1

The Level of Social Media Habitude among Senior High School Students towards to their

Daily Lives in Masagana High School

Abenoja., Z.

Balauag.,S.

Dalisay.,M.

Dulin.,J.

Pasamonte.,A

Pizaroo.,M

Masagana High school

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Chapter 1: Problem Rationale

Introduction

Today's world is a global village. Everyone is connected to one another in this vast

network generated by the internet. As said by Marshall McLuhan, a philosopher of

communication theory, "The new electronic independence re-creates the world in the

image of a global village. This electronic independence in inherently dependent upon the

internet. It illuminates the lives of thousands people by spreading knowledge

internationally, thereby making us global citizens.

Sometime to show confidence by sharing their latest achievements with friends.

Sometimes to evoke empathy by sharing something sentimental with the world. Everyone

uses it differently. And many of us are using social media as per our priorities and

knowledge to achieve our means. Social media is a time pass platform for most people,

especially the younger population. The content on social media is so much engaging that

people even forget about the time and their sense of purpose and goals. Today, social media

networking websites and apps create captivating content to make people excited and

conversational, but this happens to such an extent that people find themselves being

addicted to it.

How do they Influence the Lives of Students? Humans are social animals. We always

like to remain in some group or another and we prefer to follow what this group does. All

of our traditions and cultures are the product of this group oriented facet of human nature.

A well-known American psychologist, Abraham Maslow, stated in his "Theory of

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motivation" that the social need of human beings is the third most important requirement

after our physical and safety needs, the third tier in his hierarchy of needs. Even our self-

esteem comes after this social dependence. This is the main reason billions of people use

social networking to stay connected, make friends and satisfy their social needs.

Actually, many reasons exist that explain why students love to spend time socializing,

firstly social networks provide them the freedom to do whatever they want, to upload what

they want and talk to whom they want. They like to make new friends and comment on the

lives of different people.

Getting too involved in social media can lead to an addiction that inculcates bad

habits. Students prefer to chat with friends for hours, and this leads to a waste of time that

could have been used for studying, playing or learning new skills, It is often said that a long

term friendship or relationship is developed when people meet each other, spend time and

share their experience and hence cannot produce a healthy relationship with those friends.

Also, these relationship tend to terminate easily due to lack of personal contact.

The system generates a competition to make as many new friends as possible and the

so-called "social quotient" of a person is decided by how many friends they have and not

on how good natured and congenial the person really is. Often, students who are not old

enough to accurately analyze the world "like" or comment on social or political issues, and

this leads sometimes to serious controversies. Considering all of the above pros and cons, it

is necessary to develop certain regulations over the use of social of such social networking

sites, especially for high school and college students. But still, students should get the choice

to spend time socializing in an effective way. It should not hamper their school or college
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performance, and it should be kept in mind that social networking sites create virtual

worlds that drastically differ from reality. Students should develop the cognitive and

intuitive ability to analyze how much time they want to spend on social media. It is left up

to the students to decide what really matters in their life and how much of this virtual life

translates to real life.

Research Rationale

Almost everything has been influenced by technology in the correct era of rapid

development, technology facilities people's live and creates more comfort. It has

remarkably improved the quality of life due to this advancement, young people of this

generation are getting used to find the easiest and most convenient way. As for the students

and faculty of Masagana High School, finding the easiest and the most convenient way in

relation to subject evaluation process and class management. So that the students will get

and find easy easy way to study but not at all because some of them may abuse the

technology. Another senario is the social media use contribute to lower academic

performance, low self perceptions and less interest in collage oriented careers. Academic

exellence plays in important role in an individuals life be it in the family, at social

gatherings , at work place, in aristitution or even among peers. Therefore, this research

most often in subject evaluation, students tend to overload subjects. This adding is based

on prerequisites of subject which the evaluation commitee often fails to check. So that the

researchers are encouraged to conduct a study entitled the level of social media habitude

towards to the daily lives among Masagana High School student. Which gift solution to the
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problems especially the evaluation of subject and the distribution of students in each class

this project tought to propose a more organized and convenient way of reasuring the most

easiest way to study and It is desired that the bottom line of this study would contribute to

the advancement of the management as well as the convennience of the students and

faculty.

Significance of the Study

STUDENTS: For them to grasp self knowledge and awareness on how they use it

appropriately,hence this undertaking teaches responsible behaviour of an end-user of

Information technology.

TEACHERS:For them to familiarize on the different level of social media habitude or

inclination.

PARENTS:This study will avail/serve as their medium to evaluate and to encourage their

siblings to use cellular phones in good ways.

RESEARCHER:As a researcher we discover that there are pros and cons of being addicted

to social media and how to minimize it and use our time to do good things.
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FUTURE RESEARCHERS:This study will give them a concrete explanation and also this

research of ours will be their shepherd to give some spice in their future own research.

Research Impediments

Social Media is seen by many people as the best way of learning to get a good life and a

good career. It is also thought as an assistant to understand life and the world and to

produce ideas about them. Therefore, new reform technologies are being held to construct

a new system that assists students to learn more in their academic performance. The

importance of technology as of Social Media is to lessons and how to teach students to

increase their potential and develop scientific thinking in accordance with the

contemporary conditions and to implement these abilities into student’s daily life. Despite

these studies, most of the students perceive Social Media as their habitude towards their

daily lives. The Impediments in The Level of Social Media Habitude Towards Daily Lives

have been seen necessary. The aim of this research is to take the student's opinion about

impediments while learning studies by the use of technologies. The questionnaire prepared

by researchers was given to all grade level students.

In the questionnaire, questions about how social media helps while they’re studying and

how it helps towards to their daily lives were asked to the students. The questions were

edited by the expert’s opinions.

Another one is the impediments in Social Media Habitude Towards their Daily Lives were

determined with regards to the student’s opinions. The results will be presented and based

on these results, some recommendations will be given.

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Definition of Terms

API - Application programming interface: Specifies how software components interact. On

the web, APIs allow content to be embedded and shared between locations (it’s a protocol

that dictates how one piece of software interacts with another. Most social networks

provide APIs so third party clients can interact with or collect data from the network).

Asymmetrical connection –-A one-way connection between users. That is, a user may

connect with a second without the second user connecting with the first.

Asynchronous communications: Messages are sent back and forth in a situation where

communication is not dependent on a time or place (for example: emailing, forums, etc.).

Avatar - In a social media context, an icon or figure representing a particular person/user.

Blogroll - Found on a blog, a list of hyperlinks to other blogs or websites.

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Blog - Can be either a verb or a noun: 1) A website or page upon which an individual or

organization records opinions, articles, links to other sites, etc. on a regular basis; 2) The

act of adding new material to a blog.

Blogosphere –- Used to describe the overall or total blogging environment on the Internet,

along with all the conversations and content connected to that environment.

Bulletin boards - See “forums”.

Outlink – A link found on your website pointing to another website.

Comments –-Typically, user-generated feedback on an online news article or blog post

(usually appearing at the foot of the article).

Community Manager - An employee at an organization or company that works to build,

grow and manage online communities and social media engagement around a brand or
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issue.

Connection - In the context of a social network, a connection is a link between two users.

This link can either be symmetrical or asymmetrical (see: Asymmetrical Connection and

Symmetrical Connection). Depending on the social networking service, a connection can

allow a user to view a connected user’s profile, view the user’s content, view the user’s

other connections, etc. Each social network has it’s own unique terminology for

connections (e.g. Facebook refers to them as friends, LinkedIn refers to them as

connections and Twitter refers to them as followers).9

Content – Any kind of meaningful information (text, photos, videos, audio, etc.) on the

Internet.

Content management system (CMS) - A program designed to allow a user to manage

a website’s content creation, modification, and removal without having to write HTML
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code. Most commonly used to run websites which require frequent edits, such as blogs or

news sites.

Conversation –- The back-and-forth exchange of information between users.

Crowdsource -Using the collective brainpower, enthusiasm, skills and opinions of

large numbers of people via social technology to solve problems or build solutions.

Embed -– To integrate data into the body of a file or document, in the form of a code. Can

be used to share multimedia, sounds, fonts, and (unfortunately) viruses.

Engage -– Attracting users’ attention and actively involving them in a conversation.

Evangelist - In the social media sense, someone (typically with a fair amount of influence

or social standing) who champions a particular product, company, process or other

consumable item.
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Forums - Typically, an online message board on a particular niche topic or subject

that features an active user base, but does not include most of the advanced social

features of most mainstream social media platforms such as Facebook or Twitter.

Microblogging -Refers to blogs that focus on smaller updates. Often facilitated by a

social network platform, examples including Twitter and Tumblr. Some focus on video or

picture updates, while others restrict posts to a certain number of characters.

Geolocation/Geotagging - The exact geographic location of an object , person, etc.

Geographical coordinates can be embedded in media such as photos or videos, SMS

messages, and websites to assist other users in accessing precise location information.

Klout: -Is an online and mobile application that ranks users according to their social

influence.
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Linear content -– Content that exists within a defined timeline such as movies, books,

short stories and television shows.

Listening -– Monitoring how a specific company, brand, product, or person is being

discussed and/or perceived on the Internet. Also referred to as social media

monitoring12

Live-blogging –- To blog about a particular event as it is happening, in real-time.

Lurker –- A user of a social media site or message board who consumes information

readily but does not regularly or actively contribute via posts, conversations or other

means.

RSS – Rich site summary.

Second screen –- The use of a device (typically a tablet or smartphone) to provide

interactive features to enhance “linear content” being viewed on another device, typically a
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television.

Sentiment – The attitude or opinion of the writer and their work.

SEO -– Search engine optimization.

Thread -– An individual conversational trail within a social media platform, forum or bulletin

board, typically beginning with an original post and continuing with comments and

conversation attached to that original post.

Symmetrical Connection -– A two-way connection between users. That is, for one user to

connect with a second, the second user must reciprocate the connection with the first.

While many older social networks required symmetrical connections, many newer

networks have allowed for one-way, asymmetrical.

Synchronous communications: Communication that happens in real-time like audio,

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video, or face-to-face conversations.

Viral -– The rapid and widespread circulation of Internet content from one user to another.

Webinar -– A live seminar hosted over the internet. Allows interaction between the

presenter and the audience.

Wiki -– A website combining the ongoing work of many authors, allowing users to modify

the content of previous authors14

Facebook

Profile - – A user’s personal, customizable page.

Feed -– A news feed of updates posted by those on your friends list, as well as from

groups and pages to which you have subscribed.

Fan/company/brand/group page -– A bounded collection of individuals sharing

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something in common, be it fandom of a particular band, musician or brand, interests,

hobbies, values or other identifiable differentiator. Some groups are private, but most are

public and can be joined by any users on the site. Individuals can also be invited to these

pages by current members.

Friend -– A member of your Facebook contact list.

Fan -– A user who follows and receives updates from a particular Facebook page. The

user must “like” the page in order to become a fan of it.

Like -– A one-click option allowing people to denote their enjoyment of a post.

Like-Gate – -Being unable to view content unless the page is “liked.”

Places –- Geographic locations a user has visited, based on geolocation/geotagging.

Organic Reach – -The number of people who saw your post without paying to promote it.
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Paid Reach –- The number of people who saw your post due to paid promotion.

Poke -– A one-click option sending a notification to a friend or friend of a friend that they’ve

been “poked”.

Privacy settings – -Settings allowing a user to decide what content other users are able to

view, and who is able to contact them.

Reach – -The total number of people who saw your post (includes organic and paid reach).

Tag –- A link to a user’s profile. Users can be “tagged” in photos or status updates.

Wall -– The space on a profile or fan page where users can share posts, photos and links.

Friend/unfriend (verb) -To add or remove someone from your Facebook contact list.

Post - A post made in the social networking site, Facebook.16

Sponsored/Promoted content – Paid advertisements targeted towards specific

audiences, based on demographics chosen by the advertisers.

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Apps –-Mini-programs, such as games, made by third-parties to run within the Facebook

system.

Recommended pages –-A list of pages a user may be interested in, based on previous

page views, check-ins, likes, and friends.

Share (verb) –-A one-click way of sharing a status, link, or image with your friends. Users

can share content from friends’ pages or from Internet sources.

Status update –- Users can say what’s on their mind, check-in, tag who they’re with,

and/or upload photos. The status update will appear on the newsfeed of their friends.17

Twitter

Tweet – A post on popular micro-blogging site Twitter.

Timeline – Similar to Facebook, a news feed of updates posted or retweeted by those a

user follows.
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Retweet (RT) – When other Twitter users re-post a post made by another user.

Modified tweet (MT) – Same as a retweet, but with text that’s been slightly changed,

hence the word “modified”.

Follow – Subscribing to the updates of fellow users.

Following – Users whose twitter feeds you subscribe to.

Follower – A subscriber of another user’s Twitter feed.

Handle – Unique name applied to each Twitter user. Handles are typically prepended with

the “@” symbol.

Hashtag – A mechanism in Twitter used to group posts under the same topic, by including

a specific word preceded by the # symbol (a word, or tag, denoted with a hash: hashtag).

Lists – A grouping mechanism where users can group other users into identifiable
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batches based on pre-defined criteria (for example: Journalist/media lists, PR practitioner

lists, analyst lists, etc.).

Live-tweeting – The same as “live blogging”, but using tweets to tell the story in real-time

instead of blog posts.

Direct message (DM) – An instant, direct and private message from one Twitter user to

another that appears in a user’s “messages” box. Not to be confused with a tweet, which

appears on users’ timelines and is usually public.

Twitter API – The protocol that allows software and third party clients to interact with and

collect data from Twitter. The open nature of Twitter’s original API gave rise to a large

number of third party Twitter clients, which allowed users to bypass the Twitter website.

Twitter has since restricted it’s API, making it more difficult for these clients to operate.
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Version 1.1 of Twitter’s API was released in 2012.

Protected tweets – When a Twitter user restricts viewing of their tweets to approved

20followers onlya

Google+

+1 Button – Allows users to appreciate your content, much like a Facebook like. If a user

+1’s your content, it also makes it more relevant in Google searches and improves your

content’s SEO.

Circles -– These are categories that you can create to organize your followers and who

you follow. You can name them whatever you like, and when sharing content you can

choose to share with people in specific circles, with people in your extended circles, or

publicly.

Communities -– A forum created by brands or individuals to discuss certain topics,

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services, or to share information in general.

Extended Circles- – When sharing with your extended circles, you’re sharing with people

in your circle’s circles. When choosing this option your content may appear on someone in

your circle’s stream, allowing people in their circles can see it.

Google+ Streams -– Like a Newsfeed on Facebook, a Google+ stream shows content that

has either been posted publicly, or by people in your circles.

Hangout -– A video chat. A Google Hangout can host up to 10 participants.

Hangout on Air (HOA) -– A broadcasted Google Hangout and can be watched live from a

user’s Google Plus page. After the Hangout has finished, it can be found both on the

user’s Google Plus page or their YouTube page.

Local –- This allows for you company’s contact information to be viewable in search
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engines when searched.

Page -– A Google+ profile for a brand or business.

Profile –- This page displays your information, profile picture, and the content that you’ve

shared on Google Plus. It’s similar to a Facebook profile.

Share –- Allows for other users to share your content on their streams.

Tag -– Similar to Facebook, you can tag someone in a Google+ post by typing “+” and

finding their name from the dropdown menu. This sends the user a notification letting them

know you’ve mentioned them.

YouTube

Views –- The number of times a YouTube video has been opened.

Channel –- A user’s customizable homepage for their account. Includes account

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information, subscribers, and shared videos.

Like- – A one-click option allowing people to denote their enjoyment of a video.

LinkedIn

Connections –- A list of contacts who have been added to your personal network.

1st degree contact -– You are connected to this person.

2nd degree contact –- You are connected to someone who is connected to this person.

3rd degree contact -– You are connected to someone who has a connection who is

connected to this person.

Companies -– Pages providing information on a company, what they do, job opportunities,

and present and past employees.

Endorsements – -A list of skills fellow users have suggested you possess.

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Groups -– A place for users to connect with others in related fields or with similar interests.

Recommendations –- A written reference by a LinkedIn member, usually recognizing a

colleague, student, or manager.

Pinterest

Board – A category that you create in order to organize your pins. For example, a board

titled, “my dream wedding” could host pins related to weddings.

Pin – -Any image or website “pinned” to a Pinterest Board.

Pinner –- The technical term for someone who is pinning images.

Repin – Like a Retweet, Repinning is the act of sharing something that someone else has

already pinned.24

Reddit
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AMA- – Ask me anything. A particular style of reddit post, in which the poster opens

themselves up to questions and answers them in the comments.

TL;DR- – Too long, didn’t read. Used when someone summarizes a post they consider too

long to read.

FourSquare

Badge -– Earned by checking into various venues, based on usage, tags, and amount of

check-ins.

Check in -– Alerts your friends of where you are, and helps FourSquare tailor future

recommendations to your interests.

Mayor – -The user who has checked-in more than anyone else at a specific venue in the

past sixty days.25

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Chapter 2: The Research Questions

This chapter presents the conceptual and research literatures and studies that are

relevant to the variables in the study and provide background and basis in the conduct. To

gain a wider view of the study, a review of related literature and studies is conducted.

Books as well as published and unpublished theses and dissertation and the use of Internet

are included in this review. These materials are in one way or another related to the

present study.

Literature Review

Though social media can increase student learning through student interactions, challenges

arise when social media are

incorporated into an academic course. The assumption that students are familiar with and

agreeable to using certain types of social

media can cause educators to inadvertently fail to provide the resources or encouragement

necessary to support student usage and

learning found that even when social media is used for an

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educational purpose, students incorporate the technology into their lives in a way that may

differ from the intentions of the course

instructor. For example, off-topic or non-academic discussions occur on social media

because of its primary design as a social

networking tool . Further, as a student’s age increases, the frequency of off-topic

discussions also increases

. This indicates that while social media may encourage broader discussions of course

content, older students may

spend more time than younger students engaging in unrelated discussions. Social media

can also negatively affect student GPA as

well as the amount of time students spend preparing for class . One explanation for this

impact

is that social media provides too much stimulation and therefore can distract students from

completing their coursework

. Another reason for this may be that students who spend more time on social media may

have
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difficulty balancing their online activities and their academic preparation.

Social media can also be a challenging instructional strategy to incorporate because it

attempts to balance the authority of the

educator with the active participation of the students. Collaboration through social media

supports more of a constructivist

approach to learning, where students and educators can work together to co-create

understanding of a particular topic, rather than

an approach that emphasizes individual contributions . As a result, students and educators

become equal

participants in the knowledge sharing process. Though this seems beneficial for creating

and disseminating knowledge, social

media can also become a privacy concern as well as an outlet for abuse and cyber-bullying

. This suggests that establishing standards for social

media use should include behavior and attitude guidelines similar to those enforced in the

classroom28.
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This research is conducted to explore the affect of social networking websites and its

impact on academic life and learning

experiences of students.

Students and teenagers mostly use social networks for time killing and

sake of enjoyment but it has been analyzed that internet use for education purpose and any

appropriate task including online

tutorials, online lectures and education material downloading is very good but use of

internet for only social network is very

useless perhaps dangerous. 29

Social media continuously keeps changing

social media as a group of internet- based applications that

build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0 and allow the creation

and

exchange of user-generated content. also defined social media as

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“websites and applications used for social networking”. Another definition of social media

is that

it is a ‘’communication channel which is very popular, extremely fast and broad, has

proven to

be highly effective, as well as trusted by billions of people , to share and discover content

concerning individuals, brands, information, entertainment and knowhow’’ .

One theme that all these definitions underpin is that social media involves some form of

communication between individuals over the internet.

“this technology enabled people to upload a profile and make friends.

began supporting various combination of profile and publicly articulated friend

. There has been tremendous improvement since this era and today 30there exist

uncountable social networking sites either developed for local use, specific purpose or

international use. classified social media into six (6) different

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categories as follows;

1. Collaborative project (wikipedia)

2. Blogs and micro blogs (twitter)

3. Content communities (youtube)

4. Social networking sites (FB, 2go, BB chat)

5. Virtual game World (world of war craft)

6. Virtual second world (second life)

This classification of social media into classes has been useful to scholars and individuals

for

easy identification and study of a particular social media type but today a difficulty may

arise

due the high proliferation of social media and one may wonder which group a new

developed
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social media type fits into.32

Some of the appropriate and un-negligible statements that fascinated us to conduct this

research are stated below:

Congress has proposed legislation to ban youth from accessing social networking websites

in

schools and libraries. When the highly developed nations take stands over the use of social

networking websites and cannot allow these social networking websites for countrymen,

youth, students and working people, then the need is felt to see into that either

social networking websites adversely effects students or not. This research mainly focuses

on such factors that affect student’s

academic life and learning experience.

This research will explain and detail presents the impact of using social networking

websites on student academic life and

learning experience. Literature analyzed that the social networking websites are not

designed for negative impact but we have

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noticed in our daily life that students become addicted to social networking websites. This

part of research contribution will

analyze the reality and gap between the positive and negative impact and aspects of social

networks on education.

OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

· To determine how social networking websites affects student’s academic performance.

· To understand the impact of social networking sites on education system.

· To explore the consequences of social networking sites in education system.

· Purpose behind the usage of social networking sites.

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Theoretical Framework

This theoretical framework shows the dependency and independency of factors

gender, frequent use of networking sites. Use of social networking websites depends upon

the above four factors so use of social networking is dependent and the above four are

cindependent variables; Whereas, the academic performance depends upon the use of

social networking websites in this case,

 Social lifestyle
34

academic performance is a dependent variable and the use of social networking sites

is an independent variable.

Scoop and delimitation

This study is exclusive do determine if the Social Media network has a significant impact to

the academic performance of Masagana High School students were used as a sample in a

conducting the survey. The main purpose is to identify the common problems that they

encounter and to propose possible solutions regarding this problem. The survey

questionnaire on social media usage of selected students, will be used on gathering

information of this study. This research used purposive and convenience sampling in which

an equal representation for all grade level among the respondents applied. The gathered

data were analyze using frequency distribution and coding. The study is delimited to a

group of Senior High School Students coming from a socially disadvantage group in rural
Use of social
Academic
area.
networking website Performanc
e

Time spending on academic

activies
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35Statement of the problem

The internet today is the most important source of information and the growing

dimensions of the use of social media by student cannot be underestimated . It has been

observed that the student devote more attention and time to social media that they cannot

their examination well if they do not learn. Also, the study conducted by the social use

contribute to low academic performance , low self perception and less interest in collage

orriented careers. Academic excellence plays an important rule in a individuals life , be it

in the family at social gathering at work place , in a institutions and even among peers.

Much emphasis is placed on academic excellence because of the rule it plays in individuals

life as far as a successful life and respect is concerned in every part of the world. Due to

this, many students are concerned which the ways that they can improved their academic

performance. Studies have also revealed that the social media affects students use of

english, they tend to use short hans writing to chat with friends and get used to it there by

replicating the same errors during the examination. Today students at all level have been

engage in the use of social networking sites. This research therefore seeks to investigate the

level of engagement of students in masagana high school into social networking sites and

also determined the effects of their use on the academic work.

Research Questions

1. How many hours you spend on social networking sites daily?

a. Less than one b. 2-4hours c. 4-6hours d. More than 6hours

2. Which people you communicate most by using these social media sites?
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a. Family b. Friends c. Relatives d. Others

3. What do you think about the privacy settings of social networking sites?

a. Strong enough b. Enough c. Not enough

4. Why do you use social networking sites?

a. Communicate friends b. Meet new people c. Professional/work d. Pass leisure

time

5. How many social networking sites you are using?

a. Only one b. Two c. Three d. Four or more

Statement of the Hypotheses

The hypothesis that is examined in this research is that there is a negative relationship

between an individuals alleged addictive social media usage and the need for online

privacy.

There are many benefits that can be dirived from social networking sites as wekl as much

knowledge . For instance, as described in this SNS definition, users are provided with a list

of individuals to which this user is connected. Furthermore, information about these

connection is available as well as a list of their connection and possibly mutual contacts of

these individuals. Therefore, it is relatively direct and simple for users to receive much

information about their network assuming that they utilize this information and do not use
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SNS for only fun and games. Thus, social media makes visible to whom you are connected

and gives information about the structure of the network. In the context of this research

almost every actor is -in different extents-active on social media. Therefore, they are

certainly all able to extract information from social media about their colleagues

concerning past education, experiences, specialities, interests, and other contacts. Social

media users have the opportunity to gather information about their colleagues.

Research Paradigm

The aim this project is to study the level a paradigm development in the domain of social

media studies . The level of paradigm development was defined as the degree of consensus

regarding : research topics, methods, and theories used in a given field of study . A sample

of nedia research articles was studied to analyze the level paradigm development within

thus domain of study. The sample consisted of a group of Social Media Research articles

that were published in the top ten journals of communication studies in the last five years.
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Moderating Variable

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Daily lives Social medial

habitude
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Figure 1. Hypothesized relationship and differences among variable

Figure 1 presents the three variables, namely: dependent, independent, and

moderating variables that will be used in the study. The independent variable is the extent

of teachers’ perception and satisfaction regarding the professional development training

programs. The dependent variable is described as the extent of the ROE and ROI in terms

of teachers’ level of teaching efficacy, job satisfaction, and attitude towards the teaching

profession.

The one-headed arrow that connects the independent variable and the dependent

variable indicates the hypothesized relationship between them. Also, it assessed the degree
 40

of differences in the perceptions of the respondents on the independent variable and on the

dependent variable and their respective indicators shown by the arrows drawn in the box.

Chapter 3: Research Methods

This chapter presented the methodology that will be employed in analyzing and

interpreting the data pertaining to the variables of this study.

Research Design

A descriptive-comparative and correlational method of research design will

be used in this study. Descriptive research involves description, recording, analysis and

interpretation of conditions that currently exists. It involves some type of comparison or

contrast and attempts to discover relationship between existing non-manipulative

variables.

A correlational survey is the systematic investigation of relationships among two or

more variables, without necessarily determining the cause and effect. It is a form of

analysis in which you correlate one variable with another to determine if there is a

relationship between them.

In this undertaking, the researcher will be dwelling much on the connections that

interplay between the professional development training programs of the department and

its returns among stakeholders through the scrutiny of the present situation from a reality

check. This will serve as a springboard in crafting a more refined model of the supposed

program.
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Subjects and Study Site

The respondents of the study will be the 322 teachers out of 1646 teachers of

Educational District II (EDDIS II) teaching in Junior High School. Stratified proportional

random sampling will be employed in selecting the teacher sample-respondents. The

sample size was determined with the use of Slovin’ s formula. After getting the sample size,

the researcher filtered the sample per group as shown in the distribution of the number of

respondents below. Then, the researcher specifically will selected the respondents using the

fish bowl method.

Table A- Distribution of Teacher Respondents

Secondary Schools in Bocaue, Bulacan Students’ Sample

Population

Alexis Santos National High School 56 11

Bunsuran National High School 91 18

Virginia Ramirez National High School 111 22

Masagana High School 21 4

Dampol 1st National High School 36 7

JJM Memorial High School 34 7

Lolomboy National High School 78 15

Tiaong National High School 28 5

Balagtas National Agricultural High School 101 20

Tibagan National High School 46 9

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Taal High School 69 13

PC. Lipana National High School 74 14

Illuminada Roxas Memorial High School 26 5

Batia High School 29 6

Mariano Ponce High School 159 31

Virgen delas Flores National High School 52 10

Sulivan National High School 44 9

Sto. Niño High School 50 10

T. Evangelista Memorial High School 17 4

Cambaog High School 31 6

Guiguinto National Vocational High School 300 59

Dr. Pablito High School 21 4

Dr. Felipe High School 72 14

JJ Vistan High School 26 5

Banga High School 41 8

Guiguinto National Vocational High School 33 6

Annex

TOTAL 1646 322

Instrument

The researcher will prepare self-made questionnaires to be used in this study. The

questionnaire consists of three parts. The first part deals with the feedback of the teachers

for professional development training programs attended. The second part ascertains the
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insight of the teachers about these activities. Finally, the third part determines the extent of

teaching efficacy, job satisfaction, and attitude towards teaching profession among the

respondents.

Reliability of the Instrument

To test the reliability of the questionnaire, the test-re-test will be used. Ten non-

respondents will be taken from Prenza National High School (PNHS) with whom the same

set of instrument will be distributed twice with a ten-day interval. After conducting the

test-re-test, the reliability coefficient will be computed using the Pearson’ s Product

Moment Coefficient of Correlation.

To interpret the correlation value (r) obtained, the following classification will be

applied:

An r from 0.00 to ± 0.20 no relationship.

An r from ± 0.21 to ± 0.40 low relationship.

An r from ± 0.41 to ± 0.70 moderate relationship.

An r from ± 0.71 to ± 0.90 high relationship.

An r from ± 0.91 to ± 0.99 very high relationship.

An r ± 1.00 perfect relationship.

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Scaling and Quantification

A 5-point numerical scale with their statistical limit and description will be

employed as shown below:

Scale Statistical Limit Description

5 4.50-5.00 Always

4 3.50-4.49 Often

3 2.50-3.49 Sometimes

2 1.50-2.49 Seldom

1 1.00-1.49 Never

Validity of the Instrument

The questionnaire will be subjected to content validation to be composed of the two

(2) Education Program Supervisors, two (2) secondary school heads, and a language expert

from non-respondent schools. They will be requested to accomplish the form for content

validation of the questionnaire such form is affixed in Appendix. Their suggestions and

comments will then be considered in revising the instrument.

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Ethical Consideration

To ensure impartiality and to eradicate any form of bigotry, the researchers will

constantly coordinate with the ethics committee so that no unethical doings will not be

committed. This can only be properly executed when proper guidelines of the committee

will be religiously followed. Another way to adhere with the ethical principles is to infuse

informed consent for the participants prior to the distribution of the first questionnaire.

The researchers will clarify to the participants that their participation is voluntary and

they can withdraw anytime even during the on-going process of test administration. Rest

assured that the confidentiality of the data to be gathered will be used solely for the benefit

of the current study. The researcher has expressed no conflict of interest on this research.

Data Analysis

Descriptive statistics such as percentage, frequency and weighted mean will be used

to describe the variables of the study. Likewise, inferential statistics will be applied to test

the hypothesis of the study, ANOVA (analysis of variance). Pearson’ s r will be utilized to

test the relationship of the variables of the study.

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