OSHA 1926-Subpart R

Pt. 1926, Subpt. Q, App. A 29 CFR Ch.
XVII (7–1–16 Edition)
(5) The limited access zone shall re- Insulating Concrete for Compressive
main in place until the wall is ade- Strength (ASTM C513–86).
quately supported to prevent over- • Test Method for Comprehensive Strength
of Lightweight Insulating Concrete (ASTM
turning and to prevent collapse unless
C495–86).
the height of wall is over eight feet, in • Method of Making, Accelerating Curing,
which case, the limited access zone and Testing of Concrete Compression Test
shall remain in place until the require- Specimens (ASTM C684–81).
ments of paragraph (b) of this section • Test Method for Compressive Strength of
have been met. Concrete Using Portions of Beams Broken in
(b) All masonry walls over eight feet Flexure (ASTM C116–68 (1980)).
in height shall be adequately braced to
prevent overturning and to prevent col- Subpart R—Steel Erection
lapse unless the wall is adequately sup-
ported so that it will not overturn or AUTHORITY: Section 3704 of the Contract
collapse. The bracing shall remain in Work Hours and Safety Standards Act (40
place until permanent supporting ele- U.S.C. 3701); Sections 4, 6, and 8 of the Occu-
ments of the structure are in place. pational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29
U.S.C. 653, 655, 657); Secretary of Labor’s
APPENDIX A TO SUBPART Q OF PART Order Nos. 3–2000 (65 FR 50017), 5–2002 (67 FR
1926—REFERENCES TO SUBPART Q OF 65008), and 5–2007 (72 FR 31159); and 29 CFR
PART 1926 part 1911.
SOURCE: 66 FR 5265, Jan. 18, 2001, unless
(This appendix is non-mandatory.)
otherwise noted.
The following non-mandatory references
provide information which can be helpful in § 1926.750 Scope.
understanding and complying with the re-
quirements contained in subpart Q.
(a) This subpart sets forth require-
• Accident Prevention Manual for Indus- ments to protect employees from the
trial Operations; Eighth Edition; National hazards associated with steel erection
Safety Council. activities involved in the construction,
• Building Code Requirements for Rein- alteration, and/or repair of single and
forced Concrete (ACI 318–83). multi-story buildings, bridges, and
• Formwork for Concrete (ACI SP–4). other structures where steel erection
• Recommended Practice for Concrete
occurs. The requirements of this sub-
Formwork (ACI 347–78).
• Safety Requirements for Concrete and part apply to employers engaged in
Masonry Work (ANSI A10.9–1983). steel erection unless otherwise speci-
• Standard Test Method for Compressive fied. This subpart does not cover elec-
Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens trical transmission towers, commu-
(ASTM C39–86). nication and broadcast towers, or
• Standard Test Method for Making and tanks.
Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field
(ASTM C31–85). NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (a): Examples of struc-
• Standard Test Method for Penetration tures where steel erection may occur include
Resistance of Hardened Concrete (ASTM but are not limited to the following: Single
C803–82). and multi-story buildings; systems-engi-
• Standard Test Method for Compressive neered metal buildings; lift slab/tilt-up
Strength of Concrete Cylinders Cast In-Place structures; energy exploration structures;
in Cylindrical Molds (ASTM C873–85). energy production, transfer and storage
• Standard Method for Developing Early structures and facilities; auditoriums; malls;
Age Compressive Test Values and Projecting amphitheaters; stadiums; power plants;
Later Age Strengths (ASTM C918–80). mills; chemical process structures; bridges;
• Recommended Practice for Inspection trestles; overpasses; underpasses; viaducts;
and Testing Agencies for Concrete, Steel and aqueducts; aerospace facilities and struc-
Bituminous Materials as Used in Construc- tures; radar and communication structures;
tion (ASTM E329–77). light towers; signage; billboards; score-
• Method of Making and Curing Concrete boards; conveyor systems; conveyor supports
Test Specimens in the Laboratory (ASTM and related framing; stairways; stair towers;
C192–88). fire escapes; draft curtains; fire containment
• Methods of Obtaining and Testing Drilled structures; monorails; aerialways; catwalks;
Cores and Sawed Beams of Concrete (ASTM curtain walls; window walls; store fronts; el-
lpowell on DSK54DXVN1OFR with $$_JOB
C42–87). evator fronts; entrances; skylights; metal

• Methods of Securing, Preparing and Test- roofs; industrial structures; hi-bay struc-
ing Specimens from Hardened Lightweight tures; rail, marine and other transportation
408
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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor § 1926.751
structures; sound barriers; water process and pansion joint assemblies; slide bear-
water containment structures; air and cable ings; hydraulic structures; fascias; sof-
supported structures; space frames; geodesic fit panels; penthouse enclosures; sky-
domes; canopies; racks and rack support
structures and frames; platforms; walkways;
lights; joint fillers; gaskets; sealants
balconies; atriums; penthouses; car dumpers; and seals; doors; windows; hardware;
stackers/reclaimers; cranes and craneways; detention/security equipment and
bins; hoppers; ovens; furnaces; stacks; doors, windows and hardware; con-
amusement park structures and rides; and veying systems; building specialties;
artistic and monumental structures. building equipment; machinery and
(b)(1) Steel erection activities in- plant equipment, furnishings and spe-
clude hoisting, laying out, placing, cial construction.
connecting, welding, burning, guying, (c) The duties of controlling contrac-
bracing, bolting, plumbing and rigging tors under this subpart include, but are
structural steel, steel joists and metal not limited to, the duties specified in
buildings; installing metal decking, §§ 1926.752 (a) and (c), 1926.755(b)(2),
curtain walls, window walls, siding sys- 1926.759(b), and 1926.760(e).
tems, miscellaneous metals, orna-
mental iron and similar materials; and § 1926.751 Definitions.
moving point-to-point while per- Anchored bridging means that the
forming these activities. steel joist bridging is connected to a
(2) The following activities are cov- bridging terminus point.
ered by this subpart when they occur Bolted diagonal bridging means diago-
during and are a part of steel erection nal bridging that is bolted to a steel
activities: rigging, hoisting, laying out, joist or joists.
placing, connecting, guying, bracing,
Bridging clip means a device that is
dismantling, burning, welding, bolting,
attached to the steel joist to allow the
grinding, sealing, caulking, and all re-
bolting of the bridging to the steel
lated activities for construction, alter-
joist.
ation and/or repair of materials and as-
semblies such as structural steel; fer- Bridging terminus point means a wall,
rous metals and alloys; non-ferrous a beam, tandem joists (with all bridg-
metals and alloys; glass; plastics and ing installed and a horizontal truss in
synthetic composite materials; struc- the plane of the top chord) or other ele-
tural metal framing and related brac- ment at an end or intermediate
ing and assemblies; anchoring devices; point(s) of a line of bridging that pro-
structural cabling; cable stays; perma- vides an anchor point for the steel joist
nent and temporary bents and towers; bridging.
falsework for temporary supports of Choker means a wire rope or syn-
permanent steel members; stone and thetic fiber rigging assembly that is
other non-precast concrete architec- used to attach a load to a hoisting de-
tural materials mounted on steel vice.
frames; safety systems for steel erec- Cold forming means the process of
tion; steel and metal joists; metal using press brakes, rolls, or other
decking and raceway systems and ac- methods to shape steel into desired
cessories; metal roofing and acces- cross sections at room temperature.
sories; metal siding; bridge flooring; Column means a load-carrying
cold formed steel framing; elevator vertical member that is part of the pri-
beams; grillage; shelf racks; multi-pur- mary skeletal framing system. Col-
pose supports; crane rails and acces- umns do not include posts.
sories; miscellaneous, architectural Competent person (also defined in
and ornamental metals and metal § 1926.32) means one who is capable of
work; ladders; railings; handrails; identifying existing and predictable
fences and gates; gratings; trench cov- hazards in the surroundings or working
ers; floor plates; castings; sheet metal conditions which are unsanitary, haz-
fabrications; metal panels and panel ardous, or dangerous to employees, and
wall systems; louvers; column covers; who has authorization to take prompt
enclosures and pockets; stairs; per- corrective measures to eliminate them.

forated metals; ornamental iron work, Connector means an employee who,
expansion control including bridge ex- working with hoisting equipment, is
409
§ 1926.751 29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–16 Edition)
placing and connecting structural Double connection seat means a struc-

members and/or components. tural attachment that, during the in-
Constructibility means the ability to stallation of a double connection, sup-
erect structural steel members in ac- ports the first member while the sec-
cordance with subpart R without hav- ond member is connected.
ing to alter the over-all structural de- Erection bridging means the bolted di-
sign. agonal bridging that is required to be
Construction load (for joist erection) installed prior to releasing the hoisting
means any load other than the weight cables from the steel joists.
of the employee(s), the joists and the Fall restraint system means a fall pro-
bridging bundle. tection system that prevents the user
Controlled Decking Zone (CDZ) means from falling any distance. The system
an area in which certain work (for ex- is comprised of either a body belt or
ample, initial installation and place- body harness, along with an anchorage,
ment of metal decking) may take place connectors and other necessary equip-
without the use of guardrail systems, ment. The other components typically
personal fall arrest systems, fall re- include a lanyard, and may also in-
straint systems, or safety net systems clude a lifeline and other devices.
and where access to the zone is con- Final interior perimeter means the pe-
trolled. rimeter of a large permanent open
Controlled load lowering means low- space within a building such as an atri-
ering a load by means of a mechanical um or courtyard. This does not include
hoist drum device that allows a hoisted openings for stairways, elevator shafts,
load to be lowered with maximum con- etc.
trol using the gear train or hydraulic Girt (in systems-engineered metal build-
components of the hoist mechanism. ings) means a ‘‘Z’’ or ‘‘C’’ shaped mem-
Controlled load lowering requires the ber formed from sheet steel spanning
use of the hoist drive motor, rather between primary framing and sup-
than the load hoist brake, to lower the porting wall material.
load. Headache ball means a weighted hook
Controlling contractor means a prime that is used to attach loads to the hoist
contractor, general contractor, con- load line of the crane.
struction manager or any other legal Hoisting equipment means commer-
entity which has the overall responsi- cially manufactured lifting equipment
bility for the construction of the designed to lift and position a load of
project—its planning, quality and com- known weight to a location at some
pletion. known elevation and horizontal dis-
Critical lift means a lift that (1) ex- tance from the equipment’s center of
ceeds 75 percent of the rated capacity rotation. ‘‘Hoisting equipment’’ in-
of the crane or derrick, or (2) requires cludes but is not limited to cranes, der-
the use of more than one crane or derricks, tower cranes, barge-mounted
rick. derricks or cranes, gin poles and gan-
Decking hole means a gap or void try hoist systems. A ‘‘come-a-long’’ (a
more than 2 inches (5.1 cm) in its least mechanical device, usually consisting
dimension and less than 12 inches (30.5 of a chain or cable attached at each
cm) in its greatest dimension in a end, that is used to facilitate move-
floor, roof or other walking/working ment of materials through leverage) is
surface. Pre-engineered holes in cel- not considered ‘‘hoisting equipment.’’
lular decking (for wires, cables, etc.) Leading edge means the unprotected
are not included in this definition. side and edge of a floor, roof, or
Derrick floor means an elevated floor formwork for a floor or other walking/
of a building or structure that has been working surface (such as deck) which
designated to receive hoisted pieces of changes location as additional floor,
steel prior to final placement. roof, decking or formwork sections are
Double connection means an attach- placed, formed or constructed.
ment method where the connection Metal decking means a commercially
point is intended for two pieces of steel manufactured, structural grade, cold
which share common bolts on either rolled metal panel formed into a series
side of a central piece. of parallel ribs; for this subpart, this
410
includes metal floor and roof decks, sional responsible for the design of
standing seam metal roofs, other metal structural steel framing and whose seal
roof systems and other products such appears on the structural contract doc-
as bar gratings, checker plate, ex- uments.
panded metal panels, and similar prod- Purlin (in systems-engineered metal
ucts. After installation and proper fas- buildings) means a ‘‘Z’’ or ‘‘C’’ shaped
tening, these decking materials serve a member formed from sheet steel span-
combination of functions including, ning between primary framing and sup-
but not limited to: a structural ele- porting roof material.
ment designed in combination with the
Qualified person (also defined in
structure to resist, distribute and
§ 1926.32) means one who, by possession
transfer loads, stiffen the structure and
provide a diaphragm action; a walking/ of a recognized degree, certificate, or
working surface; a form for concrete professional standing, or who by exten-
slabs; a support for roofing systems; sive knowledge, training, and experi-
and a finished floor or roof. ence, has successfully demonstrated
Multiple lift rigging means a rigging the ability to solve or resolve problems
assembly manufactured by wire rope relating to the subject matter, the
rigging suppliers that facilitates the work, or the project.
attachment of up to five independent Safety deck attachment means an ini-
loads to the hoist rigging of a crane. tial attachment that is used to secure
Opening means a gap or void 12 an initially placed sheet of decking to
inches (30.5 cm) or more in its least di- keep proper alignment and bearing
mension in a floor, roof or other walk- with structural support members.
ing/working surface. For the purposes Shear connector means headed steel
of this subpart, skylights and smoke studs, steel bars, steel lugs, and similar
domes that do not meet the strength devices which are attached to a struc-
requirements of § 1926.754(e)(3) shall be tural member for the purpose of
regarded as openings. achieving composite action with con-
Permanent floor means a structurally crete.
completed floor at any level or ele-
Steel erection means the construction,
vation (including slab on grade).
Personal fall arrest system means a alteration or repair of steel buildings,
system used to arrest an employee in a bridges and other structures, including
fall from a working level. A personal the installation of metal decking and
fall arrest system consists of an an- all planking used during the process of
chorage, connectors, a body harness erection.
and may include a lanyard, decelera- Steel joist means an open web, sec-
tion device, lifeline, or suitable com- ondary load-carrying member of 144
bination of these. The use of a body feet (43.9 m) or less, designed by the
belt for fall arrest is prohibited. manufacturer, used for the support of
Positioning device system means a body floors and roofs. This does not include
belt or body harness rigged to allow an structural steel trusses or cold-formed
employee to be supported on an ele- joists.
vated, vertical surface, such as a wall Steel joist girder means an open web,
or column and work with both hands primary load-carrying member, de-
free while leaning. signed by the manufacturer, used for
Post means a structural member with the support of floors and roofs. This
a longitudinal axis that is essentially does not include structural steel truss-
vertical, that: (1) weighs 300 pounds or es.
less and is axially loaded (a load press-
Steel truss means an open web mem-
es down on the top end), or (2) is not
ber designed of structural steel compo-
axially loaded, but is laterally re-
strained by the above member. Posts nents by the project structural engi-
typically support stair landings, wall neer of record. For the purposes of this
framing, mezzanines and other sub- subpart, a steel truss is considered
structures. equivalent to a solid web structural

Project structural engineer of record member.
means the registered, licensed profes-
411
Structural steel means a steel member, erect steel unless it has received writ-
or a member made of a substitute ma- ten notification that the concrete in
terial (such as, but not limited to, fi- the footings, piers and walls or the
berglass, aluminum or composite mem- mortar in the masonry piers and walls
bers). These members include, but are has attained, on the basis of an appro-
not limited to, steel joists, joist gird- priate ASTM standard test method of
ers, purlins, columns, beams, trusses, field-cured samples, either 75 percent
splices, seats, metal decking, girts, and of the intended minimum compressive
all bridging, and cold formed metal design strength or sufficient strength
framing which is integrated with the to support the loads imposed during
structural steel framing of a building. steel erection.
Systems-engineered metal building (c) Site layout. The controlling con-
means a metal, field-assembled build- tractor shall ensure that the following
ing system consisting of framing, roof is provided and maintained:
and wall coverings. Typically, many of (1) Adequate access roads into and
these components are cold-formed through the site for the safe delivery
shapes. These individual parts are fab- and movement of derricks, cranes,
ricated in one or more manufacturing trucks, other necessary equipment, and
facilities and shipped to the job site for the material to be erected and means
assembly into the final structure. The and methods for pedestrian and vehic-
engineering design of the system is ular control. Exception: this require-
normally the responsibility of the sys- ment does not apply to roads outside of
tems-engineered metal building manu- the construction site.
facturer. (2) A firm, properly graded, drained
Tank means a container for holding area, readily accessible to the work
gases, liquids or solids. with adequate space for the safe stor-
Unprotected sides and edges means any age of materials and the safe operation
side or edge (except at entrances to of the erector’s equipment.
points of access) of a walking/working (d) Pre-planning of overhead hoisting
surface, for example a, floor, roof, ramp operations. All hoisting operations in
or runway, where there is no wall or steel erection shall be pre-planned to
guardrail system at least 39 inches (1.0 ensure that the requirements of
m) high. § 1926.753(d) are met.
§ 1926.752 Site layout, site-specific (e) Site-specific erection plan. Where
erection plan and construction se- employers elect, due to conditions spe-
quence. cific to the site, to develop alternate
means and methods that provide em-
(a) Approval to begin steel erection. Be-
ployee protection in accordance with
fore authorizing the commencement of
§ 1926.753(c)(5), § 1926.757(a)(4) or
steel erection, the controlling con-
§ 1926.757(e)(4), a site-specific erection
tractor shall ensure that the steel erec-
plan shall be developed by a qualified
tor is provided with the following writ-
person and be available at the work
ten notifications:
site. Guidelines for establishing a site-
(1) The concrete in the footings, piers
specific erection plan are contained in
and walls and the mortar in the ma-
appendix A to this subpart.
sonry piers and walls has attained, on
the basis of an appropriate ASTM § 1926.753 Hoisting and rigging.
standard test method of field-cured
samples, either 75 percent of the in- (a) All the provisions of subpart CC
tended minimum compressive design apply to hoisting and rigging with the
strength or sufficient strength to sup- exception of § 1926.1431(a).
port the loads imposed during steel (b) In addition, paragraphs (c)
erection. through (e) of this section apply re-
(2) Any repairs, replacements and garding the hazards associated with
modifications to the anchor bolts were hoisting and rigging.
conducted in accordance with (c) General. (1) Pre-shift visual in-
§ 1926.755(b). spection of cranes.

(b) Commencement of steel erection. A (i) Cranes being used in steel erection
steel erection contractor shall not activities shall be visually inspected
412
prior to each shift by a competent per- (2) A qualified rigger (a rigger who is
son; the inspection shall include obser- also a qualified person) shall inspect
vation for deficiencies during oper- the rigging prior to each shift in ac-
ation. At a minimum this inspection cordance with § 1926.251.
shall include the following: (3) The headache ball, hook or load
(A) All control mechanisms for mal- shall not be used to transport per-
adjustments; sonnel except as provided in paragraph
(B) Control and drive mechanism for (c)(4) of this section.
excessive wear of components and con- (4) Cranes or derricks may be used to
tamination by lubricants, water or hoist employees on a personnel plat-
other foreign matter; form when work under this subpart is
(C) Safety devices, including but not being conducted, provided that all pro-
limited to boom angle indicators, boom visions of § 1926.1431 (except for
stops, boom kick out devices, anti-two § 1926.1431(a)) are met.
block devices, and load moment indica- (5) Safety latches on hooks shall not
tors where required; be deactivated or made inoperable ex-
(D) Air, hydraulic, and other pressur- cept:
ized lines for deterioration or leakage, (i) When a qualified rigger has deter-
particularly those which flex in normal mined that the hoisting and placing of
operation; purlins and single joists can be per-
(E) Hooks and latches for deforma- formed more safely by doing so; or
tion, chemical damage, cracks, or (ii) When equivalent protection is
wear; provided in a site-specific erection
(F) Wire rope reeving for compliance plan.
with hoisting equipment manufactur- (d) Working under loads. (1) Routes for
er’s specifications; suspended loads shall be pre-planned to
(G) Electrical apparatus for malfunc- ensure that no employee is required to
tioning, signs of excessive deteriora- work directly below a suspended load
tion, dirt, or moisture accumulation; except for:
(H) Hydraulic system for proper fluid (i) Employees engaged in the initial
level; connection of the steel; or
(I) Tires for proper inflation and con- (ii) Employees necessary for the
dition; hooking or unhooking of the load.
(J) Ground conditions around the (2) When working under suspended
hoisting equipment for proper support, loads, the following criteria shall be
including ground settling under and met:
around outriggers, ground water accu- (i) Materials being hoisted shall be
mulation, or similar conditions; rigged to prevent unintentional dis-
(K) The hoisting equipment for level placement;
position; and (ii) Hooks with self-closing safety
(L) The hoisting equipment for level latches or their equivalent shall be
position after each move and setup. used to prevent components from slip-
(ii) If any deficiency is identified, an ping out of the hook; and
immediate determination shall be (iii) All loads shall be rigged by a
made by the competent person as to qualified rigger
whether the deficiency constitutes a (e) Multiple lift rigging procedure. (1) A
hazard. multiple lift shall only be performed if
(iii) If the deficiency is determined to the following criteria are met:
constitute a hazard, the hoisting equip- (i) A multiple lift rigging assembly is
ment shall be removed from service used;
until the deficiency has been corrected. (ii) A maximum of five members are
(iv) The operator shall be responsible hoisted per lift;
for those operations under the opera- (iii) Only beams and similar struc-
tor’s direct control. Whenever there is tural members are lifted; and
any doubt as to safety, the operator (iv) All employees engaged in the
shall have the authority to stop and multiple lift have been trained in these
refuse to handle loads until safety has procedures in accordance with
been assured. § 1926.761(c)(1).
413
(v) No crane is permitted to be used porate by reference. (See http://

for a multiple lift where such use is www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/lrfd/index.htm.)
contrary to the manufacturer’s speci- (b) The following additional require-
fications and limitations. ments shall apply for multi-story
(2) Components of the multiple lift structures:
rigging assembly shall be specifically (1) The permanent floors shall be in-
designed and assembled with a max- stalled as the erection of structural
imum capacity for total assembly and members progresses, and there shall be
for each individual attachment point. not more than eight stories between
This capacity, certified by the manu- the erection floor and the upper-most
facturer or a qualified rigger, shall be permanent floor, except where the
based on the manufacturer’s specifica- structural integrity is maintained as a
tions with a 5 to 1 safety factor for all result of the design.
components. (2) At no time shall there be more
(3) The total load shall not exceed: than four floors or 48 feet (14.6 m),
(i) The rated capacity of the hoisting whichever is less, of unfinished bolting
equipment specified in the hoisting or welding above the foundation or up-
equipment load charts; permost permanently secured floor, ex-
(ii) The rigging capacity specified in cept where the structural integrity is
the rigging rating chart. maintained as a result of the design.
(4) The multiple lift rigging assembly (3) A fully planked or decked floor or
shall be rigged with members: nets shall be maintained within two
(i) Attached at their center of grav- stories or 30 feet (9.1 m), whichever is
ity and maintained reasonably level; less, directly under any erection work
(ii) Rigged from top down; and being performed.
(iii) Rigged at least 7 feet (2.1 m) (c) Walking/working surfaces—shear
apart. connectors and other similar devices—(1)
(5) The members on the multiple lift Tripping hazards. Shear connectors
rigging assembly shall be set from the (such as headed steel studs, steel bars
bottom up. or steel lugs), reinforcing bars, de-
(6) Controlled load lowering shall be formed anchors or threaded studs shall
used whenever the load is over the con- not be attached to the top flanges of
nectors. beams, joists or beam attachments so
that they project vertically from or
[66 FR 5265, Jan. 18, 2001, as amended at 75
horizontally across the top flange of
FR 48134, Aug. 9, 2010]
the member until after the metal deck-
§ 1926.754 Structural steel assembly. ing, or other walking/working surface,
has been installed.
(a) Structural stability shall be (2) Installation of shear connectors on
maintained at all times during the composite floors, roofs and bridge decks.
erection process. When shear connectors are used in con-
NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (a): Federal Highway struction of composite floors, roofs and
Administration (FHWA) regulations incor- bridge decks, employees shall lay out
porate by reference a number of standards, and install the shear connectors after
policies, and standard specifications pub- the metal decking has been installed,
lished by the American Association of State using the metal decking as a working
Highway and Transportation Officials
(AASHTO) and other organizations. (See 23
platform. Shear connectors shall not be
CFR 625.4). Many of these incorporated pro- installed from within a controlled
visions may be relevant to maintaining decking zone (CDZ), as specified in
structural stability during the erection proc- § 1926.760(c)(8).
ess. For instance, as of May 17, 2010, in many (d) Plumbing-up. (1) When deemed
cases FHWA requires a Registered Engineer necessary by a competent person,
to prepare and seal working drawings for plumbing-up equipment shall be in-
falsework used in highway bridge construc- stalled in conjunction with the steel
tion. (See AASHTO Specifications for High-
way Bridges, Div. II, § 3.2.1, 15th edition, 1992,
erection process to ensure the stability
which FHWA incorporates by reference in 23 of the structure.
CFR 625.4). FHWA also encourages compli- (2) When used, plumbing-up equip-
ance with AASHTO Specifications that the ment shall be in place and properly in-
FHWA regulations do not currently incor- stalled before the structure is loaded
414
with construction material such as (ii) All covers shall be secured when
loads of joists, bundles of decking or installed to prevent accidental dis-
bundles of bridging. placement by the wind, equipment or
(3) Plumbing-up equipment shall be employees.
removed only with the approval of a (iii) All covers shall be painted with
competent person. high-visibility paint or shall be marked
(e) Metal decking—(1) Hoisting, landing with the word ‘‘HOLE’’ or ‘‘COVER’’ to
and placing of metal decking bundles. (i) provide warning of the hazard.
Bundle packaging and strapping shall (iv) Smoke dome or skylight fixtures
not be used for hoisting unless specifi- that have been installed, are not con-
cally designed for that purpose. sidered covers for the purpose of this
(ii) If loose items such as dunnage, section unless they meet the strength
flashing, or other materials are placed requirements of paragraph (e)(3)(i) of
on the top of metal decking bundles to this section.
be hoisted, such items shall be secured (4) Decking gaps around columns. Wire
to the bundles. mesh, exterior plywood, or equivalent,
(iii) Bundles of metal decking on shall be installed around columns
joists shall be landed in accordance where planks or metal decking do not
with § 1926.757(e)(4). fit tightly. The materials used must be
(iv) Metal decking bundles shall be of sufficient strength to provide fall
landed on framing members so that protection for personnel and prevent
enough support is provided to allow the objects from falling through.
bundles to be unbanded without dis- (5) Installation of metal decking. (i) Ex-
lodging the bundles from the supports. cept as provided in § 1926.760(c), metal
(v) At the end of the shift or when en- decking shall be laid tightly and imme-
vironmental or jobsite conditions re- diately secured upon placement to pre-
quire, metal decking shall be secured vent accidental movement or displace-
against displacement. ment.
(2) Roof and floor holes and openings. (ii) During initial placement, metal
Metal decking at roof and floor holes decking panels shall be placed to en-
and openings shall be installed as fol- sure full support by structural mem-
lows: bers.
(i) Framed metal deck openings shall (6) Derrick floors. (i) A derrick floor
have structural members turned down shall be fully decked and/or planked
to allow continuous deck installation and the steel member connections com-
except where not allowed by structural pleted to support the intended floor
design constraints or constructibility. loading.
(ii) Roof and floor holes and openings (ii) Temporary loads placed on a der-
shall be decked over. Where large size, rick floor shall be distributed over the
configuration or other structural de- underlying support members so as to
sign does not allow openings to be prevent local overloading of the deck
decked over (such as elevator shafts, material.
stair wells, etc.) employees shall be
protected in accordance with [66 FR 5265, Jan. 18, 2001, as amended at 71
§ 1926.760(a)(1). FR 2885, Jan. 18, 2006; 71 FR 16674, Apr. 3,
(iii) Metal decking holes and open- 2006; 75 FR 27429, May 17, 2010]
ings shall not be cut until immediately
§ 1926.755 Column anchorage.
prior to being permanently filled with
the equipment or structure needed or (a) General requirements for erection
intended to fulfill its specific use and stability. (1) All columns shall be an-
which meets the strength requirements chored by a minimum of 4 anchor rods
of paragraph (e)(3) of this section, or (anchor bolts).
shall be immediately covered. (2) Each column anchor rod (anchor
(3) Covering roof and floor openings. (i) bolt) assembly, including the column-
Covers for roof and floor openings shall to-base plate weld and the column
be capable of supporting, without fail- foundation, shall be designed to resist
ure, twice the weight of the employees, a minimum eccentric gravity load of
equipment and materials that may be 300 pounds (136.2 kg) located 18 inches
imposed on the cover at any one time. (.46m) from the extreme outer face of
415
the column in each direction at the top tached seat or equivalent connection
of the column shaft. device is supplied with the member to
(3) Columns shall be set on level fin- secure the first member and prevent
ished floors, pre-grouted leveling the column from being displaced (See
plates, leveling nuts, or shim packs appendix H to this subpart for exam-
which are adequate to transfer the con- ples of equivalent connection devices).
struction loads. (2) If a seat or equivalent device is
(4) All columns shall be evaluated by used, the seat (or device) shall be de-
a competent person to determine signed to support the load during the
whether guying or bracing is needed; if double connection process. It shall be
guying or bracing is needed, it shall be adequately bolted or welded to both a
installed. supporting member and the first mem-
(b) Repair, replacement or field modi- ber before the nuts on the shared bolts
fication of anchor rods (anchor bolts). (1) are removed to make the double con-
Anchor rods (anchor bolts) shall not be nection.
repaired, replaced or field-modified (d) Column splices. Each column splice
without the approval of the project shall be designed to resist a minimum
structural engineer of record. eccentric gravity load of 300 pounds
(2) Prior to the erection of a column, (136.2 kg) located 18 inches (.46 m) from
the controlling contractor shall pro- the extreme outer face of the column
vide written notification to the steel in each direction at the top of the col-
erector if there has been any repair, re- umn shaft.
placement or modification of the an- (e) Perimeter columns. Perimeter col-
chor rods (anchor bolts) of that columns shall not be erected unless:
umn. (1) The perimeter columns extend a
minimum of 48 inches (1.2 m) above the
§ 1926.756 Beams and columns. finished floor to permit installation of
(a) General. (1) During the final plac- perimeter safety cables prior to erec-
ing of solid web structural members, tion of the next tier, except where
the load shall not be released from the constructibility does not allow (see ap-
hoisting line until the members are se- pendix F to this subpart);
cured with at least two bolts per con- (2) The perimeter columns have holes
nection, of the same size and strength or other devices in or attached to pe-
as shown in the erection drawings, rimeter columns at 42–45 inches (107–114
drawn up wrench-tight or the equiva- cm) above the finished floor and the
lent as specified by the project struc- midpoint between the finished floor
tural engineer of record, except as and the top cable to permit installa-
specified in paragraph (b) of this section of perimeter safety cables required
tion. by § 1926.760(a)(2), except where
(2) A competent person shall deter- constructibility does not allow. (See
mine if more than two bolts are nec- appendix F to this subpart).
essary to ensure the stability of canti-
levered members; if additional bolts § 1926.757 Open web steel joists.
are needed, they shall be installed. (a) General. (1) Except as provided in
(b) Diagonal bracing. Solid web struc- paragraph (a)(2) of this section, where
tural members used as diagonal brac- steel joists are used and columns are
ing shall be secured by at least one bolt not framed in at least two directions
per connection drawn up wrench-tight with solid web structural steel mem-
or the equivalent as specified by the bers, a steel joist shall be field-bolted
project structural engineer of record. at the column to provide lateral sta-
(c) (1) Double connections at columns bility to the column during erection.
and/or at beam webs over a column. When For the installation of this joist:
two structural members on opposite (i) A vertical stabilizer plate shall be
sides of a column web, or a beam web provided on each column for steel
over a column, are connected sharing joists. The plate shall be a minimum of
common connection holes, at least one 6 inch by 6 inch (152 mm by 152 mm)
bolt with its wrench-tight nut shall re- and shall extend at least 3 inches (76
main connected to the first member mm) below the bottom chord of the
unless a shop-attached or field-at- joist with a 13⁄16 inch (21 mm) hole to
416
provide an attachment point for guying fabricated to allow for field bolting
or plumbing cables. during erection.
(ii) The bottom chords of steel joists (ii) These connections shall be field-
at columns shall be stabilized to pre- bolted unless constructibility does not
vent rotation during erection. allow.
(iii) Hoisting cables shall not be re- (9) Steel joists and steel joist girders
leased until the seat at each end of the shall not be used as anchorage points
steel joist is field-bolted, and each end for a fall arrest system unless written
of the bottom chord is restrained by approval to do so is obtained from a
the column stabilizer plate. qualified person.
(2) Where constructibility does not
(10) A bridging terminus point shall
allow a steel joist to be installed at the
be established before bridging is in-
column:
stalled. (See appendix C to this sub-
(i) an alternate means of stabilizing
joists shall be installed on both sides part.)
near the column and shall: (b) Attachment of steel joists and steel
(A) provide stability equivalent to joist girders. (1) Each end of ‘‘K’’ series
paragraph (a)(1) of this section; steel joists shall be attached to the
(B) be designed by a qualified person; support structure with a minimum of
(C) be shop installed; and two 1⁄8-inch (3 mm) fillet welds 1 inch
(D) be included in the erection draw- (25 mm) long or with two 1⁄2-inch (13
ings. mm) bolts, or the equivalent.
(ii) hoisting cables shall not be re- (2) Each end of ‘‘LH’’ and ‘‘DLH’’ se-
leased until the seat at each end of the ries steel joists and steel joist girders
steel joist is field-bolted and the joist shall be attached to the support struc-
is stabilized. ture with a minimum of two 1⁄4-inch (6
(3) Where steel joists at or near col- mm) fillet welds 2 inches (51 mm) long,
umns span 60 feet (18.3 m) or less, the or with two 3⁄4-inch (19 mm) bolts, or
joist shall be designed with sufficient the equivalent.
strength to allow one employee to re- (3) Except as provided in paragraph
lease the hoisting cable without the (b)(4) of this section, each steel joist
need for erection bridging. shall be attached to the support struc-
(4) Where steel joists at or near col- ture, at least at one end on both sides
umns span more than 60 feet (18.3 m), of the seat, immediately upon place-
the joists shall be set in tandem with ment in the final erection position and
all bridging installed unless an alter- before additional joists are placed.
native method of erection, which pro- (4) Panels that have been pre-assem-
vides equivalent stability to the steel bled from steel joists with bridging
joist, is designed by a qualified person shall be attached to the structure at
and is included in the site-specific erec- each corner before the hoisting cables
tion plan. are released.
(5) A steel joist or steel joist girder
(c) Erection of steel joists. (1) Both
shall not be placed on any support
sides of the seat of one end of each
structure unless such structure is sta-
steel joist that requires bridging under
bilized.
(6) When steel joist(s) are landed on a Tables A and B shall be attached to the
structure, they shall be secured to pre- support structure before hoisting ca-
vent unintentional displacement prior bles are released.
to installation. (2) For joists over 60 feet, both ends
(7) No modification that affects the of the joist shall be attached as speci-
strength of a steel joist or steel joist fied in paragraph (b) of this section and
girder shall be made without the ap- the provisions of paragraph (d) of this
proval of the project structural engi- section met before the hoisting cables
neer of record. are released.
(8) Field-bolted joists. (i) Except for (3) On steel joists that do not require
steel joists that have been pre-assem- erection bridging under Tables A and
bled into panels, connections of indi- B, only one employee shall be allowed
vidual steel joists to steel structures in on the joist until all bridging is in-
bays of 40 feet (12.2 m) or more shall be stalled and anchored.
417
TABLE A—ERECTION BRIDGING FOR SHORT TABLE A—ERECTION BRIDGING FOR SHORT
SPAN JOISTS SPAN JOISTS—Continued
Joist Span Joist Span
8L1 ................................................................. NM 14KCS2 ......................................................... NM

10K1 .............................................................. NM 14KCS3 ......................................................... NM
12K1 .............................................................. 23–0 16KCS2 ......................................................... NM
12K3 .............................................................. NM 16KCS3 ......................................................... NM
12K5 .............................................................. NM 16KCS4 ......................................................... NM
14K1 .............................................................. 27–0 16KCS5 ......................................................... NM
14K3 .............................................................. NM 18KCS2 ......................................................... 35–0
14K4 .............................................................. NM 18KCS3 ......................................................... NM
14K6 .............................................................. NM 18KCS4 ......................................................... NM
16K2 .............................................................. 29–0 18KCS5 ......................................................... NM
16K3 .............................................................. 30–0 20KCS2 ......................................................... 36–0
16K4 .............................................................. 32–0 20KCS3 ......................................................... 39–0
16K5 .............................................................. 32–0 20KCS4 ......................................................... NM
16K6 .............................................................. NM 20KCS5 ......................................................... NM
16K7 .............................................................. NM 22KCS2 ......................................................... 36–0
16K9 .............................................................. NM 22KCS3 ......................................................... 40–0
18K3 .............................................................. 31–0 22KCS4 ......................................................... NM
18K4 .............................................................. 32–0 22KCS5 ......................................................... NM
18K5 .............................................................. 33–0 24KCS2 ......................................................... 39–0
18K6 .............................................................. 35–0 24KCS3 ......................................................... 44–0
18K7 .............................................................. NM 24KCS4 ......................................................... NM
18K9 .............................................................. NM 24KCS5 ......................................................... NM
18K10 ............................................................ NM 26KCS2 ......................................................... 39–0
20K3 .............................................................. 32–0 26KCS3 ......................................................... 44–0
20K4 .............................................................. 34–0 26KCS4 ......................................................... NM
20K5 .............................................................. 34–0 26KCS5 ......................................................... NM
20K6 .............................................................. 36–0 28KCS2 ......................................................... 40–0
20K7 .............................................................. 39–0 28KCS3 ......................................................... 45–0
20K9 .............................................................. 39–0 28KCS4 ......................................................... 53–0
20K10 ............................................................ NM 28KCS5 ......................................................... 53–0
22K4 .............................................................. 34–0 30KC53 .......................................................... 45–0
22K5 .............................................................. 35–0 30KCS4 ......................................................... 54–0
22K6 .............................................................. 36–0 30KCS5 ......................................................... 54–0
22K7 .............................................................. 40–0
22K9 .............................................................. 40–0 NM = diagonal bolted bridging not mandatory for joists
under 40 feet.
22K10 ............................................................ 40–0
22K11 ............................................................ 40–0
24K4 .............................................................. 36–0 TABLE B—ERECTION BRIDGING FOR LONG SPAN
24K5 .............................................................. 38–0 JOISTS
24K6 .............................................................. 39–0
24K7 .............................................................. 43–0 Joist Span
24K8 .............................................................. 43–0
24K9 .............................................................. 44–0 18LH02 .................................. 33–0.
24K10 ............................................................ NM 18LH03 .................................. NM.
24K12 ............................................................ NM 18LH04 .................................. NM.
26K5 .............................................................. 38–0 18LH05 .................................. NM.
26K6 .............................................................. 39–0 18LH06 .................................. NM.
26K7 .............................................................. 43–0 18LH07 .................................. NM.
26K8 .............................................................. 44–0 18LH08 .................................. NM.
26K9 .............................................................. 45–0 18LH09 .................................. NM.
26K10 ............................................................ 49–0 20LH02 .................................. 33–0.
26K12 ............................................................ NM 20LH03 .................................. 38–0.
28K6 .............................................................. 40–0 20LH04 .................................. NM.
28K7 .............................................................. 43–0 20LH05 .................................. NM.
28K8 .............................................................. 44–0 20LH06 .................................. NM.
28K9 .............................................................. 45–0 20LH07 .................................. NM.
28K10 ............................................................ 49–0 20LH08 .................................. NM.
28K12 ............................................................ 53–0 20LH09 .................................. NM.
30K7 .............................................................. 44–0 20LH10 .................................. NM.
30K8 .............................................................. 45–0 24LH03 .................................. 35–0.
30K9 .............................................................. 45–0 24LH04 .................................. 39–0.
30K10 ............................................................ 50–0 24LH05 .................................. 40–0.
30K11 ............................................................ 52–0 24LH06 .................................. 45–0.
30K12 ............................................................ 54–0 24LH07 .................................. NM.
10KCS1 ......................................................... NM 24LH08 .................................. NM.
10KCS2 ......................................................... NM 24LH09 .................................. NM.
10KCS3 ......................................................... NM 24LH10 .................................. NM.
12KCS1 ......................................................... NM 24LH11 .................................. NM.

12KCS2 ......................................................... NM 28LH05 .................................. 42–0.
12KCS3 ......................................................... NM 28LH06 .................................. 42–0.
14KCS1 ......................................................... NM 28LH07 .................................. NM.
418
TABLE B—ERECTION BRIDGING FOR LONG SPAN (ii) Two rows of bolted diagonal erec-
JOISTS—Continued tion bridging shall be installed near
the third points of the steel joist;
Joist Span
(iii) Hoisting cables shall not be re-
28LH08 .................................. NM. leased until this bolted diagonal erec-
28LH09 .................................. NM. tion bridging is installed and anchored;
28LH10 .................................. NM. and
28LH11 .................................. NM.
28LH12 .................................. NM. (iv) No more than two employees
28LH13 .................................. NM. shall be allowed on these spans until
32LH06 .................................. 47–0 through 60–0. all other bridging is installed and an-
32LH07 .................................. 47–0 through 60–0. chored.
32LH08 .................................. 55–0 through 60–0.
32LH09 .................................. NM through 60–0.
(3) Where the span of the steel joist is
32LH10 .................................. NM through 60–0. over 100 feet (30.5 m) through 144 feet
32LH11 .................................. NM through 60–0. (43.9 m), the following shall apply:
32LH12 .................................. NM through 60–0. (i) All rows of bridging shall be
32LH13 .................................. NM through 60–0. bolted diagonal bridging;
32LH14 .................................. NM through 60–0.
32LH15 .................................. NM through 60–0. (ii) Hoisting cables shall not be re-
36LH07 .................................. 47–0 through 60–0. leased until all bridging is installed
36LH08 .................................. 47–0 through 60–0. and anchored; and
36LH09 .................................. 57–0 through 60–0. (iii) No more than two employees
36LH10 .................................. NM through 60–0.
36LH11 .................................. NM through 60–0.
shall be allowed on these spans until
36LH12 .................................. NM through 60–0. all bridging is installed and anchored.
36LH13 .................................. NM through 60–0. (4) For steel members spanning over
36LH14 .................................. NM through 60–0. 144 feet (43.9 m), the erection methods
36LH15 .................................. NM through 60–0.
used shall be in accordance with
NM = diagonal bolted bridging not mandatory for joists § 1926.756.
under 40 feet.
(5) Where any steel joist specified in
(4) Employees shall not be allowed on paragraphs (c)(2) and (d)(1), (d)(2), and
steel joists where the span of the steel (d)(3) of this section is a bottom chord
joist is equal to or greater than the bearing joist, a row of bolted diagonal
span shown in Tables A and B except in bridging shall be provided near the sup-
accordance with § 1926.757(d). port(s). This bridging shall be installed
(5) When permanent bridging ter- and anchored before the hoisting
minus points cannot be used during cable(s) is released.
erection, additional temporary bridg- (6) When bolted diagonal erection
ing terminus points are required to bridging is required by this section, the
provide stability. (See appendix C of following shall apply:
this subpart.) (i) The bridging shall be indicated on
(d) Erection bridging. (1) Where the the erection drawing;
span of the steel joist is equal to or (ii) The erection drawing shall be the
greater than the span shown in Tables exclusive indicator of the proper place-
A and B, the following shall apply: ment of this bridging;
(i) A row of bolted diagonal erection (iii) Shop-installed bridging clips, or
bridging shall be installed near the functional equivalents, shall be used
midspan of the steel joist; where the bridging bolts to the steel
(ii) Hoisting cables shall not be re- joists;
leased until this bolted diagonal erec- (iv) When two pieces of bridging are
tion bridging is installed and anchored; attached to the steel joist by a com-
and mon bolt, the nut that secures the first
(iii) No more than one employee shall piece of bridging shall not be removed
be allowed on these spans until all from the bolt for the attachment of the
other bridging is installed and an- second; and
chored. (v) Bridging attachments shall not
(2) Where the span of the steel joist is protrude above the top chord of the
over 60 feet (18.3 m) through 100 feet steel joist.
(30.5 m), the following shall apply: (e) Landing and placing loads. (1) Dur-
(i) All rows of bridging shall be ing the construction period, the em-
bolted diagonal bridging; ployer placing a load on steel joists
419
shall ensure that the load is distrib- each flange before the hoisting equip-
uted so as not to exceed the carrying ment is released.
capacity of any steel joist. (d) Construction loads shall not be
(2) Except for paragraph (e)(4) of this placed on any structural steel frame-
section, no construction loads are al- work unless such framework is safely
lowed on the steel joists until all bridg- bolted, welded or otherwise adequately
ing is installed and anchored and all secured.
joist-bearing ends are attached. (e) In girt and eave strut-to-frame
(3) The weight of a bundle of joist connections, when girts or eave struts
bridging shall not exceed a total of share common connection holes, at
1,000 pounds (454 kg). A bundle of joist least one bolt with its wrench-tight
bridging shall be placed on a minimum nut shall remain connected to the first
of three steel joists that are secured at member unless a manufacturer-sup-
one end. The edge of the bridging bun- plied, field-attached seat or similar
dle shall be positioned within 1 foot (.30 connection device is present to secure
m) of the secured end. the first member so that the girt or
(4) No bundle of decking may be eave strut is always secured against
placed on steel joists until all bridging displacement.
has been installed and anchored and all (f) Both ends of all steel joists or
joist bearing ends attached, unless all cold-formed joists shall be fully bolted
of the following conditions are met: and/or welded to the support structure
(i) The employer has first determined before:
from a qualified person and docu- (1) Releasing the hoisting cables;
mented in a site-specific erection plan (2) Allowing an employee on the
that the structure or portion of the joists; or
structure is capable of supporting the (3) Allowing any construction loads
load; on the joists.
(g) Purlins and girts shall not be used
(ii) The bundle of decking is placed
as an anchorage point for a fall arrest
on a minimum of three steel joists;
system unless written approval is ob-
(iii) The joists supporting the bundle tained from a qualified person.
of decking are attached at both ends; (h) Purlins may only be used as a
(iv) At least one row of bridging is in- walking/working surface when install-
stalled and anchored; ing safety systems, after all permanent
(v) The total weight of the bundle of bridging has been installed and fall
decking does not exceed 4,000 pounds protection is provided.
(1816 kg); and (i) Construction loads may be placed
(vi) Placement of the bundle of deck- only within a zone that is within 8 feet
ing shall be in accordance with para- (2.5 m) of the center-line of the primary
graph (e)(5) of this section. support member.
(5) The edge of the construction load
shall be placed within 1 foot (.30 m) of § 1926.759 Falling object protection.
the bearing surface of the joist end. (a) Securing loose items aloft. All mate-
rials, equipment, and tools, which are
§ 1926.758 Systems-engineered metal not in use while aloft, shall be secured
buildings.
against accidental displacement.
(a) All of the requirements of this (b) Protection from falling objects other
subpart apply to the erection of sys- than materials being hoisted. The con-
tems-engineered metal buildings ex- trolling contractor shall bar other con-
cept §§ 1926.755 (column anchorage) and struction processes below steel erec-
1926.757 (open web steel joists). tion unless overhead protection for the
(b) Each structural column shall be employees below is provided.
anchored by a minimum of four anchor
rods (anchor bolts). § 1926.760 Fall protection.
(c) Rigid frames shall have 50 percent (a) General requirements. (1) Except as
of their bolts or the number of bolts provided by paragraph (a)(3) of this sec-
specified by the manufacturer (which- tion, each employee engaged in a steel

ever is greater) installed and tightened erection activity who is on a walking/
on both sides of the web adjacent to working surface with an unprotected
420
side or edge more than 15 feet (4.6 m) (4) Each employee working in a CDZ
above a lower level shall be protected shall have completed CDZ training in
from fall hazards by guardrail systems, accordance with § 1926.761.
safety net systems, personal fall arrest (5) Unsecured decking in a CDZ shall
systems, positioning device systems or not exceed 3,000 square feet (914.4 m2).
fall restraint systems. (6) Safety deck attachments shall be
(2) Perimeter safety cables. On multi- performed in the CDZ from the leading
story structures, perimeter safety ca- edge back to the control line and shall
bles shall be installed at the final inte- have at least two attachments for each
rior and exterior perimeters of the metal decking panel.
floors as soon as the metal decking has (7) Final deck attachments and in-
been installed. stallation of shear connectors shall not
(3) Connectors and employees work- be performed in the CDZ.
ing in controlled decking zones shall be (d) Criteria for fall protection equip-
protected from fall hazards as provided ment. (1) Guardrail systems, safety net
in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this sec- systems, personal fall arrest systems,
tion, respectively. positioning device systems and their
(b) Connectors. Each connector shall: components shall conform to the cri-
(1) Be protected in accordance with teria in § 1926.502 (see appendix G to
paragraph (a)(1) of this section from this subpart).
fall hazards of more than two stories or (2) Fall arrest system components
30 feet (9.1 m) above a lower level, shall be used in fall restraint systems
whichever is less; and shall conform to the criteria in
(2) Have completed connector train- § 1926.502 (see appendix G). Either body
ing in accordance with § 1926.761; and belts or body harnesses shall be used in
(3) Be provided, at heights over 15 fall restraint systems.
and up to 30 feet above a lower level, (3) Perimeter safety cables shall
with a personal fall arrest system, po- meet the criteria for guardrail systems
sitioning device system or fall rein § 1926.502 (see appendix G).
straint system and wear the equipment
(e) Custody of fall protection. Fall pro-
necessary to be able to be tied off; or be
tection provided by the steel erector
provided with other means of protec-
shall remain in the area where steel
tion from fall hazards in accordance
erection activity has been completed,
with paragraph (a)(1) of this section.
to be used by other trades, only if the
(c) Controlled Decking Zone (CDZ). A
controlling contractor or its author-
controlled decking zone may be estab-
ized representative:
lished in that area of the structure
(1) Has directed the steel erector to
over 15 and up to 30 feet above a lower
leave the fall protection in place; and
level where metal decking is initially
being installed and forms the leading (2) Has inspected and accepted con-
edge of a work area. In each CDZ, the trol and responsibility of the fall pro-
following shall apply: tection prior to authorizing persons
(1) Each employee working at the other than steel erectors to work in
leading edge in a CDZ shall be pro- the area.
tected from fall hazards of more than
§ 1926.761 Training.
two stories or 30 feet (9.1 m), whichever
is less. The following provisions supplement
(2) Access to a CDZ shall be limited the requirements of § 1926.21 regarding
to only those employees engaged in the hazards addressed in this subpart.
leading edge work. (a) Training personnel. Training re-
(3) The boundaries of a CDZ shall be quired by this section shall be provided
designated and clearly marked. The by a qualified person(s).
CDZ shall not be more than 90 feet (27.4 (b) Fall hazard training. The employer
m) wide and 90 (27.4 m) feet deep from shall train each employee exposed to a
any leading edge. The CDZ shall be fall hazard in accordance with the re-
marked by the use of control lines or quirements of this section. The em-
the equivalent. Examples of acceptable ployer shall institute a training pro-

procedures for demarcating CDZ’s can gram and ensure employee participa-
be found in appendix D to this subpart. tion in the program.
421
Pt. 1926, Subpt. R, App. A 29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–16 Edition)
(c) Special training programs. In addi- inspection(s) are held between the erector
tion to the training required in para- and the controlling contractor, and others
graphs (a) and (b) of this section, the such as the project engineer and fabricator
before the start of steel erection. The pur-
employer shall provide special training
pose of such conference(s) is to develop and
to employees engaged in the following review the site-specific erection plan that
activities. will meet the requirements of this section.
(1) Multiple lift rigging procedure. The (c) Components of a site-specific erection
employer shall ensure that each em- plan. In developing a site-specific erection
ployee who performs multiple lift rig- plan, a steel erector considers the following
ging has been provided training in the elements:
following areas: (1) The sequence of erection activity, de-
(i) The nature of the hazards associ- veloped in coordination with the controlling
ated with multiple lifts; and contractor, that includes the following:
(ii) The proper procedures and equip- (i) Material deliveries:
(ii) Material staging and storage; and
ment to perform multiple lifts required
(iii) Coordination with other trades and
by § 1926.753(e). construction activities.
(2) Connector procedures. The em- (2) A description of the crane and derrick
ployer shall ensure that each connector selection and placement procedures, includ-
has been provided training in the fol- ing the following:
lowing areas: (i) Site preparation;
(i) The nature of the hazards associ- (ii) Path for overhead loads; and
ated with connecting; and (iii) Critical lifts, including rigging sup-
(ii) The establishment, access, proper plies and equipment.
connecting techniques and work prac- (3) A description of steel erection activities
tices required by § 1926.756(c) and and procedures, including the following:
(i) Stability considerations requiring tem-
§ 1926.760(b).
porary bracing and guying;
(3) Controlled Decking Zone Procedures. (ii) Erection bridging terminus point;
Where CDZs are being used, the em- (iii) Anchor rod (anchor bolt) notifications
ployer shall assure that each employee regarding repair, replacement and modifica-
has been provided training in the fol- tions;
lowing areas: (iv) Columns and beams (including joists
(i) The nature of the hazards associ- and purlins);
ated with work within a controlled (v) Connections;
decking zone; and (vi) Decking; and
(ii) The establishment, access, proper (vii) Ornamental and miscellaneous iron.
installation techniques and work prac- (4) A description of the fall protection pro-
cedures that will be used to comply with
tices required by § 1926.760(c) and
§ 1926.760.
§ 1926.754(e). (5) A description of the procedures that
[66 FR 5265, Jan. 18, 2001, as amended at 73 will be used to comply with § 1926.759.
FR 75589, Dec. 12, 2008] (6) A description of the special procedures
required for hazardous non-routine tasks.
APPENDIX A TO SUBPART R OF PART (7) A certification for each employee who
1926—GUIDELINES FOR ESTABLISHING has received training for performing steel
THE COMPONENTS OF A SITE-SPECIFIC erection operations as required by § 1926.761.
ERECTION PLAN: NON-MANDATORY (8) A list of the qualified and competent
persons.
GUIDELINES FOR COMPLYING WITH
(9) A description of the procedures that
§ 1926.752(e) will be utilized in the event of rescue or
(a) General. This appendix serves as a emergency response.
guideline to assist employers who elect to (d) Other plan information. The plan:
develop a site-specific erection plan in ac- (1) Includes the identification of the site
cordance with § 1926.752(e) with alternate and project; and
means and methods to provide employee pro- (2) Is signed and dated by the qualified per-
tection in accordance with § 1926.752(e), son(s) responsible for its preparation and
§ 1926.753(c)(5), § 1926.757(a)(4) and modification.
§ 1926.757(e)(4).
(b) Development of a site-specific erection APPENDIX B TO SUBPART R OF PART 1926
plan. Pre-construction conference(s) and site [RESERVED]
422
Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor Pt. 1926, Subpt. R, App. C
APPENDIX C TO SUBPART R OF PART 1926—ILLUSTRATIONS OF BRIDGING TERMINUS

POINTS: NON-MANDATORY GUIDELINES FOR COMPLYING WITH §§ 1926.757(a)(10) AND
§ 1926.757(c)(5)
423
ER18JA01.021</GPH>
Pt. 1926, Subpt. R, App. C 29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–16 Edition)
424
ER18JA01.022</GPH>
Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor Pt. 1926, Subpt. R, App. D
APPENDIX D TO SUBPART R OF PART metal deck and other operations connected

1926—ILLUSTRATION OF THE USE OF with leading edge work are taking place, the
controlled decking zone (CDZ) is defined by a
CONTROL LINES TO DEMARCATE CON-
control line or by any other means that re-
TROLLED DECKING ZONES (CDZS): stricts access.
NON-MANDATORY GUIDELINES FOR (i) A control line for a CDZ is erected not
COMPLYING WITH § 1926.760(c)(3) less than 6 feet (1.8 m) nor more than 90 feet
(27.4 m) from the leading edge.

(1) When used to control access to areas (ii) Control lines extend along the entire
where leading edge and initial securement of length of the unprotected or leading edge
425
ER18JA01.023</GPH>
Pt. 1926, Subpt. R, App. E 29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–16 Edition)
and are approximately parallel to the unpro- NOTE: When employees are using stilts, the
tected or leading edge. top edge height of the top rail, or equivalent
(iii) Control lines are connected on each member, shall be increased an amount equal
side to a guardrail system, wall, stanchion or to the height of the stilts.
other suitable anchorage. (2) Midrails, screens, mesh, intermediate
(2) Control lines consist of ropes, wires, vertical members, or equivalent inter-
tapes, or equivalent materials, and sup- mediate structural members shall be in-
porting stanchions as follows: stalled between the top edge of the guardrail
(i) Each line is rigged and supported in system and the walking/working surface
such a way that its lowest point (including when there is no wall or parapet wall at least
sag) is not less than 39 inches (1.0 m) from 21 inches (53 cm) high.
the walking/working surface and its highest
(i) Midrails, when used, shall be installed
point is not more than 45 inches (1.3 m) from
at a height midway between the top edge of
the walking/working surface.
the guardrail system and the walking/work-
(ii) Each line has a minimum breaking
ing level.
strength of 200 pounds (90.8 kg).
(ii) Screens and mesh, when used, shall ex-
tend from the top rail to the walking/work-
APPENDIX E TO SUBPART R OF PART
ing level and along the entire opening be-
1926—TRAINING: NON-MANDATORY tween top rail supports.
GUIDELINES FOR COMPLYING WITH (iii) Intermediate members (such as balus-
§ 1926.761 ters), when used between posts, shall be not
more than 19 inches (48 cm) apart.
The training requirements of § 1926.761 will
(iv) Other structural members (such as ad-
be deemed to have been met if employees
ditional midrails and architectural panels)
have completed a training course on steel
shall be installed such that there are no
erection, including instruction in the provi-
openings in the guardrail system that are
sions of this standard, that has been ap-
more than 19 inches (.5 m) wide.
proved by the U.S. Department of Labor Bu-
(3) Guardrail systems shall be capable of
reau of Apprenticeship.
withstanding, without failure, a force of at
least 200 pounds (890 N) applied within 2
APPENDIX F TO SUBPART R OF PART inches (5.1 cm) of the top edge, in any out-
1926—PERIMETER COLUMNS: NON- ward or downward direction, at any point
MANDATORY GUIDELINES FOR COM- along the top edge.
PLYING WITH § 1926.756(e) TO PRO- (4) When the 200 pound (890 N) test load
TECT THE UNPROTECTED SIDE OR specified in paragraph (b)(3) of this section
EDGE OF A WALKING/WORKING SUR- (§ 1926.502) is applied in a downward direc-
FACE tion, the top edge of the guardrail shall not
deflect to a height less than 39 inches (1.0 m)
In multi-story structures, when holes in above the walking/working level. Guardrail
the column web are used for perimeter safety system components selected and constructed
cables, the column splice must be placed suf- in accordance with the appendix B to subpart
ficiently high so as not to interfere with any M of this part will be deemed to meet this re-
attachments to the column necessary for the quirement.
column splice. Column splices are rec- (5) Midrails, screens, mesh, intermediate
ommended to be placed at every other or vertical members, solid panels, and equiva-
fourth levels as design allows. Column lent structural members shall be capable of
splices at third levels are detrimental to the withstanding, without failure, a force of at
erection process and should be avoided if pos- least 150 pounds (666 N) applied in any down-
sible. ward or outward direction at any point along
the midrail or other member.
APPENDIX G TO SUBPART R OF PART (6) Guardrail systems shall be so surfaced
1926—§ 1926.502 (b)–(e) FALL PROTEC- as to prevent injury to an employee from
TION SYSTEMS CRITERIA AND PRAC- punctures or lacerations, and to prevent
TICES snagging of clothing.
(7) The ends of all top rails and midrails
(b) ‘‘Guardrail systems.’’ Guardrail sys- shall not overhang the terminal posts, ex-
tems and their use shall comply with the fol- cept where such overhang does not con-
lowing provisions: stitute a projection hazard.
(1) Top edge height of top rails, or equiva- (8) Steel banding and plastic banding shall
lent guardrail system members, shall be 42 not be used as top rails or midrails.
inches (1.1 m) plus or minus 3 inches (8 cm) (9) Top rails and midrails shall be at least
above the walking/working level. When con- one-quarter inch (0.6 cm) nominal diameter
ditions warrant, the height of the top edge or thickness to prevent cuts and lacerations.
may exceed the 45-inch height, provided the If wire rope is used for top rails, it shall be
guardrail system meets all other criteria of flagged at not more than 6-foot intervals
this paragraph (§ 1926.502(b)). with high-visibility material.
426
Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor Pt. 1926, Subpt. R, App. G
(10) When guardrail systems are used at (14) Guardrail systems used on ramps and
hoisting areas, a chain, gate or removable runways shall be erected along each unpro-
guardrail section shall be placed across the tected side or edge.
access opening between guardrail sections (15) Manila, plastic or synthetic rope being
when hoisting operations are not taking used for top rails or midrails shall be in-
place. spected as frequently as necessary to ensure
(11) When guardrail systems are used at that it continues to meet the strength re-
holes, they shall be erected on all unpro- quirements of paragraph (b)(3) of this section
tected sides or edges of the hole. (§ 1926.502).
(12) When guardrail systems are used
(c) Safety net systems. Safety net systems
around holes used for the passage of mate-
and their use shall comply with the fol-
rials, the hole shall have not more than two
lowing provisions:
sides provided with removable guardrail sec-
tions to allow the passage of materials. (1) Safety nets shall be installed as close as
When the hole is not in use, it shall be closed practicable under the walking/working sur-
over with a cover, or a guardrail system face on which employees are working, but in
shall be provided along all unprotected sides no case more than 30 feet (9.1 m) below such
or edges. level. When nets are used on bridges, the po-
(13) When guardrail systems are used tential fall area from the walking/working
around holes which are used as points of ac- surface to the net shall be unobstructed.
cess (such as ladderways), they shall be pro- (2) Safety nets shall extend outward from
vided with a gate, or be so offset that a per- the outermost projection of the work surface
son cannot walk directly into the hole. as follows:
Minimum required horizontal distance of outer edge of net from

Vertical distance from working level to horizontal plane of net the edge of the working surface
Up to 5 feet .................................................................................. 8 feet

More than 5 feet up to 10 feet .................................................... 10 feet
More than 10 feet ........................................................................ 13 feet
(3) Safety nets shall be installed with suffi- certification record must include an identi-
cient clearance under them to prevent con- fication of the net and net installation for
tact with the surface or structures below which the certification record is being pre-
when subjected to an impact force equal to pared; the date that it was determined that
the drop test specified in paragraph (4) of the identified net and net installation were
this section [§ 1926.502]. in compliance with paragraph (c)(3) of this
(4) Safety nets and their installations shall section (§ 1926.502) and the signature of the
be capable of absorbing an impact force person making the determination and cer-
equal to that produced by the drop test spec- tification. The most recent certification
ified in paragraph (c)(4)(i) of this section record for each net and net installation shall
[§ 1926.502]. be available at the jobsite for inspection.
(i) Except as provided in paragraph (5) Defective nets shall not be used. Safety
(c)(4)(ii) of this section (§ 1926.502), safety nets shall be inspected at least once a week
nets and safety net installations shall be for wear, damage, and other deterioration.
drop-tested at the jobsite after initial instal- Defective components shall be removed from
lation and before being used as a fall protec- service. Safety nets shall also be inspected
tion system, whenever relocated, after major after any occurrence which could affect the
repair, and at 6-month intervals if left in one
integrity of the safety net system.
place. The drop-test shall consist of a 400
(6) Materials, scrap pieces, equipment, and
pound (180 kg) bag of sand 30 + or ¥2 inches
(76 + or ¥5 cm) in diameter dropped into the tools which have fallen into the safety net
net from the highest walking/working sur- shall be removed as soon as possible from the
face at which employees are exposed to fall net and at least before the next work shift.
hazards, but not from less than 42 inches (1.1 (7) The maximum size of each safety net
m) above that level. mesh opening shall not exceed 36 square
(ii) When the employer can demonstrate inches (230 cm) nor be longer than 6 inches
that it is unreasonable to perform the drop- (15 cm) on any side, and the opening, meas-
test required by paragraph (c)(4)(i) of this ured center-to-center of mesh ropes or web-
section (§ 1926.502), the employer (or a des- bing, shall not be longer than 6 inches (15
ignated competent person) shall certify that cm). All mesh crossings shall be secured to
the net and net installation is in compliance prevent enlargement of the mesh opening.
with the provisions of paragraphs (c)(3) and (8) Each safety net (or section of it) shall
(c)(4)(i) of this section (§ 1926.502) by pre- have a border rope for webbing with a min-
paring a certification record prior to the net imum breaking strength of 5,000 pounds (22.2
being used as a fall protection system. The kN).
427
Pt. 1926, Subpt. R, App. G 29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–16 Edition)
(9) Connections between safety net panels (9) Lanyards and vertical lifelines shall
shall be as strong as integral net components have a minimum breaking strength of 5,000
and shall be spaced not more than 6 inches pounds (22.2 kN).
(15 cm) apart. (10)(i) Except as provided in paragraph
(d) ‘‘Personal fall arrest systems.’’ Per- (d)(10)(ii) of this section [§ 1926.502], when
sonal fall arrest systems and their use shall vertical lifelines are used, each employee
comply with the provisions set forth below. shall be attached to a separate lifeline.
Effective January 1, 1998, body belts are not (ii) During the construction of elevator
acceptable as part of a personal fall arrest shafts, two employees may be attached to
system. the same lifeline in the hoistway, provided
both employees are working atop a false car
NOTE: The use of a body belt in a posi- that is equipped with guardrails; the
tioning device system is acceptable and is strength of the lifeline is 10,000 pounds [5,000
regulated under paragraph (e) of this section pounds per employee attached] (44.4 kN); and
(§ 1926.502). all other criteria specified in this paragraph
(1) Connectors shall be drop forged, pressed for lifelines have been met.
or formed steel, or made of equivalent mate- (11) Lifelines shall be protected against
rials. being cut or abraded.
(2) Connectors shall have a corrosion-re- (12) Self-retracting lifelines and lanyards
sistant finish, and all surfaces and edges which automatically limit free fall distance
shall be smooth to prevent damage to inter- to 2 feet (0.61 m) or less shall be capable of
facing parts of the system. sustaining a minimum tensile load of 3,000
(3) Dee-rings and snaphooks shall have a pounds (13.3 kN) applied to the device with
minimum tensile strength of 5,000 pounds the lifeline or lanyard in the fully extended
(22.2 kN). position.
(13) Self-retracting lifelines and lanyards
(4) Dee-rings and snaphooks shall be proof-
which do not limit free fall distance to 2 feet
tested to a minimum tensile load of 3,600
(0.61 m) or less, ripstitch lanyards, and tear-
pounds (16 kN) without cracking, breaking,
ing and deforming lanyards shall be capable
or taking permanent deformation.
of sustaining a minimum tensile load of 5,000
(5) Snaphooks shall be sized to be compat-
pounds (22.2 kN) applied to the device with
ible with the member to which they are con-
the lifeline or lanyard in the fully extended
nected to prevent unintentional disengage-
position.
ment of the snaphook by depression of the
(14) Ropes and straps (webbing) used in lan-
snaphook keeper by the connected member,
yards, lifelines, and strength components of
or shall be a locking type snaphook designed
body belts and body harnesses shall be made
and used to prevent disengagement of the
from synthetic fibers.
snaphook by the contact of the snaphook
(15) Anchorages used for attachment of
keeper by the connected member. Effective
personal fall arrest equipment shall be inde-
January 1, 1998, only locking type snaphooks
pendent of any anchorage being used to sup-
shall be used.
port or suspend platforms and capable of sup-
(6) Unless the snaphook is a locking type porting at least 5,000 pounds (22.2 kN) per
and designed for the following connections, employee attached, or shall be designed, in-
snaphooks shall not be engaged: stalled, and used as follows:
(i) directly to webbing, rope or wire rope; (i) as part of a complete personal fall ar-
(ii) to each other; rest system which maintains a safety factor
(iii) to a dee-ring to which another of at least two; and
snaphook or other connector is attached; (ii) under the supervision of a qualified
(iv) to a horizontal lifeline; or person.
(v) to any object which is incompatibly (16) Personal fall arrest systems, when
shaped or dimensioned in relation to the stopping a fall, shall:
snaphook such that unintentional disengage- (i) limit maximum arresting force on an
ment could occur by the connected object employee to 900 pounds (4 kN) when used
being able to depress the snaphook keeper with a body belt;
and release itself. (ii) limit maximum arresting force on an
(7) On suspended scaffolds or similar work employee to 1,800 pounds (8 kN) when used
platforms with horizontal lifelines which with a body harness;
may become vertical lifelines, the devices (iii) be rigged such that an employee can
used to connect to a horizontal lifeline shall neither free fall more than 6 feet (1.8 m), nor
be capable of locking in both directions on contact any lower level;
the lifeline. (iv) bring an employee to a complete stop
(8) Horizontal lifelines shall be designed, and limit maximum deceleration distance an
installed, and used, under the supervision of employee travels to 3.5 feet (1.07 m); and,
a qualified person, as part of a complete per- (v) have sufficient strength to withstand
sonal fall arrest system, which maintains a twice the potential impact energy of an em-
safety factor of at least two. ployee free falling a distance of 6 feet (1.8 m),
428
Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor Pt. 1926, Subpt. R, App. H
or the free fall distance permitted by the (2) Positioning devices shall be secured to
system, whichever is less. an anchorage capable of supporting at least
twice the potential impact load of an em-
NOTE: If the personal fall arrest system
ployee’s fall or 3,000 pounds (13.3 kN), which-
meets the criteria and protocols contained in
appendix C to subpart M, and if the system ever is greater.
is being used by an employee having a com- (3) Connectors shall be drop forged, pressed
bined person and tool weight of less than 310 or formed steel, or made of equivalent mate-
pounds (140 kg), the system will be consid- rials.
ered to be in compliance with the provisions (4) Connectors shall have a corrosion-re-
of paragraph (d)(16) of this section [§ 1926.502]. sistant finish, and all surfaces and edges
If the system is used by an employee having shall be smooth to prevent damage to inter-
a combined tool and body weight of 310 facing parts of this system.
pounds (140 kg) or more, then the employer (5) Connecting assemblies shall have a
must appropriately modify the criteria and minimum tensile strength of 5,000 pounds
protocols of the appendix to provide proper (22.2 kN)
protection for such heavier weights, or the (6) Dee-rings and snaphooks shall be proof-
system will not be deemed to be in compli- tested to a minimum tensile load of 3,600
ance with the requirements of paragraph pounds (16 kN) without cracking, breaking,
(d)(16) of this section (§ 1926.502). or taking permanent deformation.
(7) Snaphooks shall be sized to be compat-
(17) The attachment point of the body belt
ible with the member to which they are con-
shall be located in the center of the wearer’s
nected to prevent unintentional disengage-
back. The attachment point of the body har-
ment of the snaphook by depression of the
ness shall be located in the center of the
wearer’s back near shoulder level, or above snaphook keeper by the connected member,
the wearer’s head. or shall be a locking type snaphook designed
(18) Body belts, harnesses, and components and used to prevent disengagement of the
shall be used only for employee protection snaphook by the contact of the snaphook
(as part of a personal fall arrest system or keeper by the connected member. As of Jan-
positioning device system) and not to hoist uary 1, 1998, only locking type snaphooks
materials. shall be used.
(19) Personal fall arrest systems and com- (8) Unless the snaphook is a locking type
ponents subjected to impact loading shall be and designed for the following connections,
immediately removed from service and shall snaphooks shall not be engaged:
not be used again for employee protection (i) directly to webbing, rope or wire rope;
until inspected and determined by a com- (ii) to each other;
petent person to be undamaged and suitable (iii) to a dee-ring to which another
for reuse. snaphook or other connector is attached;
(20) The employer shall provide for prompt (iv) to a horizontal lifeline; or to depress
rescue of employees in the event of a fall or the snaphook keeper and release itself.
shall assure that employees are able to res- (v) to any object which is incompatibly
cue themselves. shaped or dimensioned in relation to the
(21) Personal fall arrest systems shall be snaphook such that unintentional disengage-
inspected prior to each use for wear, damage ment could occur by the connected object
and other deterioration, and defective com- being able to depress the snaphook keeper
ponents shall be removed from service. and release itself.
(22) Body belts shall be at least one and (9) Positioning device systems shall be in-
five-eighths (15⁄8) inches (4.1 cm) wide. spected prior to each use for wear, damage,
(23) Personal fall arrest systems shall not and other deterioration, and defective com-
be attached to guardrail systems, nor shall ponents shall be removed from service.
they be attached to hoists except as specified (10) Body belts, harnesses, and components
in other subparts of this Part. shall be used only for employee protection
(24) When a personal fall arrest system is (as part of a personal fall arrest system or
used at hoist areas, it shall be rigged to positioning device system) and not to hoist
allow the movement of the employee only as materials.
far as the edge of the walking/working sur-
face. APPENDIX H TO SUBPART R OF PART
(e) Positioning device systems. Positioning
1926—DOUBLE CONNECTIONS: ILLUS-
device systems and their use shall conform
to the following provisions: TRATION OF A CLIPPED END CONNEC-
(1) Positioning devices shall be rigged such TION AND A STAGGERED CONNECTION:
that an employee cannot free fall more than NON-MANDATORY GUIDELINES FOR
2 feet (.9 m). COMPLYING WITH § 1926.756(c)(1)
429
Pt. 1926, Subpt. R, App. H 29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–16 Edition)
Clipped end connections are connection member to remain in place. The notch(es)
material on the end of a structural member fits around the nut or bolt head of the oppos-
which has a notch at the bottom and/or top ing member to allow the second member to
to allow the bolt(s) of the first member be bolted up without removing the bolt(s)
placed on the opposite side of the central holding the first member.
Staggered connections are connection ma- Subpart S—Underground Con-

terial on a structural member in which all of
the bolt holes in the common member web struction, Caissons,
are not shared by the two incoming members Cofferdams and Compressed
in the final connection. The extra hole in the Air
column web allows the erector to maintain
at least a one bolt connection at all times
AUTHORITY: 40 U.S.C. 3701; 29 U.S.C. 653, 655,
while making the double connection.
657; and Secretary of Labor’s Orders 12–71 (36

ER18JA01.025</GPH>
FR 8754), 8–76 (41 FR 25059), 9–83 (48 FR 35736),

1–90 (55 FR 9033), 6–96 (62 FR 111), 5–2007 (72
430
ER18JA01.024</GPH>

OSHA 1926-Subpart R

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Pt. 1926, Subpt. Q, App. A 29 CFR Ch.

XVII (7–1–16 Edition)

C42–87). evator fronts; entrances; skylights; metal

enclosures and pockets; stairs; per- corrective measures to eliminate them.

placing and connecting structural Double connection seat means a struc-

structures. equivalent to a solid web structural

§ 1926.755(b). spection of cranes.

(v) No crane is permitted to be used porate by reference. (See http://

8L1 ................................................................. NM 14KCS2 ......................................................... NM

12KCS1 ......................................................... NM 24LH11 .................................. NM.

specified by the manufacturer (which- tion, each employee engaged in a steel

the equivalent. Examples of acceptable ployer shall institute a training pro-

APPENDIX C TO SUBPART R OF PART 1926—ILLUSTRATIONS OF BRIDGING TERMINUS

APPENDIX D TO SUBPART R OF PART metal deck and other operations connected

(27.4 m) from the leading edge.

Minimum required horizontal distance of outer edge of net from

Up to 5 feet .................................................................................. 8 feet

Staggered connections are connection ma- Subpart S—Underground Con-

657; and Secretary of Labor’s Orders 12–71 (36

FR 8754), 8–76 (41 FR 25059), 9–83 (48 FR 35736),

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