CORROSION RESEARCH INFO

1. Introduction The number of sour (CO2 + H2S containing) oil and gas fields being produced
worldwide is increasing, as sweet (CO2 containing) fields are being depleted, and higher oil prices
made it possible for profitable development of sour oil and gas fields. A concern in the production
and transportation sour oil and gas is the corrosion caused by the acid gases CO2 and H2S. Even
though corrosion resistant alloys (CRA) has long been available as a material selection option that
mitigates CO2 and H2S corrosion, carbon steel is in general more cost-effective for oil and gas
facilities and hence, is the most widely used material option [1]. The internal corrosion of carbon
steel pipeline in the presence of CO2 and H2S was firstly recognized in the 1940s and has been
investigated for over 60 years [2]. Several studies have shown that the presence of H2S could
either cause an acceleration or an inhibition of the corrosion of carbon steel, depending on the
partial pressure of H2S. It was reported from early studies that at H2S concentrations below 690
Pa, a protective iron sulfide film formed. At H2S concentrations greater than 690 Pa, a non-
protective film formed [3–5]. More recently, Ma et al. ∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 740 593
9944. E-mail address: choiy@ohio.edu (Y.-S. Choi). claimed that H2S provides a strong inhibition
under certain special conditions that have lower H2S concentration (≤0.04 mmol dm−3), pH value
of 3–5, and longer immersion time (≥2 h) [6]. Abelev et al. also reported that 5 ppm of H2S
concentration have an inhibiting effect on corrosion in the presence of CO2 [7]. Even though there
is no absolute criterion for the H2S concentration that provides inhibition, it has been suggested
that the inhibition effect is related to the formation of iron sulfide with different crystal structures,
such as amorphous ferrous sulfide, mackinawite, cubic ferrous sulfide, smythite, greigite,
pyrrhotite, troilite, and pyrite [8–12]. However, there is no clear understanding of the nature of
the surface layer formed in CO2/H2S environments as well as their protective properties in acidic
solutions when the concentration of H2S is too low to cause a concern of the surface layer cracking
or blistering. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of very low-level H2S on CO2
corrosion of carbon steel in acidic solutions, and to investigate themechanism of the iron sulfide
layer formation in CO2/H2S environments. Effect of H2S on the CO2 corrosion of carbon steel in
acidic solutions Yoon-Seok Choi a,∗, Srdjan Nesic a, Shiun Ling b a Institute for Corrosion and
Multiphase Technology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University,
342 West State Street, Athens, OH 45701, USA b ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company,
1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, NJ 08801, USA.
http://www.icmt.ohio.edu/documents/publications/8192.pdf
Tubing and casing failure due to corrosion is common problem in the oil industry. One of
major concerns associated with casing failure is loss of wellbore integrity. The exposure
of casing or tubular to wet CO2 and H2S environment under high-pressure high-
temperature (HPHT) condition creates a potential risk of failure. Therefore, the material
designed to serve in such corrosive environment must be highly reliable due to the
excessive cost of casing/tubing replacement or repair. CO2 corrosion of carbon steel is
greatly determined by surrounding pressure, temperature, type of steel, water
chemistry, flow condition and composition of the gas phase (e.g. presence of hydrogen
sulfide or other corrosive gases). Influence of H2S on the sweet carbon steel corrosion
is still not fully understood. In the past few decades, wet CO2-H2S corrosion occurring
under low-pressure and low-temperature condition has been investigated theoretically
and experimentally.
Generally, kinetics of corrosion process is greatly influence by its mechanism, which
often involves a series of steps. The rate of corrosion process is determined by the
slowest step in the dominant (i.e. rate controlling) mechanism. In sour gas environment,
CO2/H2S ratio (CHR), which is defined as ratio of partial pressure of CO2 to that of H2S,
is critical parameter that determines the dominant corrosion mechanism (Smith and
Pacheco, 2002; Woollam et al., 2011).
Presence H2S in brine solution can accelerate or inhibit corrosion process regardless of
CO2presence. A number of studies (Ma et al., 2000, Nordsveen et al., 2003, Das and
Khanna, 2004a, Das and Khanna, 2004b, Brown et al., 2004, Brown and Nesic,
2005, Lee and Nesic, 2005, Sun et al., 2006, Nesic et al., 2008, Nesic et al.,
2009, Camacho et al., 2008, Abelev et al., 2009, Solehudin et al., 2010; Jingen et al.,
2001; Choi et al., 2011, Wen-Fei et al., 2012) have been shown significant reduction in
CO2 corrosion due to presence of small amount of H2S (<10 ppm). Nevertheless, there
are some conflicting studies (Yin et al., 2008, Kvarekval et al., 2002, Videm and
Kvarekval, 1995, Valdes et al., 1998; Zhang et al., 2009), which reported exacerbation
of CO2 corrosion with introduction of less 10 ppm H2S.

Corrosion behaviour of carbon steel in different

concentrations of HCl solutions containing H2S at 90 °C
Author links open overlay panelJunwenTangaYaweiShaoabTaoZhangabGuozheMengabFuhuiWangab
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2011.01.041Get rights and content

 Abstract
The corrosion behavior of SAE-1020 carbon steel in H2S-containing solutions with
different concentration of HCl at 90 °C was investigated by weight loss, electrochemical
measurements, SEM and XRD analysis. The results showed that the corrosion rate of
carbon steel increased with increasing HCl concentration. Uniform corrosion was found
on the carbon steel surface in H2S + HCl solutions, while corrosion cavities were
observed in the solution only containing H2S. The ratio of Faradaic process of total
corrosion process increased with the increase of HCl concentration. The corrosion
products were solely composed of mackinawite in the H2S-containing solutions with or
without HCl.

Research highlights

► The corrosion rate of carbon steel increased with increasing HCl concentration. ►
Uniform corrosion was found on the carbon steel surface in H2S + HCl solutions, while
corrosion cavities were observed in the solution only containing H2S. ► The ratio of
Faradaic process of total corrosion process increased with the increase of HCl
concentration. ► The impedance diagram were tried to analyze from the theoretical
calculation.
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Keywords
A. Steel
B. Weight loss
B. EIS
B. SEM
B. XRD
C. Acid corrosion

1. Introduction
Petrochemical plants have suffered continuous economic loss and human casualties
due to metallic materials corrosion in H2S-containing environments [1]. The salts and
sulfide compounds dissolved in crude oil can provoke the formation of a corrosive
aqueous solution whose chemical composition involves the presence of both
hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) [2], [3]. This corrosion aqueous
solution is very aggressive causing varied damages on carbon steel during plant
operation in primary distillation plants.
Several previous studies have been performed related to the corrosion process of iron
and steel in H2S solutions [2], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15].
These works studied the influence of H2S on the corrosion phenomena at ambient
temperature. In H2S-containing solutions, the corrosion process of metal may be
accompanied by the formation of sulfide film on the metal surface and leads to more
complicated corrosion behavior [12]. Previous researches have shown that H2S had a
remarkable acceleration effect on both the anodic iron dissolution and the cathodic
evolution in most cases [6], [7], [8], [9], but H2S may exhibited an inhibitive effect on the
corrosion of iron or steel weld while the lower H2S concentration (⩽0.04 mmol L−1), pH
value of 3–5, and the longer immersion time (⩾2 h) are met
simultaneously [7], [8], [12], [13]. Recently, the influence of H2S concentration on the
corrosion behavior of carbon steel at 90 °C has been investigated [16]. However, little
research has been done on the corrosion behavior of carbon steel in the presence of
H2S and HCl at the temperature of the condensation system in primary distillation
plants, which usually is greater than 70 °C.
Therefore, the purpose of the present work was to study the effect of HCl concentration
on the corrosion behavior of SAE-1020 carbon steel in H2S-containing solutions at a
typical temperature (90 °C) of the condensation system in CNPC primary distillation
plants by means of weight loss method, electrochemical measurements, X-ray
diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Corrosion of pipelines in CO2-saturated oil-water emulsion

flow studied by electrochemical measurements and
computational fluid dynamics modeling
Author links open overlay panelQiangLiHaitaoHuY. FrankCheng
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2016.09.011Get rights and content

Highlights
•
Investigated pipeline corrosion in oil-water emulsion flow.
 •
Determined the parametric effects on oil pipeline corrosion.

•
Proposed an empirical method and CFD modeling for pipeline corrosion
prediction.

Abstract
In this work, corrosion of a X65 pipeline steel in CO2-saturated oil-free solutions and oil-
water emulsions was investigated using a home-made pipe flow system by various
electrochemical measurements and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. It is
found that, in both oil-free solutions and oil-water emulsions, the mass-transfer of
corrosive species, such as H+ and H2CO3, dominates the cathodic process during
corrosion of the steel. With the increase of the flow velocity, the mass transfer is
accelerated, contributing to increased corrosion. The presence of oil in the fluid
decreases the steel corrosion, and the effect is amplified with the increasing oil content.
This is attributed to the increased opportunity that the pipe wall becomes oil-wetting
when the fluid contains more oil. The CFDsimulation and the parameter derivation,
combined with a semi-empirical model, are able to predict the corrosion rate of steels in
CO2-saturated oil-water emulsion flow.
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Keywords
Pipelines
Corrosion
Oil-water emulsions
Electrochemical measurements
Computational fluid dynamics modeling

1. Introduction
Pipelines made of carbon steels suffer from serious internal corrosion in upstream oil
gathering systems, where CO2 is dissolved in water, generating highly corrosive
environments. The steel corrosion is further accelerated by fluid flow, causing so-called
flow-assisted corrosion. To date, CO2 corrosion of pipelines has been extensively
studied, and a great number of corrosion mechanism and predictive models have been
proposed to understand and address this challenge (Kermani and Morshed,
2003, Zhang and Cheng, 2009a, Li et al., 2009, Tran et al., 2014, Yevtushenko et al.,
2012, Song, 2010).
The CO2 corrosion is a quite complex process, involving multiple chemical and
electrochemical reactions occurring simultaneously, with a number of factors affecting
the corrosion mechanism and rate (Zhang and Cheng, 2010, Li et al., 2014, Ikeda et al.,
1984). These include CO2 partial pressure, temperature, solution pH, flow velocity, steel
chemistry, etc. In particular, the presence of oily phase in the fluid affects remarkably
corrosion of the steel (Huet and Nogueira, 2003, Zhang and Cheng, 2009b, Becerra et
al., 2000). Generally, when the interior of a pipe is oil-wetted, the steel surface is
covered by oil. As a result, corrosive species existing in aqueous phase are not able to
reach the steel to cause corrosion. Thus, the oil can inhibit internal corrosion of
pipelines. However, maintenance of oil-wetting of the pipe steel depends on the
properties of the oil-water emulsion and the fluid hydrodynamics, such as the ratio of the
amount of oil to that of water, flow velocity, temperature, pipe geometry, etc. (Vera and
Hernandez, 2006, Da Silva et al., 2006).
While rotating electrode techniques and jet impingement apparatus have been used to
study flow-assisted corrosion (Efird et al., 1993, Burstein and Sasaki, 2001, Tian and
Cheng, 2008, Niu and Cheng, 2008, Hasan, 2015), a flow loop is able to produce fluid
hydrodynamic conditions that are representative of those encountered in pipe flow. By
virtue of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation (Xu and Cheng, 2008, Yang
and Cheng, 2012, Thaker and Banerjee, 2016, Hu and Cheng, 2016), the flow loop
facility provides a promising alternative to investigate the fluid flow in pipelines and its
effect on steel corrosion. Furthermore, if the investigations of corrosion of oil
pipelines do not consider the effect of oil phase, this would deviate from the actual
environment of a pipeline in upstream oil production, making the results not
representative of the reality. The novelty of this work is to study steel pipe corrosion in
oil-water emulsions on a flow loop system, ensuring that the testing conditions are
representative of those encountered in practice.
In this work, the corrosion of an API (American Petroleum Institute) X65 pipeline steel in
CO2-saturated oil-free solutions and oil-water emulsions was investigated using a home-
made pipe flow system. Electrochemical measurements, including
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization
curves, were conducted to determine the corrosion mechanism and rate under various
conditions. Parametric effects, such as flow velocity, temperature and the content of oil
in the fluid, on steel corrosion were determined. The CFD simulation was performed to
understand the presence of oil in the fluid, and to derive parameters that were used by a
semi-empirical model to predict CO2corrosion rate of pipeline steel in oil-water
emulsions.

Modeling and experimental studies on CO2-H2S corrosion of

API carbon steels under high-pressure
Author links open overlay panelRidaElgaddafiRamadanAhmedSubhashShah
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2017.06.030Get rights and content

Highlights
•
Test specimens were cut from API carbon steel tubes (T95, C110 and Q125).

•
Specimens were exposed to H2S-CO2-brine environment for 1 week.
•
Tensile strength tests were conducted on unexposed and exposed specimens.

•
Corrosion rate is determined using weight loss method.

•
Model predictions and measurements show reasonable agreement.

Abstract
This article presents results of a corrosion study conducted to investigate performance
of API carbon steels (T95, C110 and Q125) in high-pressure sour environment. This
study is aimed to shows the impact of H2S concentration on corrosion of these materials
and developed a mathematical model to predict corrosion rate.
Corrosion tests were carried out in 2% NaCl solution saturated with mixed gas
containing H2S, CO2 and CH4. H2S concentration was varied from 0 to 150 ppm (mole
basis) while maintaining the concentrations of CH4 and CO2 approximately at 50%. Test
 pressure and temperature were 41.37 MPa and 38 °C. Weight loss (WL) technique was
used to measure corrosion rate after one-week exposure.
Results show that addition of small amount of H2S (less than 10 ppm) promotes
CO2corrosion, regardless of the type of steel. Q125 carbon steel demonstrated
higher corrosion resistance than other tested steels, especially in absence of H2S.
Various scattered and non-protective corrosion scales were formed on tested specimen
surface. A very dense compact scale was formed on C110 carbon steel at 50 ppm H2S,
resulting in considerable reduction in corrosion rate.
To identify the existence of visually undetectable localized corrosion, the specimen
Load Carrying Capacity (LCC) was measured using a tensile strength measuring
apparatus. Reduction in total Load Carrying Capacity (ΔLCCT) and reduction in Load
Carrying Capacity due to uniform corrosion (ΔLCCuc) were determined and compared to
detect localized corrosion. When tests were conducted with C110 and Q125 carbon
steels at H2S concentration of 50 ppm, ΔLCCT and ΔLCCuc showed significant difference
indicating the occurrence of some form of localized corrosion along with uniform
corrosion.
A corrosion model, which is valid for high-pressure has been developed considering
homogenous chemical reactions, mass transfer process and electrochemical reactions.
Model predictions demonstrate reasonable agreement with measurements with
maximum discrepancy of 25%, mostly resulting from formation of corrosion scale.
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Keywords
Corrosion
Tubular
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen sulfide
High pressure

1. Introduction
Tubing and casing failure due to corrosion is common problem in the oil industry. One of
major concerns associated with casing failure is loss of wellbore integrity. The exposure
of casing or tubular to wet CO2 and H2S environment under high-pressure high-
temperature (HPHT) condition creates a potential risk of failure. Therefore, the material
designed to serve in such corrosive environment must be highly reliable due to the
excessive cost of casing/tubing replacement or repair. CO2 corrosion of carbon steel is
greatly determined by surrounding pressure, temperature, type of steel, water
chemistry, flow condition and composition of the gas phase (e.g. presence of hydrogen
sulfide or other corrosive gases). Influence of H2S on the sweet carbon steel corrosion is
still not fully understood. In the past few decades, wet CO2-H2S corrosion occurring
under low-pressure and low-temperature condition has been investigated theoretically
and experimentally.
Generally, kinetics of corrosion process is greatly influence by its mechanism, which
often involves a series of steps. The rate of corrosion process is determined by the
slowest step in the dominant (i.e. rate controlling) mechanism. In sour gas environment,
CO2/H2S ratio (CHR), which is defined as ratio of partial pressure of CO2 to that of H2S,
is critical parameter that determines the dominant corrosion mechanism (Smith and
Pacheco, 2002; Woollam et al., 2011).
Presence H2S in brine solution can accelerate or inhibit corrosion process regardless of
CO2presence. A number of studies (Ma et al., 2000, Nordsveen et al., 2003, Das and
Khanna, 2004a, Das and Khanna, 2004b, Brown et al., 2004, Brown and Nesic,
2005, Lee and Nesic, 2005, Sun et al., 2006, Nesic et al., 2008, Nesic et al.,
2009, Camacho et al., 2008, Abelev et al., 2009, Solehudin et al., 2010; Jingen et al.,
2001; Choi et al., 2011, Wen-Fei et al., 2012) have been shown significant reduction in
CO2 corrosion due to presence of small amount of H2S (<10 ppm). Nevertheless, there
are some conflicting studies (Yin et al., 2008, Kvarekval et al., 2002, Videm and
Kvarekval, 1995, Valdes et al., 1998; Zhang et al., 2009), which reported exacerbation
of CO2 corrosion with introduction of less 10 ppm H2S.
The CHR is frequently considered as a means of categorizing CO2-H2S corrosion
damage (Kermani et al., 2004). Regardless of NaCl concentration, there is a strong
relationship between CHR and corrosion rate (Agrawal et al., 2004). Type, thickness
and chemical composition of protective scale formed during CO2-H2S corrosion is
determined by material type, CHR and other operational parameters. A very common
strategy for corrosion mitigation is selecting a material type that resists the corrosive
environment. Although special corrosion resistant alloys are available to reduce CO 2-
H2S corrosion risk, less expensive materials such as 5Cr low-alloy and 13Cr stainless
steels are often used because of their economic benefits (Bonis et al., 2006, Kermani
and Morshed, 2003). Very limited studies have been conducted to investigate the
effects of material type on aqueous CO2-H2S corrosion. A study (Perdomo et al., 2000)
performed on API 5L X52 and 5L Grade B steels demonstrated increased corrosion rate
for Grade B with increasing H2S concentration, reaching to a peak value and then
reduction. X52 steel did not show reversal of corrosion rate trend. The rate continuously
increased. The reversal of corrosion rate trend in Grade B steel is attributed to the
formation of a compact uniform FeS layer.
Accurate prediction of corrosion rate is critical in developing a well plan and/or
performing wellbore integrity assessment. Various models (Anderko and Young,
1999, Sun and Nešić, 2007, ; Nesic et al., 2008, Nesic et al., 2009, Fardisi et al.,
2012, Zheng et al., 2014, Elgaddafi et al., 2016a) have been developed to forecast CO2-
H2S corrosion under low and moderate pressure conditions. An earlier model developed
by Anderko and Young (1999)combines CO2-H2S corrosion model with a
thermodynamic-based solubility model. The model considers formation of protective
scales such as iron carbonate and iron sulfide. Although a satisfactory agreement
between model predictions and experimental measurements has been observed, its
applicability is not clear above 30 bar. Currently, experimental data that show CO2-H2S
corrosion of steels under high pressure is very scarce and applicability of existing
models is questionable at high pressure. Hence, the current study aims to fill this
knowledge gap by: i) assessing performance of common oil-fieldcarbon steels (T95,
C110, and Q125) in sour environment under high pressure, ii) evaluating the impact of
H2S presence on CO2 corrosion; iii) investigating formation of protective scale and
occurrence of localized corrosion; iv) Improving existing models to predict CO2-H2S
corrosion of steels under high pressure; and v) evaluating impact of wet CO 2-H2S
corrosion on mechanical performance of steels.
A recent model (Fardisi et al., 2012) combines chemical and electrochemical reactions
and mass transport process. It considers formation of iron sulfide scale. This means that
presence of CO2 facilitates corrosion by promoting electrochemical reaction, while scale
formation is controlled by H2S concentration. The model is applicable when CHR is less
than 500. Reasonable agreement between model predictions and experimental
measurements has been reported. Later, a similar model (Zheng et al., 2014) is
developed for short-term exposure prior to formation of protective iron sulfide scale. The
new model developed in this study is based on these models (Dayalan et al.,
1995, Wang et al., 2002, Elgaddafi et al., 2015). To determine the contributions of H2S
to the corrosion process, two mechanisms (direct reduction and buffering effect) are
considered in the development of the model.
 Corrosion of pipelines in CO2-saturated oil-water emulsion
flow studied by electrochemical measurements and
computational fluid dynamics modeling
Author links open overlay panelQiangLiHaitaoHuY. FrankCheng
Show more

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2016.09.011Get rights and content

Highlights
•
Investigated pipeline corrosion in oil-water emulsion flow.

•
Determined the parametric effects on oil pipeline corrosion.

•
Proposed an empirical method and CFD modeling for pipeline corrosion
prediction.

Abstract
In this work, corrosion of a X65 pipeline steel in CO2-saturated oil-free solutions and oil-
water emulsions was investigated using a home-made pipe flow system by various
electrochemical measurements and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. It is
found that, in both oil-free solutions and oil-water emulsions, the mass-transfer of
corrosive species, such as H+ and H2CO3, dominates the cathodic process during
corrosion of the steel. With the increase of the flow velocity, the mass transfer is
accelerated, contributing to increased corrosion. The presence of oil in the fluid
decreases the steel corrosion, and the effect is amplified with the increasing oil content.
This is attributed to the increased opportunity that the pipe wall becomes oil-wetting
when the fluid contains more oil. The CFDsimulation and the parameter derivation,
combined with a semi-empirical model, are able to predict the corrosion rate of steels in
CO2-saturated oil-water emulsion flow.
 Previous article in issue
 Next article in issue

Keywords
Pipelines
Corrosion
Oil-water emulsions
Electrochemical measurements
Computational fluid dynamics modeling

1. Introduction
Pipelines made of carbon steels suffer from serious internal corrosion in upstream oil
gathering systems, where CO2 is dissolved in water, generating highly corrosive
environments. The steel corrosion is further accelerated by fluid flow, causing so-called
flow-assisted corrosion. To date, CO2 corrosion of pipelines has been extensively
studied, and a great number of corrosion mechanism and predictive models have been
proposed to understand and address this challenge (Kermani and Morshed,
2003, Zhang and Cheng, 2009a, Li et al., 2009, Tran et al., 2014, Yevtushenko et al.,
2012, Song, 2010).
The CO2 corrosion is a quite complex process, involving multiple chemical and
electrochemical reactions occurring simultaneously, with a number of factors affecting
the corrosion mechanism and rate (Zhang and Cheng, 2010, Li et al., 2014, Ikeda et al.,
1984). These include CO2 partial pressure, temperature, solution pH, flow velocity, steel
chemistry, etc. In particular, the presence of oily phase in the fluid affects remarkably
corrosion of the steel (Huet and Nogueira, 2003, Zhang and Cheng, 2009b, Becerra et
al., 2000). Generally, when the interior of a pipe is oil-wetted, the steel surface is
covered by oil. As a result, corrosive species existing in aqueous phase are not able to
reach the steel to cause corrosion. Thus, the oil can inhibit internal corrosion of
pipelines. However, maintenance of oil-wetting of the pipe steel depends on the
properties of the oil-water emulsion and the fluid hydrodynamics, such as the ratio of the
amount of oil to that of water, flow velocity, temperature, pipe geometry, etc. (Vera and
Hernandez, 2006, Da Silva et al., 2006).
While rotating electrode techniques and jet impingement apparatus have been used to
study flow-assisted corrosion (Efird et al., 1993, Burstein and Sasaki, 2001, Tian and
Cheng, 2008, Niu and Cheng, 2008, Hasan, 2015), a flow loop is able to produce fluid
hydrodynamic conditions that are representative of those encountered in pipe flow. By
virtue of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation (Xu and Cheng, 2008, Yang
and Cheng, 2012, Thaker and Banerjee, 2016, Hu and Cheng, 2016), the flow loop
facility provides a promising alternative to investigate the fluid flow in pipelines and its
effect on steel corrosion. Furthermore, if the investigations of corrosion of oil
pipelines do not consider the effect of oil phase, this would deviate from the actual
environment of a pipeline in upstream oil production, making the results not
representative of the reality. The novelty of this work is to study steel pipe corrosion in
oil-water emulsions on a flow loop system, ensuring that the testing conditions are
representative of those encountered in practice.
In this work, the corrosion of an API (American Petroleum Institute) X65 pipeline steel in
CO2-saturated oil-free solutions and oil-water emulsions was investigated using a home-
made pipe flow system. Electrochemical measurements, including
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization
curves, were conducted to determine the corrosion mechanism and rate under various
conditions. Parametric effects, such as flow velocity, temperature and the content of oil
in the fluid, on steel corrosion were determined. The CFD simulation was performed to
understand the presence of oil in the fluid, and to derive parameters that were used by a
semi-empirical model to predict CO2corrosion rate of pipeline steel in oil-water
emulsions.