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 Learning Objectives
 Determine the difference between crystalline and
noncrystalline materials
 Determine the different crystal structures
 Derive the relationships between unit cell edge length
and atomic radius for face-centered cubic and body-
centered cubic crystal structures.
 Define isotropy and anisotropy with respect to material
properties

Crystalline Materials Types of Crystal Structures

 A crystalline material is one in which the atoms are  Unit Cell
situated in a repeating or periodic array over large  Basic structural unit or building block of the crystal
atomic distances structure and defines the crystal structure by virtue of
 All metals, many ceramic materials, and certain its geometry and the atom positions within
polymers form crystalline structures under normal
solidification conditions
 Noncrystalline or amorphous materials have small or
no repeating structures

The Face-Centered Cubic Crystal

Diagram of Unit Cell Structure

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The Face-Centered Cubic Crystal

Structure
 The atoms are located at the corners and center of the  For the FCC crystal structure, each corner atom is
cubes faces shared among eight unit cells, whereas a face-centered
 Structure of most metals atom belongs to only two. Therefore, one-eighth of
 Cu, Ag, Au, Al
each of the eight corner atoms and one-half of each of
the six face atoms, or a total of four whole atoms, may
 Unit cell edge length a with radius R for face-centered
be assigned to a given unit cell
cubic

a  2R 2

The Body-Centered Cubic Crystal

The Body-Centered Cubic Crystal System
System
a) Hard Sphere
 A cubic unit cell with atoms located at all eight corners representation of
and a single atom at the cube center. BCC
 Center and corner atoms touch one another along b) Reduced sphere
cube diagonals, and unit cell length a and atomic representation
radius R are related through of BCC
c) Aggregate of
many atoms with
4R
a
unit cell

The Hexagonal Close-Packed

Crystal Structure
The Hexagonal Close-Packed Crystal Structure

a) Reduced
 The top and bottom faces of the unit cell consist of six
sphere unit-
atoms that form regular hexagons and surround a
single atom in the center
cell
 Another plane that provides three additional atoms to b) Aggregate of
the unit cell is situated between the top and bottom many atoms
planes

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The Hexagonal Close-Packed

Crystal Structure
The Hexagonal Close-Packed Crystal Structure
Lattice Parameter Relationships
 The equivalent of six atoms is contained in each unit and Figures Showing Unit Cell
Geometries for the Seven
cell; one-sixth of each of the 12 top and bottom face
Crystal Systems
corner atoms, one-half of each of the 2 center face
atoms, and all 3 midplane interior atoms

Single Crystals Polycrystalline Materials

When the periodic and Crystalline solids are
repeated arrangement of composed of a
atoms is perfect or
extends throughout the
collection of many
entirety of the specimen small crystals or
without interruption, grains
the result is a single
(a) Small crystallite
crystal.
nuclei
Photograph of a garnet
single crystal that was (b) Growth of
found in Tongbei, Fujian crystallite
Province, China (c) Grains are
formed
(d) Grains seen on
microscope

Anisotropy
 Associated with the change in the properties of the
material due to the variance of atomic or ionic spacing
with crystallographic direction
 Substances in which measured properties are
independent of the direction of measurement are
isotropic.
Anisotropy
 For many polycrystalline materials, the
crystallographic orientations of the individual grains
are totally random. Under these circumstances, even
though each grain may be anisotropic, a specimen
composed of the grain aggregate behaves isotropically.