1
1. Express f ( x) = in partial fractions.
( x − 1) 2 ( x + 3)
Hence find the expansion of f ( x) , in ascending powers of x, up to and
including the term in x 3 , where x < 1 .
[6]
1 1 1 1 5 22 2 86 3
[Ans : − + + ; + x+ x + x + ... ]
16( x − 1) 4( x − 1) 16( x + 3) 3 9
2
27 81
n
r 2r −1 2n 1
2. Prove by mathematical induction that ∑
r =1 ( r + 1)( r + 2)
= − .
n +2 2
[3]
r 2r −1 14
Use the above result to evaluate ∑ − r .
r = 7 ( r + 1)( r + 2)
[3]
[Ans : 932]
n n
n n
3. Given that ∑ ( 2r − 1) 2
r =1 3
2
r =1
2
6
∑
= ( 4n − 1) , show that r = (n + 1)(2n + 1) . Hence find
4. n!
It is given that α n = and β n = ( n + k ) αn ,
( n + k) !
where n and k are integers such that n ≥ 1 and k ≥ 2 .
N
1 1 ( N + 1) !
(ii) Hence show that ∑α
n =1
n = − .
k − 1 k ! ( N + k ) !
[3]
∞
(iii) Using your answer in part (ii), find ∑α
n =1
n .
[2]
1
[Ans : (iii) = ]
( k − 1) k !
1
5. The function f is defined as f ( x ) = 4 x − x for x ∈ ¡ .
2
6. The ‘Running’ award is given to any student who can complete a 5 km run
in less than half an hour. In order to get the award, Tony trains hard by
running 5 km daily. He takes 45 minutes to complete the 5 km run on the
first day of training, and his timing on each successive day is 0.985 of his
previous day’s timing.
(i) Write down an expression for the time taken for Tony to complete the 5
km run on any particular nth day. Hence find the least number of days
he would need to train to receive the ‘Running’ award.
[3]
(ii) Will Tony put himself at risk of having asthma if he trains daily until he
obtains the “Running” award? Justify your answer with clearly shown
working. [4]
[Ans : (i) 28 ]
7. (a) Find the number of different arrangements of the eight letters in the
word INFINITY in which
(i) the three I’s are together and the first and last letters are N, [1]
(b) Find the number of ways in which 8 students can be arranged in a row,
such that 4 particular students are separated from one another. [2]
8. Tom and Jerry play a game with a bag containing 20 red balls and 20 green
balls. Tom begins by choosing two balls at random from the bag. If they are
2
both red, Tom wins the game. If not, Jerry chooses two balls at random from
the remaining balls. If they are both red, Jerry wins the game. Otherwise the
game ends in a draw.
Find, to 3 decimal places, the probability that
(a) Tom wins the game.
[2]
(c) Jerry wins given that Tom has drawn a red ball and a green ball.
[2]
A series of 4 independent games is played. Find the probability that Tom and
Jerry each wins 2 games, given that all 4 games are won.
[4]
[Ans : (a) 0.244 (b) 0.191 (c) 0.243; 0.364]
9. A fruit retailer bought apples and oranges from the wholesale market. He
weighed the apples and found that 10% of the apples weighed more than
200g and 15% of the apples weighed less than 180g. The mass, in grams, of
a randomly chosen apple may be taken to have a normal distribution N ( µ , σ 2 )
.
Show than µ = 188.94 and σ = 8.63 .
[4]
The mass, in grams, of a randomly chosen orange may also be taken to have
a normal distribution with mean 220 and variance 9. Assuming that the mass
of apples and the mass of oranges are independent, find the probability that
the difference in mass between an apple and an orange is less than 10g.
[3]
The retailer decides to sell the fruits in boxes. There are three apples and two
oranges per box. Given that the mass of the empty box is 52g, find the
probability that the total mass of a randomly chosen box of fruits exceeds
1030g. [3]
[Ans : 0.0106; 0.968]
10. An Air Force analyses the number of technical faults for their two types of
fighter jets V-22 and F-16. It is found that the V-22 has an average number of
6 faults per 100,000 flight hours. The F-16 has an average number of 4 faults
per 100,000 flight hours. It is assumed that the faults occur independently of
one another.
(i) Give a reason to explain why Poisson distribution can be considered to
be a suitable model for the number of faults in a given number of flight
hours. [1]
Assume that the V-22 and F-16 fighter jets each clocks a total of 20,000
hours each year.
(ii) Find the probability that, for a year, there are at least 2 faults for the V-
22 fighter jet and at least 1 fault for F-16 fighter jet, given that there is
a total of 4 faults in that year. [3]
(iii) Find the least value of n such that the probability that there will be a
3
total of more than n faults in a year is not more than 0.15. [2]
[Ans : (ii) 0.691 (iii) 3]
11. A company produces a special type of chocolates called Maltz. The pieces of
Maltz are packed into packets of 16. It is known that 5% of the pieces of Maltz
produced are of poor quality. A packet of Maltz is rejected if it contains at
least 2 pieces that are of poor quality.
(i) Show that the probability that a randomly chosen packet of Maltz is
rejected is 0.189, correct to 3 significant figures.
[2]
(ii) Given that a randomly chosen packet of Maltz is rejected, find the
probability that it contains exactly 2 pieces that are of poor quality.
[2]
(iii) During the festive seasons, the packets of Maltz are packed into boxes
of 50 each. Using a suitable approximation, find the probability that a
randomly chosen box of Maltz will contain at most 10 rejected packets.
[4]
[Ans : (ii) 0.774 (iii) 0.648]
12. A social worker wants to gain statistical evidence that the average amount of
$260 received by public assistance recipients is not enough. The following
observations were obtained when she interviewed 15 recipients on how much
they need to spend per month:
$246, $237, $260, $261, $235, $270, $267, $261, $255, $290, $263, $262,
$291, $259, $298
(i) Set up the appropriate hypotheses. Use the p-value to determine the
level of significance if the amount of money received by public
assistance recipients is enough. State any assumption(s) that you need
to make. [4]
[4]
[Ans : (i) 22.4 % level of significance (ii) 134]
Weight, x / kg 34 57 43 65 72 46 51 54
Mean amount spent
on food per month, 21.6 58.1 32.8 59.3 60.6 k 56.8 49.5
y/$
(i) Given that the equation of the least squares regression line of y on x
is y = 1.0031x − 4.3018 , find the value of k, leaving your answer in 1
decimal place. [3]
4
(ii) Calculate the value of the linear product moment correlation
coefficient for these eight college students.
[1] [1]
(iii) The following models for the above data are suggested for b > 0:
b
(A) y = a + bx ; (B) y = a + bx 2 ; (C) y = a + b ln x ; (D) y = a +
x
.
State, with a reason, which model is most appropriate.
[2]
(iv) With the choice of the model indicated in (iii), calculate the least
squares estimates of a and b and calculate the value of the linear
product moment correlation coefficient for the transformed data.
[2]
The End
Solutions :
Pure Maths
1. 1 A B C
f ( x) = = + +
( x − 1) ( x + 3) x − 1 ( x − 1)
2 2
x+3
A( x − 1)( x + 3) + B ( x + 3) + C ( x − 1)2
=
( x − 1)2 ( x + 3)
1 = A( x − 1)( x + 3) + B ( x + 3) + C ( x − 1)2
1
By substituting x = –3, C = .
16
1
Comparing coefficients of x 2 , A + C = 0 ⇒ A= − .
16
1
By substituting x = 1, B = .
4
1 1 1 1
f ( x) = =− + +
( x − 1) ( x + 3)
2
16( x − 1) 4( x − 1) 16( x + 3)
2
1 1 1 x
= (1− x) −1 + (1− x) − 2 + (3− 1)(1+ )− 1
16 4 16 3
1 1 1 x
= (1 − x) −1 + (1− x)−2 + (1+ )−1
16 4 48 3
5
1
= (1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + ...) +
16
1
(1 + 2 x + 3x 2 + 4 x 3 + ...) +
4
1 x x2 x3
(1 − + − + ...)
48 3 9 27
1 5 22 2 86 3
= + x+ x + x + ...
3 9 27 81
2. n
r 2r −1 2n 1
Let P ( n ) be the statement ∑ = − .
r =1 ( r + 1)( r + 2) n+ 2 2
1 1 3 1 1
When n = 1, LHS = = ; RHS = − = .
2⋅3 6 2 2 6
∴ LHS = RHS. Hence, P( 1) is true.
2k 1 ( k +1)2k
= − +
k + 2 2 (k + 2)(k + 3)
2k k + 1 1
= 1+ −
k + 2 k + 3 2
2k 2 k + 4 1
= −
k +2 k+3 2
2k +1 1
= − = RHS
k +3 2
6
14
r 2r −1 14
∑ (r + 1)(r + 2) − ∑ r
r =7 r =7
r −1
14
r2 6
r 2r −1 14
=∑ −∑ −∑r
r =1 ( r + 1)( r + 2) r =1 ( r + 1)( r + 2) r =7
214 1 26 1 8
= − − + − (7 + 14)
14 + 2 2 6 + 2 2 2
= 1016 − 84
= 932
3. (2r – 1)2
= (4r2 – 4r + 1)
= 4r2 – 4r + 1
= (4n2 – 1) (given)
∴ 4r2 = (4n2 – 1) + 4r – 1
= (4n2 – 1) + 4 (n + 1) – n
= [ 4n2 – 1 + 6(n + 1) – 3 ]
= ( 4n2 + 6n + 2 )
= ( 2n2 + 3n + 1 )
∴ r = (2n + 1)(n + 1) (Shown)
2
32 + 62 + 92 + 122 + … + 992
= 3 2 + 3 2 2 2 + 3 2 3 2 + 3 2 4 2 + ... + 3 2 33 2
= 32 (12 + 22 + 32 + ... + 332)
33
=9 ∑r
r =1
2
7
β1 − β 2
+ β2 − β3
1
= + M
k −1
+ β N −1 − β N
+ β − β
N N +1
1
= ( β1 − β N +1 )
k −1
1 1 ( N + 1) !
= ( 1 + k ) − ( N + 1+ k )
k −1 ( 1+ k ) ! ( N + 1+ k ) !
1 1 ( N + 1) !
= −
k − 1 k ! ( N + k ) !
∞ N
(iii) ∑ α n = lim ∑ α n
n =1
N →∞
n =1
1 1 ( N + 1) !
= lim −
N →∞ k − 1 k !
( N + k ) !
1 1 1
= lim −
N →∞ k − 1 k !
( N + 2 ) ( N + 3) ... ( N + k )
1 1
= − 0
k −1 k !
1
=
( k − 1) k !
5(i f ( x ) = 4 x − x2
)
Method 1 Method 2
Give a counter example
f ( 1) = 4 × 1 − 12 = 3
f ( 3) = 4 × 3 − 32 = 3
Since f ( 1) = f ( 3) = 3, f is not one-
one.
The graph of f fails the horizontal
line test, f is not one-one.
(ii)
(
f ( x ) = − x2 − 4x )
= − x 2 − 2 ( x ) ( 2 ) + 22 − 22
= − ( x − 2 ) − 4
2
= 4 − ( x − 2)
2
8
Therefore range of f is (−∞, 4] .
(iii Let 4 x − x = y = f ( x) , x ∈ D f ⇒ x ≤ 2
2
)
4 ± 16 − 4(1)( y )
x2 − 4 x + y = 0 ⇒ x =
2
4 ± 16 − 4 y
x=
2
x = 2± 4− y
Since x ≤ 2 , x = 2 − 4 − y
D f −1 = R f = (−∞, 4]
Therefore f ( x ) = 2 − 4 − x , x ≤ 4
−1
(iv
)
The graph of f and f −1 is the reflection of each other about the line y = x .
45(0.985)n −1 < 30
30
⇒ (n − 1) ln(0.985) < ln
45
30
⇒ n − 1 > ln ÷ ln(0.985)
45
⇒ n > 27.8
∴ least number of days =28.
From (i), Tony has to train daily for 28 days to obtain the ‘Running’
award.
9
Total time spent running over 28 days
28
= ∑ 45(0.985) n −1
n =1
45(1 − 0.98528 )
=
1 − 0.985
= 1035.12 mins (>15 hrs = 900 mins)
Statistics
7. (a)(i) No of arrangement = 4! = 24
(a)(ii)
Method 1
We find the sum of these 2 cases :
No of arrangement with first and last letter both I
6!
= 360
= 2! .
No of arrangement with at least one of first or last letter I
7!
2 = 2520
= 2!2! .
Total no of arrangement = 2520 − 360 = 2160 .
Method 2
We find the sum of these 3 cases :
No of arrangement with first and last letter both I
6!
= 360
= 2! .
No of arrangement with I and N at first and last letter respectively, and vice
versa
6!
2 = 720
= 2! .
No of arrangement with exactly I at first letter, and neither N nor I at last
letter, and vice versa
6!3
2 = 1080
= 2!2! .
Total no of arrangement = 2160.
4
No of arrangement for 4 particular students = 3! 2
No of arrangement for other 4 students = 4!
4
Required no of arrangement = 3! 2 4! = 2304
10
8. (a) P(Tom wins) = P(drawing 2 red balls)
20 19 19
= ⋅ = = 0.244
40 39 78
P(Tom and Jerry each wins 2 games, given that all 4 games are won)
Tom wins 2 games and Jerry wins 2 games and 4 games are won
=P( )
4 games are won
2 2
19 275 4!
78 1443 2!2! = 0.364
= 4
19 275
+
78 1443
11
P ( X < 180) = 0.15
180 − µ
P( Z < ) = 0.15
σ
180 − µ
= −1.0364 ----------(2)
σ
Solving , µ = 188.94 and σ = 8.63 (shown) (ans)
∴ A ~ N (188.94,8.632 )
Let O be r.v. “weight of an orange in g”. O ~ N (220,9)
D = (O − A) , D ~ N (31.06,83.48)
P ( O − A < 10)
= P ( −10 < (O − A) < 10)
= 0.0106 (ans)
T = ( A1 + A2 + A3 ) + (O1 + O2 ) + 52
T ~ N (1058.82, 241.43)
P (T > 1030) = 0.968
(ii) Let A and B denote the no. of V-22 and F-16 accidents occurring per
20,000 hours respectively.
A : Po(1.2), B : Po(0.8)
X = A + B : Po(2)
P ( A ≥ 2 & B ≥ 1| A + B = 4)
P ( A = 2 & B = 2) + P( A = 3 & B = 1)
=
P ( X = 4)
P ( A = 2) P ( B = 2) + P( A = 3) P( B = 1)
=
P ( X = 4)
0.062362
=
0.090223
= 0.691 (3 s.f.)
(iii) Let X denote no. of accidents occurring per 20,000 hrs.
X : Po(2) / 20, 000hrs
P ( X > n) ≤ 0.15
P ( X ≤ n) ≥ 0.85
By GC, n = 2 : P( X ≤ 2) = 0.677
n = 3 : P ( X ≤ 3) = 0.857 ≥ 0.85
∴ least n = 3
12
11 Let X denote the random variable representing the number of pieces of
(i) Maltz, out of 16, that are of poor quality.
X : B ( 16, 0.05)
P ( X ≥ 2) = 1 − P( X ≤ 1)
= 0.189
C2 ( 0.05 ) ( 0.95 ) 14
16 2
P ( X = 2)
= =
P ( X ≥ 2) 0.189
= 0.774
(iii Let Y denote the random variable representing the number of packets of
) Maltz, out of 50, that are rejected.
Y : B ( 50, 0.189)
Since n = 50 is sufficiently large such that
np = 50 × 0.189 = 9.45 > 5 and n(1 − p ) = 50 × ( 1 − 0.189) = 40.55 > 5
we can approximate with the Normal distribution.
Hence, Y : N ( 9.45, 7.66395) approximately.
P ( Y ≤ 10 ) = P ( Y ≤ 10.5) by continuity correction
= 0.648
13
Assuming X is from a normal population and sample size is large, she will
conduct a Z-test:
Test Statistic:
X − 260
z= ~N
s (0, 1) under H 0
n
For her evidence to be credible at 1% level of significance, reject H0
___
X − 260
> 2.326
s
n
263.66667 − 260
⇒ > 2.326
18.21171
n
⇒ n > 133.48
∑ y = 48.611725
8
338.7 + k
⇒ = 48.611725
8
⇒ k = 50.2 (ans)
Model C : y = a + b ln x
L1 → x
L2 → y
L3 → ln(L1 )
Using GC, LinReg L3 , L 2 yields y = 53.72ln x − 163.14
Hence a = −163.14, b = 53.72, r = 0.905 (ans)
14
The End
15