Introduction

Microorganisms are commonly very small in size. So, when comes to observing them through our
naked eyes are absolutely impossible. The solution to overcome this problem is by observing them
using microscope. The most basic microscope with simple way of handling would be the light
microscope.
Microscopes are required in examining cells in every sort of aspect including shape of structure, size
and many others. In achieving the exact image of the particular microorganism being observed, the
observer must perform the right technique to obtain any visible image of the microorganism. Oil
immersion objective is used to observe the microorganism closely after staining. (IBG 102 LAB
REPORT, April 5, 2013 )

Objective
1. To develop the ability to recognize different parts of the microscope while determining its
functions.
2. To improve the skills in order to use a simple bright-field microscope correctly
3. To visualize the image of stained cells.

Materials
Practical 1
Microscope, glass slide and cover slips, lens paper and xylene, eye dropper, newspaper, scissors and
inoculating needle.

Practical 2
Paramecium, Euglena, Squamos epithelium human, Ascaris lumbricoides male, Mixed Coccus,
Spirogyra vegetative.

Methodology
Practical 1
1. The microscope was approximately six inches from the edge of the table.
2. The glass slide and cover slip were cleaned.
3. The small letter 'p' was placed into the drop of water. The preparation were covered with a
cover slip.
4. To limit the number of bubbles, the edge of cover slip were placed on the drop of water on the
slide. Then, the inoculating needle were placed under the cover slip and were lower slowly
onto the slide.
5. The letter 'p' were examined and sketch approximately in the same dimension as in the slide.
6. It were examined under the low and high power objectives.
Practical 2
1. All the slides were examined under the oil immersion objectives.
2. The size and the shape or any visible structure of these organisms were observed and
drawings.

Results
At the back

Discussion
When light passes through both glass and air it is refracted. Light of different wavelengths bends at
different angles, so as objects are magnified more, images become less distinct. By placing a
substance such as immersion oil with a refractive index equal to that of the glass slide in the space
filled with air, more light is directed through the objective and a clearer image is observed.
(MICROSCOPE IMMERSION OIL EXPLAINED).So, the total magnification obtainable with the oil
immersion is 100X10 while, for the low-power objective is 4X10. The original letter 'p' when the slide
move side-to-side it would be opposite direction from me. While, when it moved up and down, it
would upside down if “e” was placed on the stage right side up.
Microscopic examination of stained cell samples allows examination of the size, shape, and
arrangement of organelles (Cell Staining - Staining Techniques, Standardization Of Tests). The
structural differences between the animal and plant cell is plant cell have cell wall so, it have fixed
rectangular shape, while animal cell tend to have a round and irregular shape due to have no cell wall.
The absence and presence of the structure in Question 2 could be detect in the bacterial cell. The mix
coccus can't be visualized with magnification 400X and 1000X using light microscope. This maybe
because of error when conduct the experiment.

Conclusion
Based on the experiment conducted, we can conclude that 10x10 magnification able to give clear and
almost detail within the images of microorganism being observed. Not only that, bright field
microscope also able to show coloured imaged. The objectives were accepted.

Reference
1. (IBG 102 LAB REPORT, April 5, 2013 )
2. Akbar Haqi. Lab report of microbiology 3
3. (Cell Staining - Staining Techniques, Standardization Of Tests)
4. (MICROSCOPE IMMERSION OIL EXPLAINED)