2007
Filtering
α max = 20 log10 1 + ε 2( )
• Passband: 1 − δ p ≤ G (e jω ) ≤ 1 + δ p ω ≤ωp α max ≅ −20 log10 (1 − 2δ p )
jω
• Stopband: G (e ) ≤ δ s ω p ≤ ω ≤ π ≅ 2α p , δ p << 1
• Peak passband ripple: α p = −20 log10 (1 − δ p ) dB
• Minimum stopband attenuation: α s = −20 log10 (δ s ) dB
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Mitra 3rd Edition: Chapter 9 Mitra 3rd Edition: Chapter 9
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zero at z=0
N
Ak pole at z=1/e
G( z) = ∑
k =1 1 − e −α k T z −1
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− jπ
s-plane s’-plane
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• The s-plane transfer function Ha(s) gives a z-plane 1) jΩ-axis, Re(s)=0; this gives |z|=1
transfer function The frequency axis from s-plane is mapped onto
the unit circle
G ( z ) = H a (s) 2 ⎛ 1− z −1 ⎞⎟ 2) Left-half s-plane, Re(s)<0; |1+(T/2)s| < |1-(T/2)s| or |z|<1
s = ⎜⎜
T ⎝ 1+ z −1 ⎟⎠
Left-half s-plane is mapped inside the unit circle
3) Right-half s-plane, Re(s)>0; |1+(T/2)s| > |1-(T/2)s| or |z|>1
The right-half s-plane is mapped outside the unit circle
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Example: First Order Butterworth Filter Designed Example: First Order Butterworth Filter Designed
by the Bilinear Transformation by the Bilinear Transformation
1 1 1
H a (s) = → H ( z) = 2 ⎛ 1− z −1 ⎞⎟
=
s +1 s +1 s = ⎜⎜ 2 ⎛ 1 − z −1 ⎞
T ⎝ 1+ z −1 ⎟⎠ ⎜ ⎟ +1
T ⎜⎝ 1 + z −1 ⎟⎠
1 + z −1 1 + z −1 1 + z −1
⇒ H ( z) = = =
2
( )
1 − z −1 + 1 + z −1 ⎛⎜1 − ⎞⎟ z −1 + 1 +
2 2 3 − z −1
T ⎝ T⎠ T T =1
• The entire frequency axis from the s-plane is mapped
zero at z=-1 onto the unit circle in the z-plane one-to-one
pole at z=1/3
=> NO ALIASING !
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Mitra 3rd Edition: Chapter 9 Copyright © 2001, S. K. Mitra
Mitra 3rd Edition: Chapter 9 Copyright © 2001, S. K. Mitra
Computer-Aided Design of
Digital Filters Summary
• IIR digital filter design is usually carried out by
• Least-p Criterion - In practice, the p-th power error
transforming a prototype analog transfer function from
measure is approximated as
K
the s-domain into the z-domain
ε = ∑{W (e jωi )[H (e jωi ) − D(e jωi )]} p • The widely used bilinear transform method is based on
i =1 this approach
where ωi, 1 ≤ i ≤ K, is a suitably chosen dense grid • The design programs, e.g., Matlab Signal Processing
of digital angular frequencies Toolbox, produce filters with Butterworth, Chebyshev,
• For linear-phase FIR filter design, H(ejω) and are and elliptic magnitude responses
zero-phase frequency responses • Computer-aided iterative techniques are capable of
• For IIR filter design, H(ejω) and D(ejω) are magnitude designing filters with more general magnitude
functions functions and responses
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Mitra 3rd Edition: Chapter 9