TECHNICAL/EXECUTIVE REPORT : CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Lab No. : 3 Module :

Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration

Topic : Mark :
Unit
Date : 100
13 September 2015
Participant Course : FACULTY OF CHEMICAL
Semester : 3 Group: 3C
*Please cancel which ENGINERING
is not necessary.
No. Name Matrix No. Signature
201485585
1 MUHAMMAD FIKRI BIN AZMAN
8
201488969
2 NURUL IZZATUL NADIA BINTI ADNAN
6
NURIN HIDAYAH AQILAH BINTI 201480045
3
MOHAMAD NOR AZAM 4
Instructor  MADAM NURUL ‘UYUN BINTI AHMAD

Objective :
 To determine the relationship the pressure and density for steady flow
along a streamline.
 To determine the relationship between pressure and velocity in Bernoulli’s
Law.
 To demonstrate effective team role and responsibility in the task execution

Abstract :

The experiment was conducted in order to find the time taken to collect 3L of
water, the volumetric flow rates of the water, the pressure difference at all
manometer tube (static head), velocity, dynamic head and also the total head. The
combination of venturi meter complete with manometer tube and hydraulic bench
were used. Bernoulli’s Theorem experiment’s apparatus consists of a classical
venture. A series of wall tapping allow measurement of the static pressure
distribution along the converging duct, while a total head tube is provided to
traverse along the center line of the test section. These tapping are connected to a
manometer bank incorporating a manifold wit hair bleed valve. During the
experiment, water is fed through a hose connector and the flow rate can be
adjusted at the flow regulator valve at the outlet of the test section. The venturi
meter can be demonstrated as a means of flow measurement and the discharge
coefficient can be determined. The results show the reading of each manometer
tubes increase when the pressure difference increases.
Data/Results Experiment 1
/Calculation:
Data Analysis:
Throat diameter, D3 (mm) 16.0
Inlet diameter, D3 (mm) 26.0
Throat area, At ( )
Inlet area, Ai ( )
9.81

1000

Results :

Experiment 3 (higher flow rate)

Volume (L) 3
Time (s) 8.14

Flow rate, Q ( )
Experiment 3 (medium flow rate)

Volume (L) 3
Time (s) 12.08

Flow rate, Q ( )

Experiment 3 (lower flow rate)

Volume (L) 3
Time (s) 15.66

Flow rate, Q ( )
Discussion:

The venturi meter can be demonstrated as a means of flow

measurement and the discharge coefficient can be
determined.Difference in area or cross-section will give difference time
taken to collect 3L of water, the volumetric flow rates of the water, the
pressure difference at all manometer tube (static head), velocity,
dynamic head and also the total head. The results show the reading of
each manometer tubes increase when the pressure difference increases.

The Venturi meter is a device for measuring discharge in a pipe. It

consists of a rapidly converging section which increases the velocity of
flow and hence reduces the pressure. It then returns to the original
dimensions of the pipe by a gently diverging 'diffuser' section. By
measuring the pressure differences the discharge can be calculated. This
is a particularly accurate method of flow measurement as energy loss
are very small.

When the cross-section is lower, velocity will increase,but the volumetric

flow rates of the water,the difference time taken to collect 3L of
water,the pressure difference at all manometer tube (static head)
dynamic head and also the total head will decrease.

Conclusion:
1) This is a law of physics that holds that a system isolated from all
outside factors maintains the same total amount of energy,
though energy transformations from one form to another take
place.
2) For instance, if you were standing at the top of a building holding
a baseball over the side, the ball would have a certain quantity of
potential energy—the energy that an object possesses by virtue of
its position. Once the ball is dropped, it immediately begins losing
potential energy and gaining kinetic energy—the energy that an
object possesses by virtue of its motion. Since the total energy
must remain constant, potential and kinetic energy have an
 inverse relationship: as the value of one variable decreases, that
of the other increases in exact proportion.
3) The ball cannot keep falling forever, losing potential energy and
gaining kinetic energy. In fact, it can never gain an amount of
kinetic energy greater than the potential energy it possessed in
the first place. At the moment before the ball hits the ground, its
kinetic energy is equal to the potential energy it possessed at the
top of the building. Correspondingly, its potential energy is zero—
the same amount of kinetic energy it possessed before it was
dropped.
4) Then, as the ball hits the ground, the energy is dispersed. Most of
it goes into the ground, and depending on the rigidity of the ball
and the ground, this energy may cause the ball to bounce. Some
of the energy may appear in the form of sound, produced as the
ball hits bottom, and some will manifest as heat. The total energy,
however, will not be lost: it will simply have changed form.
5) Bernoulli was one of the first scientists to propose what is known
as the kinetic theory of gases: that gas, like all matter, is
composed of tiny molecules in constant motion. In the 1730s, he
conducted experiments in the conservation of energy using
liquids, observing how water flows through pipes of varying
diameter. In a segment of pipe with a relatively large diameter, he
observed, water flowed slowly, but as it entered a segment of
smaller diameter, its speed increased.
6) It was clear that some force had to be acting on the water to
increase its speed. Earlier, Robert Boyle (1627-1691) had
demonstrated that pressure and volume have an inverse
relationship, and Bernoulli seems to have applied Boyle's findings
to the present situation. Clearly the volume of water flowing
through the narrower pipe at any given moment was less than
that flowing through the wider one. This suggested, according to
Boyle's law, that the pressure in the wider pipe must be greater.
7) As fluid moves from a wider pipe to a narrower one, the volume of
that fluid that moves a given distance in a given time period does
not change. But since the width of the narrower pipe is smaller,
the fluid must move faster in order to achieve that result. One way
to illustrate this is to observe the behavior of a river: in a wide,
unconstricted region, it flows slowly, but if its flow is narrowed by
canyon walls (for instance), then it speeds up dramatically.
8) The above is a result of the fact that water is a fluid, and having
the characteristics of a fluid, it adjusts its shape to fit that of its
container or other solid objects it encounters on its path. Since the
volume passing through a given length of pipe during a given
period of time will be the same, there must be a decrease in
pressure. Hence Bernoulli's conclusion: the slower the rate of flow,
the higher the pressure, and the faster the rate of flow, the lower
the pressure.
References:
1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venturi_effect
2 http://www.scienceclarified.com/everyday/Real-Life-Chemistry-Vol-
3-Physics-Vol-1/Bernoulli-s-Principle.html#ixzz3m1wWeNCr

3 http://www.scienceclarified.com/everyday/Real-Life-Chemistry-Vol-
3-Physics-Vol-1/Bernoulli-s-Principle.html
4 http://www.scribd.com/doc/131472020/Fluid-Lab-2-Bernoulli-
Exp#scribd
5 https://www.teachengineering.org/view_lesson.php?
url=collection/cub_/lessons/cub_bernoulli/cub_bernoulli_lesson01.x
ml

Authorize Person Initial Date Stamp

Technician
Approval

Instructor

Allocated Marks for Technical/Executive report

Criteria Full Marks

Abstract 10
Objective 10
Data/Results/Calculation 20
Discussion 30
Conclusion 10
References 10
Overall structure/organization and Quality 10
 TOTAL 100

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