•One of the most important components of a research design is the research instruments because
they gather or collect data or information.
•These research instruments or tools are ways of gathering data. Without them, data would be
impossible to put in hand.
•QUESTIONAIRE
•The most common instrument or tool of research for obtaining the data beyond the physical reach
of the observer which, for ex. May be sent to human beings who are thousands of miles away or
just around the corner.
•Clarity of language
•Singleness of purpose
•Correct grammar
•2. be careful in using descriptive adjectives and adverbs that have no agreed-upon meaning
•9. phrase questions so that they are appropriate for all respondents
•12.consider the possibility of classifying the respondents yourself rather than having the
respondents choose categories
•Advantages
•Preserves the anonymity and confidentiality of the respondents’ reactions and answers
•Disadvantages
•It is in a sense of an oral questionnaire. Instead of writing the response, the interviewee gives the
needed information orally and face-to-face. With a skillful interviewer, the interview is often superior
to other data-gathering device.
•- to collect data
•Types of Interview
•Structured or standardized
•Unstructured or unstandardized
•Telephone interview
•RATING SCALE
•Thurstone Technique
•Likert Method
•Semantic Differential
•CHECKLIST
•The simplest of the devices, consists of a prepared list of items. The presence or absence of the
item may be indicated by inserting the appropriate word or number
•SOCIOMETRY
•Technique for describing the social relationships among individuals in a group. In a indirect way it
attempts to describe attractions or repulsions between individuals by asking them to indicate whom
they would choose or reject in various situations
•Main tool in historical research but a subsidiary tool in descriptive research and less used in
experimental research
•SCORECARD
•A rating that may yield a total weighted score that can be used in evaluating communities,
buildings, sites, schools, or textbooks.
•It combined with other standardized tests in the assessment of individuals’ operations and
situations
•An information form that attempts to measure the attitude or belief of an individual
•OBSERVATION
•Perceiving data through the senses: sight, hearing, taste touch and smell
•Types of Observation
•PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS
•An instrument designed to describe and measure a sample of certain aspects of human behavior
•e.i. performance test, paper and pencil test, achievement inventory, personality inventory and
projective devices
•tend to be highly reliable and cover a wide range of student performance level
•Types of Validity
•Content validity
•a. expert judgment
•Criterion validity
•Construct validity
•Test-retest method
•Split-half method
•Validate the instrument to ensure that the data to be collected are valid
•Check the reliability of the instrument to ensure that the data collected are reliable and accurate
•Ensure that the instrument, say questionnaire, is objective, simple, meaningful, easily administered
and adequate in collecting the needed data
•Be able to obtain accurate and reliable data in the procedure of investigation
•Be able to obtain recommendations and suggestions for the enrichment of the instrument
•After pretest or try-out, revision must be made in content structure or format, mechanics and
organization before an actual investigation is made