygen ............................................... 26
2.6.3 Parameter Khusus Batubara Bahan Bakar ...................... 26
2.6.3.1 Penentuan Calorific Value.................................. 26
2.6.3.2 Penentuan Hardgrove Grindability Index........... 27
2.6.3.4 Penentuan Suhu Leleh Ash ................................. 28

2.7 Klasifikasi Kualitas Batubara ............................................... 31

2.8 Teknologi Pemanfaatan Batubara ........................................ 35

2.8.1 Batubara Sebagai Bahan Bakar Padat ............................. 35
2.8.1.1 PLTU ................................................................... 35
2.8.1.2 Industri Besi dan Baja ......................................... 36
2.8.1.3 Industri Semen .................................................... 37
2.8.2 Gasifikasi Batubara .......................................................... 37
2.8.3 Likuifaksi Batubara ........................................................ 44
2.8.4 Briket Batubara .............................................................. 46
2.8.5 Batubara sebagai Non Bahan Bakar .............................. 47
2.8.5.1 Karbon Aktif ....................................................... 47
2.8.5.2 Pemanfaatan Abu Batubara ............................... 50

III. CADANGAN BATUBARA INDONESIA................................. 52

3.1 Sumber Daya Batubara .......................................................... 52
3.1.1. Kelas Sumber Daya ................................................... 52
3.2 Cadangan Batubara ................................................................ 53
3.2.1 Cadangan Batubara di Sumatera Selatan ...................... 54
3.2.2 Cadangan Batubara di Indonesia .................................. 55
3.2.3 Cadangan Batubara di Dunia ....................................... 57

IV. KESIMPULAN ........................................................................... 59

4.1 Kesimpulan .............................................................................. 59

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4.2 Saran ............................................................................................. 59

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ......................................................................... 60

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 DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar Halaman

1. Proses Pembentukan Batubara .......................................................................... 7

2. Underground Mining ........................................................................................ 11
3. Underwater Mining ........................................................................................... 12
4. Bom Kalorimeter .............................................................................................. 27
5. Ash yang Dicetak Berbentuk Piramida ............................................................. 29
6. Abu yang Dihaluskan ........................................................................................ 30
7. Penentuan AFT ................................................................................................. 31
8. Antrasit ............................................................................................................. 32
9. Bituminus ......................................................................................................... 33
10. Sub-Bituminus ............................................................................................... 33
11. Lignit .............................................................................................................. 34
12. Gambut ........................................................................................................... 35
13. Skema Industri Besi dan Baja ......................................................................... 37
14. Fixed Bed Gasifier .......................................................................................... 39
15. Reaksi Kimia pada Fixed Bed Gasifier .......................................................... 39
16. Fluidized Bed Gasifier .................................................................................... 40
17. Entrained Gasifier ........................................................................................... 41
18. Molten Bath Gasifier ....................................................................................... 42
19. Diagram Alir Proses Gasifikasi di Dalam Gasifier ......................................... 44
20. Briket Batubara .............................................................................................. 46
21. Penyebaran Batubara di Indonesia .................................................................. 55
22. Grafik Sumber Daya dan Cadangan Batubara di Indonesia ........................... 57
23. Distribusi Cadangan Batubara di Dunia.......................................................... 58

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 DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel Halaman

1. Mengubah Basis Batubara ........................................................................ 17

2. Spesifikasi Karbon Aktif .......................................................................... 49
3. Daerah Batubara Sumatera Selatan .......................................................... 55
4. Jumlah Sumberdaya Batubara di Indonesia .............................................. 56
5. Cadangan Batubara di Dunia ................................................................... 57
6. Data Konsumsi Batubara di Dunia ........................................................... 58

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