Q# 01 Write a detail on types of computer network

Examples and types of networks

By Junaid Rehman
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If you want to share some files or data between two or more computers then we have make a
network between computers. Computer networks are used to share files and data between
computers like sharing file in office or sharing file from one city to other city. There are many
types of networks depending upon the geographical range. In the below text I will describe about
different types of networks.

Type of networks
Local area network (LAN)
Local area network is the network which is made within the office, room or building. For
example in an office there are 5 computers. One computer is for secretary and it has printer
attached to her computer. Now that printer can be shared to other computers by networking. This
type of networking is called local area network. One computer may also be used to store large
files and other computers can access these files through network. The network is made by
connecting cables from all computers to a single device which has ports in it.

There are different technologies used to connect local area network:-

1. Bus technology
2. Ring technology
3. Star technology
There are other types of network technologies also like mesh technology.

In bus technology all the computers are connected to single wire also called a bus. If any
computer in the network stops working then others computers can still share files and data
between them. Bus this technology is oldest technology used in networking.

In ring technology the computers are connected with each other in ring or circle form. For
example one computer connects to each computer on both sides. If one computer wants to send
file to destination that is not near it than this file is transferred through residing computers and so
on.

Star technology is just like ring technology but it has a device called switch in center that is
connected to all the computers in the ring. The other computers are connected to switch through
hub. So if one hub (computer) wants to transfer data to other hub (computer) then it sends data to
switch and then switch transfer that data to the destination hub.

Examples of local area network (LAN)

Here are the examples of LAN:-

 Networking in home, office.

 Networking between two computers.
 Wi-Fi (When we consider wireless LAN)
Wide area network (WAN)
Wide area network is a network which is used to connect different local area networks (LAN).
Local area networks are connected to one another through a device called router. There may be
used many router to connect large amount of LANs. The big example of wide area network is
internet. On internet we transfer files from one computer to other. There is ftp, http and https
protocols are used to transfer files on the internet. Ftp stands for file transfer protocol.

Example of Wide area network (WAN)

 Internet is the example of WAN.
Metropolitan area network (MAN)
This type of network is not as big as WAN but bigger than LAN. Metropolitan area network is
used within college or within city. So it has high range than LAN. This type of network is also
used for communication in military.

Examples of Metropolitan area network (MAN)

 Networking between banks in a city.
 Used in air reservation.
Personal area network (PAN)
The network used to connect different devices like we connect our pc, mobile and PAD to one
another. This type of network has not wide range but it makes over life much easier. If the
devices are within the range of network then we can share files and data between them.

Examples of Personal area network (PAN)

 The good example of personal area network is Bluetooth.
Other types of networks
We can also classify networks in different ways like client server network, peer to peer network,
application server network. In these networks we use mostly LAN, WAN and MAN.

What is a Network?
In the today world, Networks are known as a medium of connections between nodes or
computers. A network is consist of group of computer systems, servers, networking
devices are linked together to share resources, including a printer or a file server. The
connections is established by using either cable media or wireless media.
Types of Networks
LAN (Local Area Network)
A Local Area Network is a privately owned computer network covering a small
Networks geographical area, like a home, office, or groups of buildings e.g. a school
Network. A LAN is used to connect the computers and other network devices so that the
devices can communicate with each other to share the resources. The resources to be
shared can be a hardware device like printer, software like an application program or
data. The size of LAN is usually small. The various devices in LAN are connected to
central devices called Hub or Switch using a cable.
Now-a-days LANs are being installed using wireless technologies. Such a system
makes use of access point or APs to transmit and receive data. One of the computers in
a network can become a server serving all the remaining computers called Clients.
For example, a library will have a wired or wireless LAN Network for users to
interconnect local networking devices e.g., printers and servers to connect to
theinternet.
LAN offers high speed communication of data rates of 4 to 16 megabits per second
(Mbps). IEEE has projects investigating the standardization of 100 Gbit/s, and possibly
40 Gbit/s. LANs Network may have connections with other LANsNetwork via leased
lines, leased services.

Types of LAN
There are basically two types of Local Area Networks namely: ARCnet andEthernet.
ARCNET (Attached Resource Computer NETwork)
ARCNET is one of the oldest, simplest, and least expensive types of Local-
AreaNetwork protocol, similar in purpose to Ethernet or Token Ring. ARCNET was the
first widely available networking system for microcomputers and became popular in the
1980s for office automation tasks. ARCnet was introduced by Datapoint Corporation in
1977.
A special advantage of ARCNET is that it permits various types of transmission media -
twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable - to be mixed on the same network.
The specification is ANSI 878.1. It can have up to 255 nodes pernetwork.
A new specification, called ARCnet Plus, will support data rates of 20 Mbps
Ethernet is a family of computer networking technologies for local area networks
commercially introduced in 1980. Standardized in IEEE 802.3, Ethernet has largely
replaced competing wired local area network technologies. Ethernet uses a bus or star
topology Network and supports data transfer rates of 10 Mbps.
Ethernet Network uses the CSMA/CD access method to handle simultaneous demands.
It is one of the most widely implemented LAN standards. A newer version of Ethernet
Network, called 100Base-T (or Fast Ethernet), supports data transfer rates of 100 Mbps.
And the newest version, Gigabit Ethernet supports data rates of 1 gigabit (1,000
megabits) per second. Ethernet is a physical and data link layer technology for local
area networks (LANs). Ethernet Network was invented by engineer Robert Metcalfe.
MAN (Metropolitan Area Networks)
MAN stands for Metropolitan Area Networks is one of a number of types of networks. A
MAN is a relatively new class of network. MAN is larger than a local area network and
as its name implies, covers the area of a single city. MANs rarely extend beyond 100
KM and frequently comprise a combination of different hardware and transmission
media. It can be single network such as a cable TV network, or it is a means of
connecting a number of LANs into a larger network so that resources can be shared
LAN to LAN as well as device to device.

A MAN can be created as a single network such as Cable TV Network, covering the
entire city or a group of several Local Area Networks (LANs). It this way resource can
be shared from LAN to LAN and from computer to computer also. MANs are usually
owned by large organizations to interconnect its various branches across a city.
MAN is based on IEEE 802.6 standard known as DQDB (Distributed Queue Dual Bus).
DQDB uses two unidirectional cables (buses) and all the computers are connected to
these two buses. Each bus has a specialized device that initiates the transmission
activity. This device is called head end. Data that is to be sent to the computer on the
right hand side of the sender is transmitted on upper bus. Data that is to be sent to the
left hand side of the sender is transmitted on lower bus.

The two most important components of MANs are security and standardization. Security
is important because information is being shared between dissimilar systems.
Standardization is necessary to ensure reliable data communication.
A MAN usually interconnects a number of local area networks using a high-capacity
backbone technology, such as fiber-optical links, and provides up-link services to wide
area networks and the Internet.
The Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) protocols are mostly at the data link level (layer
2 in the OSI model), which are defined by IEEE, ITU-T, etc.
WAN (Wide Area Networks)
A wide area network (WAN) is a telecommunication network. A wide area network is
simply a LAN of LANs or Network of Networks. WANs connect LANs that may be on
opposite sides of a building, across the country or around the world. WANS are
characterized by the slowest data communication rates and the largest distances.
WANs can be of two types: an enterprise WAN and Global WAN.
Computers connected to a Wide Area Networks are often connected through public
networks, such as the telephone system. They can also be connected through leased
lines or satellites. The largest WAN in existence is the Internet. Some segments of the
Internet, like VPN based extranets, are also WANs in themselves. Finally, many WANs
are corporate or research networks that utilize leased lines.
Numerous WANs have been constructed, including public packet networks, large
corporate networks, military networks, banking networks, stock brokerage networks,
and airline reservation networks.
Organizations supporting WANs using the Internet Protocol are known as Network
Service Providers (NSPs). These form the core of the Internet.
By connecting the NSP WANs together using links at Internet Packet Interchanges
(sometimes called "peering points") a global communication infrastructure is formed.
WANs (wide area networks) generally utilize different and much more expensive
networking equipment than do LANs (Local Area Networks). Key technologies often
found in WANs (wide area networks) include SONET, Frame Relay, and ATM.

Clarify Enterprise WANs.

An enterprise WAN (wide area networks) connects an entire organization including all
LANs (Local Area Networks) at various sites. This term is used for large, widespread
organizations such as corporations, universities and governments.
Clarify Global WANs.
Global WANs (wide area networks) also span the world but they do not have to connect
LANS (Local Area Networks) within a single organization. The Internet is an example of
a global WAN. It connects diverse locations, organizations and institutions throughout
the world. Global WANS (wide area networks) can be public or private. Private WANs
(wide area networks) are called Intranet which belongs to an organization. Public WANs
(wide area networks) are open to everybody so that anybody can connect and use the
resources and services available.
WLANs - Wireless Local Area Networks
WLANs (Wireless Local Area Networks or sometimes referred to as LAWN, for local
area wireless network) provide wireless network communication over short distances
using radio or infrared signals instead of traditional network cabling.WLANs (Wireless
Local Area Networks) is one in which a mobile user can connect to a local area network
(LAN) through a wireless (radio) connection
Norman Abramson, a professor at the University of Hawaii, developed the world’s first
wireless computer communication network,
A WLAN typically extends an existing wired local area network. WLANs (Wireless Local
Area Networks) are built by attaching a device called the access point (AP) to the edge
of the wired network. Clients communicate with the AP using a wireless network adapter
similar in function to a traditional Ethernet adapter.
Network security remains an important issue for WLANs (Wireless Local Area
Networks). Random wireless clients must usually be prohibited from joining the WLAN.
Technologies like WEP raise the level of security on wireless networks to rival that of
traditional wired networks.
The IEEE 802.11 group of standards specify the technologies for wireless LANs. 802.11
standards use the Ethernet
WLAN (Wireless Local Area Networks) hardware was initially so expensive that it was
only used as an alternative to cabled LAN in places where cabling was difficult or
impossible.
All components that can connect into a wireless medium in a network are referred to as
stations. All stations are equipped with wireless network interface controllers (WNICs).
Wireless stations fall into one of two categories: access points, and clients. Access
points (APs), normally routers, are base stations for the wireless network.
They transmit and receive radio frequencies for wireless enabled devices to
communicate with. Wireless clients can be mobile devices such as laptops, personal
digital assistants, IP phones and other smartphones, or fixed devices such as desktops
and workstations that are equipped with a wireless network interface.

WLAN (Wireless Local Area Networks) types

Private home or small business WLAN
Commonly, a home or business WLAN employs one or two access points to broadcast
a signal around a 100- to 200-foot radius. You can find equipment for installing a home
WLAN in many retail stores.
With few exceptions, hardware in this category subscribes to the 802.11a, b, or g
standards (also known as Wi-Fi); some home and office WLANs now adhere to the new
802.11n standard. Also, because of security concerns, many home and office WLANs
adhere to the Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2) standard.
Enterprise class WLAN
An enterprise class WLAN employs a large number of individual access points to
broadcast the signal to a wide area. The access points have more features than home
or small office WLAN equipment, such as better security, authentication, remote
management, and tools to help integrate with existing networks. These access points
have a larger coverage area than home or small office equipment, and are designed to
work together to cover a much larger area. This equipment can adhere to the 802.11a,
b, g, or n standard, or to security-refining standards, such as 802.1x and WPA2.
Examples:
For WLANs that connect to the Internet, Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
technology allows Web content to be more easily downloaded to a WLAN and rendered
on wireless clients like cell phones and PDAs.
Storage Area Network (SAN)
A storage area network (SAN) is a type of local area network (LAN) is a high-speed
special-purpose network. A SAN typically supports data storage, retrieval and
replication on business networks using high-end servers, multiple disk arrays and Fibre
Channel interconnection technology.
Storage Area Networks (SANs) technology is similar but distinct from network
attached storage (NAS) technology. While SANs traditionally employ low-level network
protocols for transferring disk blocks, a NAS device typically works over TCP/IP and can
be integrated fairly easily into home computer networks.
The term SAN can sometimes refer to system area networks instead of a storage area
network. System area networks are clusters of high performance computers used for
distributed processing applications requiring fast local network performance. Storage
area networks, on the other, are designed specifically for data management.
SANs support disk mirroring, backup and restore, archival and retrieval of archived
data, data migration from one storage device to another and the sharing of data among
different servers in a network. SANs can incorporate sub networks with network
attached storage (NAS) systems.

Storage Area Networks Make Your Life Easier

Simplification of Storage Administration is now possible because of Storage Area
Networks cause cables and storage devices doesn’t need to be moved physically.
Moving data from one server into another is now a breeze. Thanks to Storage Area
Networks. Life is much easier.
Before, storage area networks process can take as little as half an hour. But this was
before and now we can accelerate it.
The boo-table features of Storage Area Networks can also be effective and enable
during recovery of data because of certain disaster such as server failure or human
error. Storage area networks are great tools in recovering important data and back ups.
Distant location doesn’t effect the storage area networks as long as the secondary
storage array is working.
This enables storage replication either implemented by disk array controllers, by server
software, or by specialized SAN devices. Since IP WAN’s are often the least costly
method of long-distance transport, the Fibre Channel over IP (FCIP) and iSCSI
protocols have been developed to allow SAN extension over IP networks.
In the old model like in physical SCSI layer, it supported a few meters of distance and
no guarantee of business continuity when disaster strike.In storage area networks, the
disk arrays has accelerated and consolidated in the features like I/O caching, volume
cloning and snap shotting making business continuance possible or BCV’s (Business
Continuance Volumes).
Campus Area Network (CAN)
A campus area networks (CANs) is a computer network interconnecting a few local area
networks (LANs) within a university campus or corporate campus Network.Campus
area network may link a variety of campus buildings.A campus area network is larger
than a local area network but smaller than a metropolitan area network (MAN) or wide
area network (WAN). CAN can also stand for corporate area network.
Personal Area Network (PAN)
A personal area network is a computer network organized around an individual person.
Personal area networks typically involve a mobile computer,Personal area networks can
be constructed with cables or wirelessly.Personal area networks generally cover a
Network range of less than 10 meters (about 30 feet).
PAN (Personal Area Network) first was developed by Thomas Zimmerman and other
researchers at M.I.T.'s Media Lab and later supported by IBM's Almaden research lab.
Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)
which is virtually a synonym since almost any personal area network would need to
function wirelessly. Conceptually, the difference between a PAN ( personal area
network ) and a wireless LAN ( Local Area Network) is that the former tends to be
centered around one person Network while the latter is a local area network (LAN) that
is connected without wires Network and serving multiple users.

Wireless Networks
• The fastest growing segment of the computer industry is the mobile computers such
as notebook computers and personal digital assistant (PDAs).
• The wireless networks are becoming increasingly important because the wired
connection is not possible in cars or aero planes.
• Wireless networks can have many applications. A very common example is the
portable office
• People traveling on road often want to make use of their portable electronic equipment
for telephone calls, e-mails, faxes, read remote files etc.
• Wireless networks can exist on trucks, buses, taxies, aero planes etc. They are used
where the telephone systems are destroyed in the event of disasters such as. fires,
floods and earthquakes etc.
• The wireless networks are important for military.
• Wireless networks and mobile computing are related but they are not identical
because portable computers are sometimes wired and some wireless computers are
not portable.
• But some applications are truly mobile wireless applications such as a portable office,
inventories being handled by PDAs, etc.
• Wireless LAN is another example of wireless network. Direct digital cellular service
CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data) is now becoming available:
• It is possible to have combinations of wired and wireless networking.
Q# 02 write a note computer network topology

Network Topology Definition

A network topology is the pattern in which nodes (i.e., computers, printers, routers or
other devices) are connected to a local area network (LAN) or other network via links
(e.g., twisted pair copper wire cable or optical fiber cable).

There are four principal topologies used in LANs: bus, ring, star and mesh. The most
widely used of these is bus, because it is employed by Ethernet, which is the
dominant LAN architecture. In a bus topology all devices are connected to a central
cable, called the bus or backbone. This topology is relatively inexpensive and easy to
install for small networks.

In a ring topology each device is connected directly to two other devices, one on
either side of it, to form a closed loop. This topology is relatively expensive and
difficult to install, but it offers high bandwidth and can span large distances. A
variation is thetoken ring, in which signals travel in only one direction around the
loop, carried by a so-called token from node to node.

In a star topology all devices are connected directly to a central computer or server.
Such networks are relatively easy to install and manage, but bottlenecks can occur
because all data must pass through the central device.

The mesh topology can be either a full mesh or a partial mesh. In the former, each
computer is connected directly to each of the others. In the latter, some computers are
connected to most of the others, and some are connected only to those other nodes
with which they exchange the most data.

The several basic network topologies can be combined in various ways to form hybrid
topologies, such as a ring-star network or a tree network. The latter consists of two or
more star networks connected to a linear bus.

The word topology comes from the Greek

words topos meaning place and logos meaning study. It is a description of any
locality in terms of its layout. Topology is a branch of mathematics concerned with
properties of geometric figures that are distorted without tearing or bonding together.
 What is Network Topology

The physical topology of a network refers to the configuration of cables, computers,

and other peripherals. Physical topology should not be confused with logical topology
which is the method used to pass information between workstations. Logical topology
was discussed in the Protocol chapter.

Main Types of Network Topologies In networking, the term "topology" refers to the
layout of connected devices on a network. This article introduces the standard
topologies of computer networking.

One can think of a topology as a network's virtual shape or structure. This shape does
not necessarily correspond to the actual physical layout of the devices on the network.
For example, the computers on a home LAN may be arranged in a circle in a family
room, but it would be highly unlikely to find an actual ring topology there.

Network topologies are categorized into the following basic types:

 Star Topology
 Ring Topology
 Bus Topology
 Tree Topology
 Mesh Topology
 Hybrid Topology
More complex networks can be built as hybrids of two or more of the above basic
topologies.

Star Topology Many home networks use the star topology. A star network features a
central connection point called a "hub" that may be a hub, switch or router. Devices
typically connect to the hub with Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Ethernet.

Compared to the bus topology, a star network generally requires more cable, but a
failure in any star network cable will only take down one computer's network access
and not the entire LAN. (If the hub fails, however, the entire network also fails.)

See the illustration of Star Network Topology.

 Advantages of a Star Topology

 Easy to install and wire.

 No disruptions to the network then connecting or removing devices.
 Easy to detect faults and to remove parts.

Disadvantages of a Star Topology

 Requires more cable length than a linear topology.

 If the hub or concentrator fails, nodes attached are disabled.
 More expensive than linear bus topologies because of the cost of the concentrators.

The protocols used with star configurations are usually Ethernet or LocalTalk. Token
Ring uses a similar topology, called the star-wired ring.

Star-Wired Ring

A star-wired ring topology may appear (externally) to be the same as a star topology.
Internally, the MAU of a star-wired ring contains wiring that allows information to pass
from one device to another in a circle or ring (See fig. 3). The Token Ring protocol uses
a star-wired ring topology.

Ring Topology In a ring network, every device has exactly two neighbors for
communication purposes. All messages travel through a ring in the same direction
(either "clockwise" or "counterclockwise"). A failure in any cable or device breaks the
loop and can take down the entire network.

To implement a ring network, one typically uses FDDI, SONET, or Token Ring
technology. Ring topologies are found in some office buildings or school campuses.
See the illustration of Ring Topology.

Bus Topology Bus networks (not to be confused with the system bus of a computer)
use a common backbone to connect all devices. A single cable, the backbone functions
as a shared communication medium that devices attach or tap into with an interface
connector. A device wanting to communicate with another device on the network sends
a broadcast message onto the wire that all other devices see, but only the intended
recipient actually accepts and processes the message.

Ethernet bus topologies are relatively easy to install and don't require much cabling
compared to the alternatives. 10Base-2 ("ThinNet") and 10Base-5 ("ThickNet") both
were popular Ethernet cabling options many years ago for bus topologies. However,
bus networks work best with a limited number of devices. If more than a few dozen
computers are added to a network bus, performance problems will likely result. In
addition, if the backbone cable fails, the entire network effectively becomes unusable.

See the illustration of Bus Network Topology.

 Advantages of a Linear Bus Topology

 Easy to connect a computer or peripheral to a linear bus.

 Requires less cable length than a star topology.

Disadvantages of a Linear Bus Topology

 Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable.

 Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable.
 Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down.
 Not meant to be used as a stand-alone solution in a large building.

Tree Topology Tree topologies integrate multiple star topologies together onto a bus.
In its simplest form, only hub devices connect directly to the tree bus, and each hub
functions as the "root" of a tree of devices. This bus/star hybrid approach supports
future expandability of the network much better than a bus (limited in the number of
devices due to the broadcast traffic it generates) or a star (limited by the number of
hub connection points) alone.

See the illustration of Tree Network Topology.

 Advantages of a Tree Topology

 Point-to-point wiring for individual segments.

 Supported by several hardware and software venders.

Disadvantages of a Tree Topology

 Overall length of each segment is limited by the type of cabling used.

 If the backbone line breaks, the entire segment goes down.
 More difficult to configure and wire than other topologies.

Mesh Topology Mesh topologies involve the concept of routes. Unlike each of the
previous topologies, messages sent on a mesh network can take any of several possible
paths from source to destination. (Recall that even in a ring, although two cable paths
exist, messages can only travel in one direction.) Some WANs, most notably the
Internet, employ mesh routing.

A mesh network in which every device connects to every other is called a full mesh. As
shown in the illustration below, partial mesh networks also exist in which some devices
connect only indirectly to others.

See the illustration of Mesh Network Topology.

Hybrid Topology

A combination of any two or more network topologies. Note 1: Instances can occur
where two basic network topologies, when connected together, can still retain the basic
network character, and therefore not be a hybrid network. For example, a tree network
connected to a tree network is still a tree network. Therefore, a hybrid network accrues
only when two basic networks are connected and the resulting network topology fails to
meet one of the basic topology definitions. For example, two star networks connected
together exhibit hybrid network topologies. Note 2: A hybrid topology always accrues
when two different basic network topologies are connected.

5-4-3 Rule

A consideration in setting up a tree topology using Ethernet protocol is the 5-4-3 rule.
One aspect of the Ethernet protocol requires that a signal sent out on the network cable
reach every part of the network within a specified length of time. Each concentrator or
repeater that a signal goes through adds a small amount of time. This leads to the rule
that between any two nodes on the network there can only be a maximum of 5
segments, connected through 4 repeaters/concentrators. In addition, only 3 of the
segments may be populated (trunk) segments if they are made of coaxial cable. A
populated segment is one which has one or more nodes attached to it . In Figure 4, the
5-4-3 rule is adhered to. The furthest two nodes on the network have 4 segments and 3
repeaters/concentrators between them.

This rule does not apply to other network protocols or Ethernet networks where all fiber
optic cabling or a combination of a fiber backbone with UTP cabling is used. If there is a
combination of fiber optic backbone and UTP cabling, the rule is simply translated to 7-
6-5 rule.
 Considerations When Choosing a Topology
 Money. A linear bus network may be the least expensive way to install a network; you
do not have to purchase concentrators.
 Length of cable needed. The linear bus network uses shorter lengths of cable.
 Future growth. With a star topology, expanding a network is easily done by adding
another concentrator.
 Cable type. The most common cable in schools is unshielded twisted pair, which is most
often used with star topologies.
Other definition of Network Topology

A network consists of multiple computers connected using some type of interface, each
having one or more interface devices such as a Network Interface Card (NIC) and/or a
serial device for PPP networking. Each computer is supported by network software that
provides the server or client functionality. The hardware used to transmit data across
the network is called the media. It may include copper cable, fiber optic, or wireless
transmission. The standard cabling used for the purposes of this document is 10Base-T
category 5 Ethernet cable. This is twisted copper cabling which appears at the surface
to look similar to TV coaxial cable. It is terminated on each end by a connector that
looks much like a phone connector. Its maximum segment length is 100 meters.

In a server based network, there are computers set up to be primary providers of

services such as file service or mail service. The computers providing the service are
called servers and the computers that request and use the service are called client
computers.

In a peer-to-peer network, various computers on the network can act both as clients
and servers. For instance, many Microsoft Windows based computers will allow file and
print sharing. These computers can act both as a client and a server and are also
referred to as peers. Many networks are combination peer-to-peer and server based
networks. The network operating system uses a network data protocol to communicate
on the network to other computers. The network operating system supports the
applications on that computer. A Network Operating System (NOS) includes Windows
NT, Novell Netware, Linux, Unix and others.
Q# 03 write down any 30 short key that are used in Ms word

Useful Microsoft Word Keyboard Shortcuts: CTRL A-Z and Others

Updated on August 2, 2017

Lena Kovadlo

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Lena Kovadlo is a writer for various content sharing websites. She's an

author of 10 books and helps other authors publish their books.
Contact Author

Source

We live in a fast-paced society and often enough it seems like there is not enough time
in the day to accomplish what needs to be done. If there are shortcuts we can
implement that will save us valuable time then we will give them a try. We have nothing
to lose if we do. Who knows? They just might work.

Microsoft Word Keyboard Shortcuts

Whether you are technologically savvy or not you can still implement shortcuts when
using software applications such as Microsoft Word. The shortcuts are easy to use and
remember. For those people that tend to forget things, keeping a print out of the
shortcuts is not a bad idea.
There are many shortcuts available for use in Microsoft Word using the keyboard -
CTRL shortcuts, SHIFT shortcuts, ALT Shortcuts, and Function Key shortcuts (i.e.F1).
There are also other keyboard shortcuts, and shortcuts that do not use the keyboard at
all. They are all useful to know and save valuable time. You decide which shortcuts you
want to use and which shortcuts to ignore. You don't have to use shortcuts at all if you
don't want to. But why not give them a try?

In this hub I thought I would introduce you to the CTRL shortcuts that you can use when
working with Microsoft Word.

CTRL Shortcuts from A-Z:

CTRL + A = Select text
CTRL + B = Bold text
CTRL + C = Copy text
CTRL + D = Open font formatting window
CTRL + E = Center text
CTRL + F = Find a phrase
CTRL + G = Go To a specific page or bookmark
CTRL + H = Replace text with another text or replace text with different formatting
CTRL + I = Italicize text
CTRL + J = Justify text
CTRL + K = Open Insert Hyperlink window
CTRL + L = Left align text
CTRL + M = Indent a paragraph from the left
CTRL + N = Open new Word document
CTRL + O = Open an existing Word document
CTRL + P = Print Word document
CTRL + Q = Remove paragraph formatting
CTRL + R = Right align text
CTRL + S = Save Word document
CTRL + T = Create a hanging indent
CTRL + U = Underline text
CTRL + V = Paste text
CTRL + W = Close Word document
CTRL + X = Cut text
CTRL + Y = Redo an action previously undone OR repeat an action
CTRL + Z = Undo a previous action

CTRL + SHIFT Shortcuts From A-Z:

CTRL + SHIFT + C =Copy Formats
CTRL + SHIFT + D = Double Underline text
CTRL + SHIFT + E = Track changes
CTRL + SHIFT + F = Change the font
CTRL + SHIFT + H = Apply hidden text formatting
CTRL + SHIFT + K = Format letters as small capitals
CTRL + SHIFT + L = Apply the List style
CTRL + SHIFT + M = Remove a paragraph indent from the left
CTRL + SHIFT + N = Apply the Normal Style
CTRL + SHIFT + P = Change the font size
CTRL + SHIFT + Q = Change the selection to the Symbol font
CTRL + SHIFT + S = Apply a style
CTRL + SHIFT + T= Reduce a hanging indent
CTRL + SHIFT + V =Paste Formats
CTRL + SHIFT + W = Underline words but not spaces

Other CTRL Shortcuts

CTRL + ] = Increase size of selected text by one point
CTRL + [ = Decrease size of selected text by one point
CTRL + SHIFT+ > = Increase font size
CTRL + SHIFT + < = Decrease font size
CTRL + 1 = Single-space lines
CTRL + 2 = Double-space lines
CTRL + 5 = 1.5 space lines
CTRL + 0 = Add/remove one line space preceding a paragraph
CTRL + Left Arrow = Move one word to the left
CTRL + Right Arrow = Move one word to the right
CTRL + Up Arrow = Move one paragraph up
CTRL + Down Arrow =Move one paragraph down
CTRL + Page Up = Go to the top of previous page
CTRL + Page Down = Go to the top of next page
CTRL + END = Go to the end of document
CTRL + HOME = Go to the beginning of document
CTRL + ENTER = Page break
CTRL + DELETE = Delete one word to the right
CTRL + BACKSPACE = Delete one word to the left
CTRL + TAB = Insert a Tab character
CTRL + ALT + S = Copyright symbol
CTRL + ALT + R = Registered trademark symbol
CTRL + ALT + T = Trademark symbol
CTRL + ALT + M = Insert a comment
CTRL + ALT + I = Switch in or out of print preview
There are more CTRL shortcuts than what I have mentioned above. Since you have
plenty of CTRL shortcuts to digest already I thought it would be best to not include
anymore. Hope these shortcuts are helpful to you and hope you can apply them the
next time you use Microsoft Word.
Write Down Advantages And Disadvantages Of Internet

he Advantages and Disadvantages of The Internet Essay

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REFERENCE THIS

Published: 17th May, 2017 Last Edited: 17th May, 2017

Disclaimer: This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the
work written by our professional essay writers.
Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are
those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UK Essays.
Keywords: advantages of the internet, disadvantages of the internet

Table of Contents

1.0 Introduction
2.0 Advantages of Internet
3.0 Disadvantages of Internet
4.0 Conclusion

1.0 Introduction

Modern life has become easier and the people of the world have to thanks to the
immense contribution of the internet technology to communication and information
sharing. There is no doubt that internet has made our life become easier and more
convenient. We can use internet to communicate with people around the world, doing
business by using internet, make new friend and know different cultures, searching
information, studying and etc.
The internet not only allows for communication through email but also ensures easy
availability of information, images, and products amongst other things. Every day the
internet continues to provide a new facility, something new that is immensely convenient
and that makes life more easier for web users. However, the internet also contains
some unwanted elements or disadvantages. The following are the advantages and
disadvantages of the internet.

2.0 Advantages of the Internet

Firstly, the internet can let a person to communicate with people in virtually any parts of
the world through the internet or e-mail, without having to leave his room. E-mail
allowed peoples to communicate with minimum of times. It is now possibles to send a
message to any parts of the world through a simple e-mail address and the message is
delivered in matter of seconds. Every companies is using e-mail in business. The
convenience of e-mail has allowed businesses to expand and communicates with their
vendors and customers located all over the world in records times. Personal
communication has also become more easier thanks to e-mail. Chat rooms, video
conferencing are some of the latest additions in this technology and these have allowed
peoples to chat in real time. Besides, there are a lot of messengers services in offering.
With the help of such services, it has become very easy to establish a kind of global
friendship where you can share your thoughts and explore other cultures. The internet
also allows people within an organization to easily communicate and share
informations.
Second, information is probably the biggest advantages that internet offers. Internet is a
virtual treasures trove of information. Any kinds of information on any topic under the
sun is available on the internet. The search engines like Google, Yahoo are at your
service through the internet. There is a huge amount of information available on the
internet for just about every subjects known to man, ranging from government law and
services, trade fairs and conferences, market information, new ideas and technical
support, the lists is simply endless. We can uses these search engines, websites
dedicated to different subjects and large amount of articles and papers are available for
perusal in a matter of a few seconds.
Forums on a number of sites allow peoples to discuss and share their thoughts and
informations with others located at different places all over the world. Whether this
information is the latest news happenings in the world or information about your
favourite celebrity, everything is available at your finger tips. A huge cache of data is
available on the internet on every single subjects. With this storehouse of information
people can not only increases their knowledge bank but can do so without wasting their
time through traditional means such as visiting libraries and conducting exhaustive
research. With internet, students can save their times to search for information and
using their time to do other works.
This is particularly relevant for students who can use this wealth of information for their
school projects and also learn new things about the subjects they are interested in. In
fact this internet is for many schools and universities that are now able to assigns
projects and work to the students and follows their progress which can be easily posted
on the school or university internal websites. Online education has grown at a very fast
pace since internet allow the development and uses of innovative tools for imparting
educations. University&acirc;€™s students and lecturers can communicate through
internet. Besides, some universities are also offerings far distances courses to make
study become more inefficient and convenience. Internet become a gateway for those
who wants to learn but cannot afford the living fees at foreign countries.
Thirdly, entertainments is another popular reasons why many people prefer to surf the
internet. In fact, the internet has becomes quite successful in trapping the multifaceted
entertainment industry. Downloading games or just surfing the celebrity websites are
some of the uses people have discovered. Even celebrities are using the internet
effectively for promotional campaigns. Besides that, there are numerous games that can
be downloaded for free. The industry of online gaming has tasted dramatic and
phenomenal attentions by game lovers. The internet has also revolutionized the
entertainments industry. People nowadays no need to go to a cinema hall to watch your
favourite movie. Instead of watching movies at cinema now have companies offering
their services where you just can downloads or order your favourite movie and watch it
with a fast internet connection. Besides that, you also can download other important
software or your favourite music in a matter of few minutes. There are a number of
shareware programs that allow you to share and download your favourite music and
videos. The internet also allows people from different cultures and background to
connect with each other. Internet gaming is a huge business and allow enthusiastic
gamers to compete against each other in games even when they are located far apart.
Likewise dating has also allowed people to find their prospective soul mates.
Through the internet, shopping has also got a complete makeover thanks to the
contributions of the internet. You have many website selling a varieties of products
online and one just need to select or bid for the desired product and entire financial
transactions can be conducts through the internet. E commerce has got a facilities
because of the internet and entire global business deals can be conducted over the
internet. Transfer of money is also no longer a times consuming job and with just a click
of a button you can easily transfers funds to any place you wish. Some of these
services of courses come at a price. The internet has made life very convenient. With
numerous online services you can now performs all your transaction online. You can
books tickets for a movie, transfer funds, pay utility bills, taxes etc, and right from your
home. Some travel websites even plans an itinerary as per your preferences and take
care of airline tickets, hotel reservation etc. by using internet, consumers can compare
the prices of product before making decisions to purchase.
People who believes that impacts of internet on students is positives said that internet
help students by providing them the handy material and resources for their studies. It is
a big reality that now students takes a lots of help from internet. Students have any
problem regarding their studies or their daily life they can finds lots of solutions of that
problem from internet. There they can find out articles of scholar and other professional
people which would be helpful for them. They can take lectures from different
academics on different topics.
One of the most important benefits of internet is that students can earn from internet
through bloggers. Students can take interest on earning through internet. It would be a
great source of income for them and also it would provide them a big experience of
writing. The students who are interested in media and wanted to be a writer in the future
must do this work. This would increase their professional skills which would lead them
towards great future.
Students can also use internet for the social connectivity and there are lots of social
media websites which mostly students use for social networking. Such as Facebook,
Twitter, Weibo etc are the famous social networking site. Students can contact
themselves with the foreign students and discuss them on different issue to enhance
their skills and knowledge. By using internet wisely, students can get many information
to enrich their knowledge.

3.0 Disadvantages of the Internet

However, for all its advantages and positive aspects, the internet has its dark and ugly
side too. The recent rumours that mongering about racial riots in Kuala Lumpur which in
created a furores, just goes to show how this tool, with its unrivalled reputation as an
information assassinations and company reputations can suffer if internet facilities are
abused, especially by those with an axe to grind.
Besides that some students will spend too much of time through the internet. Students
are likely to neglect their studies. If the movie has too strong a hold even elderly people
are likely to neglect some their important work. Students might lose concentrate on their
studies because they spent too much time on internet. Some of them can&acirc;€™t
even divide their time to do homework but they spent their time on watching movie or
chatting with their friends through internet.
While the&Acirc; internet has made life easier for people in many ways it is also
reflecting an uglier side to its existence through a number of problems that it has thrown
up for its users. With a large amount of information freely available on the internet theft
and misuse of this information is a likely possibility. Time and again you see cases of
people using someone else&acirc;€™s information and research and passing it off
as their own. Children nowadays seem losing their ability to communicate with others.
They are used to communicate with others via internet but they cannot communicate
with others face by face fluent. It was a strange sight that internet had make people
losing their ability to communicate. It is because people now are over depending on
internet.
Another problem or disadvantage of the internet is that it has allowed a great deal of
anonymity to a large number of people who may access the different websites, forums
and chat rooms available. This has allowed perverted individuals to at times take
advantage of innocent people and abuse their trust. We can always hear from news that
cheaters used internet to make crimes. The cheaters will make friends with single ladies
and cheat them by using sweet words. Lonely single ladies are very easy get in trap of
these cheaters. These cheaters normally will cheat these ladies to bank-in money to
them. Some of the cheaters try to borrow money from these ladies.
There are a host of games that are available on the internet and this has made most
children to shun all outdoor activity. In the absence of physical activity, children can
easily fall prey to a lot of lifestyle related diseases such as obesity, apart from failing to
develop interpersonal skills. Apart from these factors, sitting continuously in front of a
computer screen can seriously damage our eyes, and put a strain on our neck and
shoulders. Children are in their developing years and these factors can create life-long
problems for them. Children will become more violence because affected by internet
games. There are too many internet games that contain violence content and it may
affect negative influence to children.
Another disadvantage of internet is harmful to little children. Children nowadays are
explored to internet and they are used to maintain internet as their daily life. This is one
of the greatest threats internet poses to children. Internet has provided an easy medium
to children to gain access to pornography and this can cause them to either become
sexually-deviant or sexually-addictive. This phenomenon has also caused another
problem, and that is the increase in prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STD)
in children. According to reports, one out of every four teenagers gets infected with a
STD every year. The adult content that is present on the internet promotes irresponsible
sex and creates false notions in the minds of students.
If you have been following news lately then you must know what we are referring to.
Children have been lured by paedophiles posing as good Samaritans and have been
physically abused and molested. Internet has also made it easy for unscrupulous
elements to get in touch with children and this has led to an increase in the cases of
kidnapping and identity thefts. About 60% young teens in the United States have
admitted to responding to messages from strangers. This kind of behaviour is extremely
risky and has made children extremely vulnerable to become victims of cyber-crime.

4.0 Conclusion

The points mentioned above have posed new challenges to teachers and parents.
There are demands from various quarters that there should be some sort of regulation
to check this issue. However, we believe that instead of making internet a taboo, we
should educate children to use it for their benefit. It is advisable for parents to monitor
how much time their children spend on the internet, and if possible set a time-limit till
which they would be allowed to use the internet. Having the computer in the living-room
instead of a child's bedroom can also ensure censorship on what they are accessing on
the internet. It is also important that you talk to them about 'the birds and the bees'
because if you do not talk to them, they will turn to their friends and internet for answers
which may not provide authentic information. Parents play important role in this content
and they have to pay attention on their children despite them get affected by internet.
Although studies on this disorder are in preliminary stages, it has been established that
children who spend most of their time on the internet, show a peculiar kind of behaviour
which is marked by an urge to be on the internet all the time, so much that the child may
show all activities and become immersed in the virtual world. Surveys conducted over
the years have found that most people who suffer from Internet addiction disorder are
young adults, who easily fall into the lure of exploring everything that is available on the
internet. In America alone, it has been estimated that around 10-15 million people are
suffering from internet addiction disorder, and this is increasing at the rate of 25% every
year. Internet had controlled some of them who are depending internet in their life
activities. Most of them will get mad if they cannot connect to internet. It becomes a kind
of physiology sickness around us.
The internet focused on the negative effects, it in no way means that we are
undermining the importance of internet in our lives. We have written this article for the
internet audience, and you are reading it through the internet, which itself explains the
positive side of internet usage. It is for us to decide whether we use technology for the
betterment of our lives or put it to unabated abuse. Children may not be mature enough
to understand this, but us as parents, teachers and guardians need to ensure that we
inculcate the right behaviour in our children. Lastly, we have to take the responsibilities
to guide out children to use internet wisely and ensure them to get right information from
internet.
Write Down Advantages And Disadvantages Email

Advantages and Disadvantages of Email

Knowing the advantages and disadvantages of email will help you analyse the time you
spend using it.

Learn the pros and cons to decide when and how to use email effectively.

10 Advantages of Email

1. It's free!

Once you’re online, there is no further expense.

2. Easy to reference

Sent and received messages and attachments can be stored safely, logically and
reliably. It's a lot easier to organize emails than paper.

3. Easy to use

Once you’re set up, sending and receiving messages is simple. That goes for a host of
other email functions. Data storage and contacts can be accessed quickly and easily.

4. Easy to prioritize

Incoming messages have subject lines that mean you can delete without opening. How
much time does that save compared to ‘snail mail?’

5. Speed

Message to send? Done, under a second! Email is as fast a form of written

communication as any.

6. Global
Web based email means you can access your messages anywhere online. Going
overseas? Before you go, mail yourself a copy of your passport number, travel
insurance details or your accommodation details.

7. Good for the planet

Actually the advantages and disadvantages of email are clear here. Computers
themselves aren’t 'green', but email offsets some of the damage by reducing the
environmental cost of contact.

8. Info at your fingertips

Storing data online means less large, space taking file cabinets, folders and shelves.
You can access information far quicker if you learn how to use email this way.

9. Leverage

Send the same message to any number of people. Adaptations are simple, too. If you
have a product or service to sell, email is an effective medium to get your message out.

10. Send reminders to yourself

Do you use more than one account? Email yourself messages from work to home or
vice versa. Does the idea of two or more accounts seem complicated? It's not if you
know how to manage multiple accounts.

Used well, email really is a superb communication and productivity tool.

But you clicked to learn the advantages and disadvantages of email.

Here's the flip side...

10 Disadvantages of Email

1. Emotional responses

Some emails cause upset or anger. A reply in the heat of the moment can’t be easily
retracted, but it can cause lasting damage.

2. Information overload

Too many people send too much information. They cover their backs citing ‘need to
know’ as the justification. Learn how to use email effectively and you’ll reduce time
wasted on this.

3. Lacking the Personal Touch

Some things are best left untyped. Email will never beat a hand written card or letter
when it comes to relationships.

4. Misunderstandings

Emails from people who don’t take the time to read what they write before clicking
‘send’. Time is wasted, either to clarify or, worse, acting on a misinterpretation of the
message.

5. No Respite

Your email inbox is like a garden; it needs to be constantly maintained. Leave it and will
continue to grow. Ignore it at your peril!

6. Pressure to Reply

Once it’s in your inbox, you feel an ever increasing obligation to act on it.
Procrastinating doesn’t making it go away. Do it, dump it or delegate it.

7. Spam

Having to deal with spam and spoofs is one of the worst avoidable time wasters
online. Use some anti spam software.

8. Sucks up Your Time

Over checking messages is so common, but it is time wasted on a low value, passive
activity. Better to check once or twice a day.

9. Too Long

How long is too long? It’s hard to say exactly, but the longer it goes on, the harder it is
to take in. Email is suited to brevity - keep it short and sweet.

10. Viruses

A virus could seriously affect your computer. If you want to know how to use email
effectively, it's worth learning how to deal with these.

* * *

Okay, so now you know the advantages and disadvantages of email, you have a
platform to know how use email as a time saver rather than a time waster.

---

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Sign up below. They're yours for free, and you can unsubscribe at any time.
Plus I'll send you a free copy of Tame Your Inbox in 10 Minutesto help you do just that!
 Q# 04 what is the difference between a worksheet and a work book

Difference Between Excel Worksheet & Workbook

by Eric Scott

Related Articles
 1How Can I Start a Workbook in Excel?
 2The Advantages & Disadvantages of Spreadsheets
 3Four Types of Data in a Worksheet
 4How Do I Reference a Cell in Another Worksheet in Excel?
Microsoft Excel is a powerful small business tool that allows you to organize and analyze large
amounts of data quickly and efficiently. Although Excel is fairly easy to learn, there are several
concepts that must be learned. One of these concepts is the difference between a worksheet and a
workbook.
Worksheet

An Excel worksheet is a single spreadsheet that contains cells organized by rows and columns. A
worksheet begins with row number one and column A. Each cell can contain a number, text or
formula. A cell can also reference another cell in the same worksheet, the same workbook or a
different workbook. In Excel 2010, the maximum size of a worksheet is 1,048,576 rows by
16,384 columns.
Workbook

A workbook is an Excel file that contains one or more worksheets. Each of the workbook's
worksheets are in separate tabs on the bottom of the Excel window. By default, a new Excel
workbook will contain three worksheets. You can switch between worksheets by clicking on the
worksheet's tab on the bottom of the Excel window. In Excel 2010 the number of worksheets in a
workbooks is limited only by your computer's available memory.
Benefits of Multiple Worksheets

The ability to have multiple worksheets in an Excel workbook allows you to organize your data.
Each worksheet can contain a different set of data. For example, one worksheet can contain your
business' sales data, a second can contain your inventory and a third can contain your expenses.
Adding And Renaming Worksheets

To add a new worksheet, click on the plus sign next to the last worksheet tab. A new blank
worksheet will be created. Alternatively, you can click on "Sheet" under "Insert" on the top menu
bar of Excel. To change the name of a worksheet right click on a worksheet tab, select "rename"
and type in a new name followed by the Enter key.
Printing Worksheets And Workbooks

Excel gives you the option of printing a single worksheet or the entire workbook. To print a
single worksheet select "Print" in the File menu then click the radio button next to "Active
Worksheet" under the heading "Print What." To print the entire workbook, choose the radio
button next to "Entire Workbook."

More ways to create new dashboards

Create a new dashboard by doing one of the following:
 Select Dashboard > New Dashboard.
 Click the New Dashboard button at the bottom of the workbook.

 Right-click on any open tab in the workbook, and select New Dashboard from
the menu.

 On the toolbar, click the drop-down arrow on the New Worksheet button
and then select New Dashboard.

More ways to create new stories

Create a new story by doing one of the following:
 Select Story > New Story.
  Click the New Story button at the bottom of the workbook.

 Right-click on any open tab in the workbook, and select New Story from the
menu.

 On the toolbar, click the drop-down arrow on the New Worksheet button
and then select New Story.
Back to top

Undo, redo, or clear sheets

Every Tableau workbook contains a history of steps you have performed on the
worksheets, dashboards, and stories in that workbook for the current work session.
To move backward through the history, click Undo on the toolbar or press Ctrl + Z
on your keyboard (Command-Z on a Mac).
To move forward through the history, click Redo on the toolbar or press Ctrl + Y
(Command-Y on a Mac) on your keyboard.
To remove all fields, formatting, sizing, axis ranges, filters, sorts, and context
filters in the sheet, click Clear Sheet on the toolbar.
To clear specific aspects of the view, use the Clear Sheet drop-down menu.
Note: Using the clear commands on the toolbar does not clear the history. If you decide
that you didn’t want to clear the sheet, click the Undo button.
Back to top

Duplicate a sheet
When you want to use an existing sheet as a jumping off point for more exploration, you
can duplicate that sheet. The duplicated sheet contains all of the same fields and
settings as a starting point for new analysis.
Duplicate creates a new version of a worksheet, dashboard, or story you can modify
without effecting the original sheet.
To duplicate the active sheet, right-click the sheet tab (control-click on Mac) and
select Duplicate.
Note: When you duplicate a dashboard, a new version of the dashboard is created, but
it still references the original worksheets that were used to create the dashboard.

Duplicate as Crosstab
A crosstab (sometimes referred to as a Pivot Table) is a table that summarizes data in
rows and columns of text. It is a convenient way to display the numbers associated with
the data view.
To create a new cross-tab sheet based on the data in the current sheet, right-click the
sheet tab (control-click on Mac) and selectDuplicate as Crosstab. Or
select Worksheet > Duplicate as Crosstab.
This command inserts a new worksheet into your workbook and populates the sheet
with a cross-tab view of the data from the original worksheet. Dashboards and stories
cannot be duplicated as crosstabs.
Back to top

Rename sheets
To rename the active sheet, right-click (control-click on Mac) the sheet in the sheet tab
along the bottom of the workbook, and then click Rename Sheet .
Or, double-click the name of the sheet in a sheet tab, type a new name, and then
click Enter.
Back to top

See the underlying data in a sheet

To see the numbers behind the marks in your view
Hover over or click a mark to display the associated data in a tooltip. With the tooltip
open, click the View Data command at the top of the tooltip to view underlying data.
Right-click the view (with no marks selected), and then click View Data.
You can copy and paste the data into Excel or another application. To export the
underlying data, click Export All.
Back to top

Hide or show sheets in dashboards and stories

You can hide or show worksheets in a dashboard or story, for example, if you want to
share a dashboard with others but not clutter the view with all the supporting
worksheets. You cannot hide sheets in a workbook.
To hide a worksheet, right-click the worksheet tab (control-click on Mac) and
select Hide Sheet.

Dashboards
To show a hidden sheet from a dashboard that uses it, in the Dashboard pane,
right-click the worksheet that was hidden. Click Hide Sheet to clear that selection and
show the worksheet.