Hybrid Piezoelectric and ThermoelectricEnergy
Harvesting Scheme Using Piezoelectric and
Thermoelectric for Wireless Sensor Nodes Power
Application
Ali Mohammed Abdal-Kadhim, Kok Swee Leong
Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering,
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia.
P021510003@student.utem.edu.my
Abstract—This paper research document presents and
evaluatione of the effectiveness of a hybrid energy harvesting
scheme for WSNs applications. Unlike the others traditional
common energy harvesting approaches that utilize a single
harvester microgenerator harvesting targeting specific kind of
from a single source of raw energy, this hybrid scheme
harvesting targeting two energy sources which are ubiquitous
from the ambient environment which are different kind of raw
energy (heat and vibration). The novelty of this work lies in the
hybrid topology of an AC microgenerator and a DC
microgenerator combined as a single energy the harvesters,
where it will increase the chance of survivability of wireless
sensor nodes availability in case of raw energy absence. From
the experimental results, it shows that the wireless sensor node
powered via the hybrid energy harvester is able to survive in
an environment where there are lack of mechanical vibration
orf heat emissions. Moreover, the studied study on the time
required to fully charge an energy storage element is also
presented with a 15mf-16v capacitor by an electrical input of to
5Vin with two different topologies of the harvesters which are
arranged in parallel and, serial.
Index Terms—Hybrid energy harvesting; Wireless sensor
node; Piezoelectric; Thermoelectric.
I. INTRODUCTION
The innovation of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has
been effectively utilized as a part of numerous applications
such as environmental/earth monitoring, healthcare,
industrial, and security in the most recent decade [1].Since
then WSNhas drawn the industrial community attention due
to their potentially applications and commercial value. A
typical WSN consisting of a large number of micro, low-
cost, low-power consumption and spatially distributed
autonomous devices which combine sensor component,
control chip, communication module, and power supply
module etc. on a small board to cooperatively monitor
physical or environmental conditions.The designed and
fabrication of these autonomous devices are confined by
three kind of resources: (Energy, Memory, and Processing)
[2]. WSN energy source is the most important and critical
resource. Generally WSN power consumption is divided
into three phases: sensing, data processing, and
communication. Data communication phase has the highest
power consumption rating among the other two phases in a
typical sensor node [3]. Hence, researchers are working
towards developing low-power radio modules and practicing
ISSN: 2180 – 1843 e-ISSN: 2289-8131 Vol. X No. X
Formatted: Not Superscript/ Subscript
local data processing in order to minimizing the power
consumption in the WSNs.The usual power source of sensor
nodes is the battery, which is troublesome and will limit the
node lifetimeand functionality.Where periodic battery
replacement/ maintenance is uneconomical solution
Commented [U1]: Raw energy? Get definition correct – read
however, it's unavoidable.Moreover, in some applications,
more & google it to check the defination. I think you mean
it’s impossible to access the node by the engineers after it's “ambient energy source”.
been installed. Subsequently, batteries constraints have
become a serious issue that hinders the functionality of the
WSNs.
In this respect and due to that issues caused by batteries,
recently researchers and developers around the globe have
been engaged in developing anenergy-harvesting (also
referred to as energy scavenging) techniques. Where the
ultimate goal is to eliminate the batteries and operate the
WSN from the ambient energywhere the sensor itself lies.
All that effort from the researchers and developers have led
to introduce many of wireless sensor nodesprototypes based
on energy harvesting approach. For instance Liquan and
Shudong [4] have presented a wireless sensor node Jennic
JN5139for industrial application powered bya commercial
thermoelectric moduleTGM287-1.0-1.3 from Kryotherm,
with DC-DC boost circuit based on LTC3108. Three stages
battery lessboost converter for harvesting thermo-electricity
in the medium level usingTEC1-12706, along with MPPT
method[5]. It is suggested to be utilized in automobile
applications for reusing the heat energy generated during
fuel combustion. Another example can find in [6], where
suganti and his colleagues present solar harvesting scheme
to power up anIRIS mote wireless node of 3.3V and at
25mA and 8μA for active and sleep mode respectively. The
solar harvester was based on MC-SP0.8 solar panel, along
with MPPT approach to achieve the maximum power. RF
energy also considered a promising raw energy to be
harvested since RF signals are widely available around us.
Whereby the author of [7] propose an antenna design along
with the rectifier circuit in order to harvest 2.4GHz- 5.8GHz
RF energy for WSN applications. Piezoelectric also has a
great part in the energy harvesting area, where from our
previous work [8] we had succeeded to power up a simple
wireless sensor node from a piezoelectric cantilever excited
via vibrator at 290Hz. Also we studied the effect of g-level
changing to the recovered power.
All the previously mentioned studies and more are
successfully eliminate the batteries usage by utilizing single
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Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering

harvester scheme within the system. However, single power general, supercapacitors have the ability to provide a
source not enough to make the WSN system reliable. Where continuous current higher than traditional batteries in order
the sensor node defiantly will became out of service in the of magnitude, moreover, when the supercapacitor’s capacity
absence of that raw energy in case of single harvester dropped down by 20% and doubles its internal resistance,
scheme. Therefore, in this research paper not only excluded since the wireless sensor node's peak current consumption is
the traditional power supply battery but present a hybrid below of a tenth of the continuous current therefore almost
energy harvesting scheme to recover both mechanical 80% of the supercapacitor’s original capacity can be drained
vibration and the heat energy by employing piezoelectric out.For instance, Maxwell350F supercapacitor able to
and thermoelectric technology. By utilizing this topology deliver more than 80A of continuous current, thus when the
will overcome the absent of a raw energy issue moreover, wireless sensor node consumes lower than 8 A peak current,
will increase the wireless sensor node reliability and lead to efficiently utilize most of the remaining capacity.It is
availability. estimated that supercapacitors take up to 20 years to lose
50% of its capacity.Fig. 1 illustrates the energy portion for
II. BATTERIES VERSUS CAPACITORS AS ENERGY STORAGE the different kinds of energy storage that previously
ELEMENT reviewed[10].
Batteries considered the essential power supply for most
of nowadays WSNs.Because of batteries recharging cycles
is limited moreover, they are unable to maintain the full
charge for a long time even without use. Therefore, batteries
considered as the main constraint in the WSNs lifespan,
where batteries service/replacement is a crucial every one to
two years.Although batteries take up to few years to be fully
depleted, however, a periodic service/replacement is likely
to be difficult, expensive, or even prohibitive in cases where
there are dozens of millions of sensor nodes that are
spatially deployed within a large-scale area. After altogether
substituting the traditional batteries with the supercapacitors
along with the energy harvesting approach will achieve a
viable option that prolongs the wireless node lifespan.
Furthermore, the supercapacitors' features such as power
density, low equivalent series resistance (ESR), lower
Fig. 1. Maximum energy portions for energy storages
leakage current, ... etc.[9] helped to further grab the
researchers' attention. Can easily realize from Table I that showed in Table I [10].
the supercapacitors able to provide about 500,000 times of
full charge cycles compared to 300-500 times in case of III. ENERGY HARVESTING SYSTEM DESIGN AND
batteries, also can work up to 20 years prior lost 20% of the EVALUATION
energy capacity and doubled its internal resistance, where it
is the level of which half the original capacity is feasible for A. Piezoelectric based vibration energy harvester
supercapacitors or traditional batteries at rated current. In Vibration energy harvesting is the concept of converting Commented [U2]: Table 1 should be re-type and add more
latest data. It is not professional and consider as plagiarism to copy
Table I :compares energy storage (batteries and supercapacitors) available for wireless sensor nodes applications[10]. and paste exactly from reference.

2 ISSN: 2180 – 1843 e-ISSN: 2289-8131 Vol. X No. X


Fig. 2.Increasing in the machine vibration due to the
machine ware out [15].
the kinetic energy inherent in vibrations to electricity.
Where vibration energy is available in abundance around us
especially in the industry. For that reason plenty of
researchers and developers around the globe have paid a
high attention to recover that wasted energy into a useful
electricity like [11]. Whereby traditionally that vibration it’s
being disposed into shock absorbers or into the ground. To
recover that wasted energy a piezoelectric cantilever beam
with a tip mass is utilized. When this transducer being
deformed via the vibration it will produce an electrical
charge on its terminals. Since the output of the piezoelectric
is in alternating current form thus, a rectifier and filtering
circuits are required.
Since the piezoelectric cantilever will be actuated using
the vibration generated via industrial machinery, therefore
studying the vibration components is essential. Fauzi et al
[12] have studied the vibration generated in the
household devices, they find out plenty of them are
able to produce a vibration in range of 0-100Hz with
acceleration of lessthan 0.2g.However, the authors
have spotted that a small number of the household
devices were able to produce higher than 0.2g of
acceleration level in case of the blender, standing fan
and grinding machine. Akro and his colleges [13]
studied the behavior of a rotary machine, and they
states that the g-level ofthe rotary machine in a balance
condition is about 0.25g, and the unbalance condition
could lead to increase the machine vibration
displacements up to 3.5g.Steven J. and others [14]
states in their literature review about the transportation
shock and vibration that a Cargo weights ranged from
no-load to 15 tons, it generates a vibration of 0.001-
1.9KHz with g-level of 1.6-0.4g respectively.James
and his research partners [15] presented a maintenance
program for an industrial machineries, where they
come out with a recommended maintenance alert
levels chart according to the g-level (0.1 up to 7g) and
the rotational speed (1 up to 10000 RPM). Moreover,
they show a real example of a machine turning at
10RPM, the normal g-level of the normal operation
was below 0.1g, and the g-level was increasing
dramatically within the operation time due to a ware
out until reached above 0.7g, as shown in Fig. 2.
As a conclusion the mechanical vibration is widely
available around us from both household devices and
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Manuscript Title
industrial machineries. It’s available with frequency of
0.001- 1.9 KHz with acceleration level of 0.2-3.5g. Even
though the measured vibration frequency is quite varied
however, it’s is an easy matter to tweak out the piezoelectric
resonant frequency by the mean of shorten the piezoelectric
length of apply a proof of mass to match the available
frequency. For vibration energy harvesting concept proof, a
rectangular piezoelectric cantilever 70X32X0.55mm
manufactured by Piezo System mounted on a vertical
shaker. The shaker was applying a vibration with frequency
of 69Hz and acceleration level of 0.5gwhich matches the
resonant frequency of the used cantilever. An alternating
voltage of 17V pk-pk measured at the piezoelectric terminal
while it was vibrating. Fullwave bridge rectifier designed
based on four schottky barrier diodes to rectify the
piezoelectric output along with 47µF-16v smoothing Commented [U3]: Fig 2 wordings are too small. Advise to re-
capacitor. These Schottky barrier diodes as shown in the type.
schematics in Fig. 3 are chosen due to the high
currenthandling capability, and low forward voltage
performance.
A capacitor bank 15mF-16v used to evaluate the
piezoelectric harvester by measuring the charging time from
0 up to 5v. Where it takes about one hour to fully charge the
capacitor bank up to 5v.
Fig. 3. Schematic of the rectifier and
filter circuit for the piezoelectric
transducer.
Commented [U4]: Font and size not consistent.
B. TEC based heat energy harvester
A thermoelectric generator TEG is being utilized as
thermal energy harvester, where TEG able to recover the
wasted heat energy that emitted from various devices into
useful electrical energy.
Fig. 4. Schematic of TEG DC-DC circuit?
TEG is utilizing Seebeck effect [16], whereby an electrical
energy will be generated on its terminals whenever there are
temperature differences on its surfaces. Due to the TEG’s
reliability, compactness and lightweight, moreover no
moving parts required, make it a preferable choice for the
researchers among the other energy harvesting technologies.
Based on the TEG functionality principals a mini survey
was conducted to investigate various low-level heat sources
that can be categorized as household electrical appliances in
our research [17]. This survey was targeted low-level of heat
emission (less than 150 ºC). These items considered good
heat sources for the application of energy harvesting since
they are operating almost 24/7.
From Fig.4 it can be clearly observed that the tested
devices are generally emitting from 40ºC in case of laptop
charger up to 130ºC in case of steam pressure cooker during
their operating time. Since the ambient room temperature
was measured at about 28ºC. Therefore, the delta of
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Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering
temperature for every tested item in the figure can be
obtained via "ΔT=Heat Emitted-Room Temperature", which
its start from ΔT=18ºC up to ΔT=100ºC.
Since a TEC Peltier module can be utilized just as a
thermal energy harvester TEH as good as a TEG modulein
low-temperature gradients below 100ºC, add-on a single
TEG unit is 5 times more costly than a TEC unit [18].
Therefore, and in order to cut down the harvester
manufacturing cost, a TEC moduleit's been chosen instead
of TEG module to conduct this research experiment.
Fig. 4. Low-level heat sources survey [17].
An evaluation experiment conducted in order to
characterize the TEC module before it being used in the
harvesting system. The characterization was by exposing the
TEC module to different temperature gradients using
heating element and measure the recovered voltages.
Moreover, it's been proven that by cascading more of the
TECs module selectrically connected in series doesn’t have
much effect on the V-out comparing to increase the ΔT.
Where at ΔT=60 the V-out will be increased by 0.5 V only
with every stacked TEC [17]. Thus two TEC modules only
from Laird [HT8, 12 Laird UM08] stacked on each other
and electrically connected in series used in this research.
These tow modules are able to recovered 0.5v at ΔT of 10°C
then its increased with direct proportional manner with ΔT
as illustrated in Fig. 5.
Figure
Fig. 5. The recovered voltage from two TEC at different
ΔT gradient.
4 ISSN: 2180 – 1843 e-ISSN: 2289-8131
According to Fig. 4 where most of the measured devices
were emitting about 70°C of heat to the environment during
their operation, andthe measured room temperature was
about 28°C. Therefore, will get about 40°Cas a temperature Commented [U5]: Be consistent of the format – indent in the
gradient ΔT on the TEC surfaces. Where this point of
first sentence of new paragraph.
temperature is being chosen for the harvester evaluation. At
40°C ΔT, TECs modules are able to recover about 2v as
clear in Fig. 5. Thus a DC-DC boost converter is needed to
boost the recovered voltage via TEC up to 5v.DC-DC boost
converter designed based on TPS61041 IC. This booster IC
chosen due to its availability, small size, low-cost, and also Commented [U6]: Wordings too small – enlarge and group in
categories.
it required only few passive components to operate. Fig. 6
shows the schematics of the proposed system. TPS61041 is
capable to operate from low voltages as 1.8v and boosts the
output with adjustable range up to 28v. Therefore, a voltage
divider of (R1andR2) is obtained to set the booster output to
5v.
A capacitor bank of 15mF-16v again used to evaluate the
thermoelectric TECs’ harvester by measuring the charging
time from 0 up to 5v. This harvester is incredibly fast where
it takes about 30s to fully charge the capacitor bank up to
5v. Whichit’s about 0.0083 of an hour. This fast charging
time is due to the high current produced via the TECs
compared to the piezoelectric.
IV. HYBRID ENERGY HARVESTING SYSTEM DESIGN AND
EVALUATION
Hybrid energy harvesting is a process of merging more
than one ambient raw energy harvester to serve a single
system. When utilizing this scheme can overcome the single Commented [U8]: Better don’t defined what “Hybrid Energy
harvester drawbacks like weakness, intermittence and Harvesting” is as it has been defined in literature. Rather you can
inconsistency, moreover, it will guarantee that the electrical construct your sentence according to what you did. E.g. “In this
paper, hybrid energy harvesting scheme is developed using
piezoelectric and TEG….”
Fig. 6. TECs harvester and the DC-DC boost converter
schematic.
energy will be always available for the system even in case Commented [U7]: Figures wordings need to be consistent – not
of the lack of one of the other sources. Furthermore, by sometime big sometime small.
merging more than one harvester more power can be
achieved and system reliability and efficiency will be
increased accordingly. The functionality of the hybrid
energy harvester is fully relying on each subsystem circuit
design, and also depending on the connection topology. Commented [U9]: No need to explain what hybrid energy
Whereby, can notice a slight reduction in the charging harvesting is, just go ahead to explain the method of your work in
time of the 15mF-16v capacitor bank when connecting the combining piezoelectric and TEG and explain why you choose these.
TEC harvester circuit in parallel with the piezoelectric
harvester circuit, Fig. 7 illustrates the parallel connection of
Fig. 7. Schematics
Vol. X No. Xof the hybrid energy harvester
(parallel topology).

the hybrid harvester. This reduction in the charging time is
due to the fact that the overall hybrid harvester current will
be increase in the parallel topology. Whereby, 𝐼ℎ𝑦𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑑 =
𝐼𝑇𝐸𝐶 + 𝐼𝑃𝐼𝑍𝑂 . Since piezoelectric transducer is producing
very small amount of current comparing to the TEC, thus
the total current is slightly increased and so on the charging
power. The new charging time for the parallel harvester was
recorded about 27s. Which is lower than the TEC harvester
alone, and the piezoelectric harvester alone.
Even though in the parallel topology of the hybrid
Fig. 8. Schematics of the hybrid energy harvester (series
topology).
harvester there is not much improvement in the charging
time for the capacitor bank. However, there is a drastically
improvement when connect the TEC harvester in series with
the piezoelectric harvester, as shown in Fig. 8. The overall
voltage of the hybrid harvester in the series topology will be
combining both TEC and piezoelectric harvesters’ voltages.
Whereby, 𝑉ℎ𝑦𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑑 = 𝑉𝑇𝐸𝐶 + 𝑉𝑃𝑖𝑒𝑧𝑜 . Moreover, both of TEC
and the piezoelectric harvester are able to produce 5v,
therefore will lead to increase the total hybrid voltage and
further increase the charging power, where 𝑃 = 𝐼 ∗ 𝑉 . In
this context the new charging time for the series harvester
topology was recorded about 20s. Which is lower than the
TEC harvester alone, piezoelectric harvester alone, even
lower than the hybrid parallel topology.
V. HYBRID ENERGY HARVESTER EVALUATION IN CASE OF A
RESOURCE MISSING
As previously mentioned, and as it’s obvious that hybrid
energy harvester scheme depending and utilizing more than
one kind of the ambient raw energy. Which is considered
good aspect to improve the system reliability and efficiency.
However, it’s very difficult to guarantee that both of the raw
energy sources (this research focusing on heat and vibration)
are available in the environment at the same time. Therefore,
in this stage of this research will study and evaluate the
hybrid harvester charging time in case of one of the raw
energy sources is missing.
The first evaluation setup was by connecting both of the
harvesters circuit in series and activating the piezoelectric
harvester only. In this scenario, the hybrid harvester
required one hour to fully charge the same capacitor bank
(15mF-16v) to 5v, that’s long time is due to the lack of the
heat which leads to disable the TEC harvester. Next
scenario, both harvesters are kept connected in series but
this time activating the TEC harvester only, which in turn
took about 30s to charge the capacitor bank.
The second evaluation setup was by connecting both of
the harvesters circuit in parallel and again activating only
one harvester at a time. First scenario, is by activating
piezoelectric harvester only and try to charge up the
capacitor bank again. It ’s is as expected to take one hour
only to charge the load, however, it spent 30 minutes extra
over the one hour until the load is fully charged. This extra
time is due to the charging power is reduced. Power
charging reduced because of both of the harvesters are
ISSN: 2180 – 1843 e-ISSN: 2289-8131 Vol. X No. X
Manuscript Title
connected in parallel and since the TEC not activated and Commented [U10]: Compared to? I think you mean compared
doesn’t participant in the charging power, but, it will act as to single EH. Then you need to show the graph of the performance
an extra load in the system due to the voltage divider of single EH.
resistors (R1, R2) in the TEC boost converter circuit as
shown in Fig. 6. Last scenario in this setup is by activating
the TEC harvester only. Again in this case it required 30s
only to charge the capacitor bank. Table 1, and Table 2
conclude the charging timing for all the previous scenarios
and states.
Table 1: Timing records for the hybrid harvester series
topology
Series topology
Technology TEC
PIZO state on off
on 20s 1h
off 30s null
Table 2: Timing records for the hybrid harvester series
topology
Parallel topology
Technology TEC
PIZO state on off
on 27s 1.5h
off 30s null
VI. CONCLUSION
This research paper experimentally evaluate the
performance of a hybrid energy harvester comparing to a Commented [U11]: Yes, the voltage increases but how about
single energy harvester. The evaluation was passed on the the current?
time required to fully charge a capacitor bank of 15mF-16v Commented [U12]: The time of charging is dependent on the
up to 5v. The hybrid energy harvester was based on TEC current not voltage. The output voltage from EH is to provide the
harvester and piezoelectric harvester. Full wave bridge potential for the electron to flow.
rectifier based on schottky barrier diodes used to rectify the
piezoelectric output along with a smoothing capacitor. DC-
DC boost converter designed based on TPS61041 IC used to
boost up the TEC output to 5v.Both of these harvesters were
tested as a hybrid energy harvester by connecting them in
two topologies, parallel and series. The hybrid energy
harvester is able to overcome the single harvester drawbacks
like weakness, intermittence and inconsistency, moreover, it
will guarantee that the electrical energy will be always
available for the system even in case of the lack of one of
the other sources. Furthermore, by merging more than one
harvester more power can be achieved and system reliability
and efficiency will be increased accordingly. The
experimental measurements show that there is a high
improvement in the charging time by merging more than
one harvester. However, there is a slight different between
series and parallel topology for the same hybrid scheme.
Whereby, can conclude from the result that the series
topology is the best connection based on the charging time.
Commented [U13]: This is due to the fact that as TEC is not
ACKNOWLEDGMENT activated, therefore it may act as load. The power that generated
by piezoelectric will be dissipated through the TEC as a Peltier
The authors would like to thank the UTeM Zamalah Scheme Effiect.
for sponsoring the scholarship.
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