Crystal size in a continuous crystalliser
depends upon the rate of heat transfer,
degree of turbulence, degree of super
saturation.
Heat waves cannot pass through vacuum
and travel in straight line.
Air is best heated with steam in a heat
exchanger of double pipe type with fin on
air side.
Which of the following is generally considered
as opaque surface towards radiations? Solids
and liquids.
Black liquor generated during paper
manufacture is concentrated in a multiple
effect evaporator.
When vaporisation takes place directly at the
heating surface, it is called nucleate boiling.
Steam consumption in kg/hr in case of an
evaporator is given by (where, C & E are
capacity the economy of the evaporator
respectively) C/E.
Reynolds analogy states that Nst α f.
With increase in temperature, the thermal
conductivity of non-metallic amorphous solids
increases.
Fourier's law applies to the heat transfer by
conduction.
In case of vertical tube evaporator, with
increase in liquor level, the overall heat
transfer co-efficient decreases.
For shell and tube heat exchanger, with
increasing heat transfer area, the purchased
cost per unit heat transfer area passes
through a maxima.
In a heat exchanger, floating head is provided
to relieve stresses caused by thermal
expansion.
Which of the following is not used as a
medium for high temperature heating?
Mercury
Kirchhoff’s law applies to monochromatic
and total radiation.
With the increase of temperature, the
Col-burn jH factor increases.
In case of evaporators, liquid entrainment
results primarily due to foaming of the
solution.
Baffles in the shell side of a shell and tube
heat exchanger increase the shell side heat
transfer co-efficient.
Air is to be heated by condensing steam. Two
heat exchangers are available (i) a shell and
tube heat exchanger and (ii) a finned tube
heat exchanger. Tube side heat transfer area
is equal in both the cases. The recommended
arrangement is finned tube heat exchanger
with air outside and steam inside.
The number of kg vaporised per kg of steam
fed to the evaporator is defined as economy.
Economy of a multiple effect evaporator is not
influenced much by the boiling point
elevations.
Increasing the liquor level in the evaporator
results in the decreased capacity.
Controlling heat transfer film co-efficient is the
one, which offers the largest resistance to
heat transfer.
In a case of 1-2 shell and tube tube heat
exchanger, the LMTD correction factor
value increases sharply, when a
temperature cross occurs.--- Wrong
statement
Bulk of the convective heat transfer resistance
from a hot tube surface to the fluid flowing in
it, is mainly confined to a thin film of fluid
near the surface.
Which of the following is concerned with both
heat and mass transfer? Lewis relationship
A backward feed multiple effect evaporators
are better than forward feed for concentrating
cold feed, because it provides higher
economy.
The dimensionless group in mass transfer that
is equivalent to Prandtl number in heat
transfer is Schmidt number.
In a shell and tube heat exchanger, the
temperature drops in the two fluids and the
wall are proportional to individual
resistances.
Dietus-Boelter equation used for the
determination of heat transfer co-efficient is
valid for fluids in tubulent flow.
The equation, , vapor as compared to that of saturated vapor
corresponds to Prandtl analogy.
For large heat transfer area requirement, shell
and tube heat exchanger is preferred,
because it occupies smaller space, is more
economical and is easy to operate and
maintain.
Temperature profile in steady state heat
transfer is linear.
For the same heat load and mass flow rate in
the tube side of a shell and tube heat
exchanger, one may use multipass on the
tube side, because it increases the overall
heat transfer coefficient.
The Nusselt number for fully developed (both
thermally and hydrodynamically) laminar flow
through a circular pipe, where the wall heat
flux is constant, is 4.36.
It is not preferable to use superheated steam
in evaporators, because of its low film co-
efficient.
LMTD for counterflow and prallel flow heat
exchanger will be the same, when the cold
fluid is heated to a certain temperature by
condensing steam (isothermal fluid).
Economy of a multiple effect evaporator
depends upon the heat balance
consideration.
Wrong statement. The emissivity of a
surface decreases, if it gets corroded by
atmospheric environment.
In forced convection, the heat transfer
depends on Re, Pr.
With increase in temperature, the thermal
conductivity of most liquids decreases.
Correct statement. Logarithmic mean area is
used for calculating the heat flow rate
through a thick walled cylinder.
In a shell and tube type heat exchanger, the
floating tube bundle heat arrangement is used
in high range of temperature differences.
The film co-efficient is decreased due to the
presence of non-condensing gases in the
vapors. The film co-efficient of superheated
is some.
In case of parallel flow heat exchanger, the
lowest temperature theoretically attainable by
the hot fluid is equal to the outlet temperature
of the cold fluid.
Equipment which converts the latent or
sensible heat of one fluid into the latent heat
of vaporisation of another is called a heat
exchanger.
Which of the following is directly concerned
with the heat transfer? Grashoff number.
Wrong statement. With change in
temperature, the radiant energy emitted by
a black body remains unchanged.
For hot feed, forward feeding as compared to
backward feeding results in increased
economy.
What is the steam economy in case of a
single effect evaporator system? < 1.
jH factor for heat transfer is not a function of
the Nusselt , Grashoff number.
**Baffles are provided in heat exchangers to
increase the heat transfer co-efficient.
**In case of a vertical tube evaporator, with
increase in the liquor level, the capacity of
the evaporator is decreased.
**For gases, the thermal conductivity
increases with temperature rise. For liquids,
with increase in concentration, its thermal
conductivity generally decreases.
**A 2-4 heat exchanger involves both counter
and parallel-flow of the fluids.
In a liquid-liquid heat exchanger, for the same
process temperature, the ratio of the LMTD in
parallel flow to the LMTD in counter flow is
always < 1.
**With increase in temperature, the thermal
conductivity of steel decreases.
**Which of the following forced convection
heat transfer equation accounts for the liquid
viscosity effect for viscous liquids? Sieder-
Tate equation.
**The main function of baffles provided in a
shell and tube heat exchanger is to enhance
turbulence.
In a single effect evaporator, the economy is
<1.
**LMTD correction factor which is to be
applied for a cross-flow heat exchanger
increase with increase in the number of shell
passes. Its value for a single pass cross flow
heat exchanger is <1.
Which of the following is not concerned with
the heat transfer? Schmidt number.
**In counter flow compared to parallel flow,
LMTD is greater and less surface area is
required for a given heat transfer rate.
**A multiple effect evaporator has a capacity
to process 4000 kg of solid caustic soda per
day, when it is concentrating from 10% to 25%
solids. The water evaporated in kg per day is
24000.
**Heat transfer in the laminar sub layer in
case of a liquid flowing through a pipe, is
mostly by conduction.
Among liquids, water has a comparatively
high value of thermal conductivity, due to its
partial ionisation.
**For evaporation of viscous solution in a
multiple effect evaporator, the preferred
feeding scheme is backward.
Heat transfer co-efficient (h1) for liquids
increases with increasing temperature.
**The purpose of providing a 'catchall' in the
vapor line of an evaporator is to arrest the
entrained liquid.
**The ratio of kinematic viscosity to thermal
diffusivity is called the Prandtl number.
The critical radius 'r' of insulation on a pipe is
given by r = k/h.
**If the baffle spacing in a shell and tube heat
exchanger increases, then the Reynolds
number of the shell side fluid decreases.
**As the difference between the wall
temperature and bulk temperature increases,
the boiling heat transfer co-efficient goes
through a minimum.
Log mean temperature difference (LMTD)
cannot be used, if none of these.
**In a multi-pass shell and tube heat
exchanger, tube side return pressure loss is
equal to four times the velocity head.
For a given ambient air temperature with
increase in the thickness of insulation of a hot
cylindrical pipe, the rate of heat loss from the
surface would first increase and then
decrease.
**In a parallel flow heat exchanger, if the
outlet temperature of hot and cold fluids is the
same, then the log mean temperature
difference (LMTD) is zero.
**In a forward feed multiple effect, the
pressure build up will be least at the outlet of
the last effect.
**For the same heat transfer area and the
terminal conditions, the ratio of the capacities
of a single effect evaporator to a triple effect
evaporator is 1.
**Multiple effect evaporators are commonly
used in the manufacture of
P. Paper Q. Superphosphate
R. Sugar S. Fats P and S.
Which of the following is unimportant in forced
convection? Grashhoff number.
**Steam is to be condensed in a shell and
tube heat exchanger; 5 m long with a shell
diameter of 1 m. Cooling water is to be used
for removing the heat. Heat transfer co-
efficient for the cooling water, whether on shell
side or tube side is the same. The best
arrangement is vertical heat exchanger with
steam on shell side.
**In a multiple effect evaporator, the effect of
boiling point elevation is to reduce the
capacity.

**For specified tube outside diameter, higher
BWG means higher cross-sectional area.
In case of a vertical tube evaporator, with
increase in the liquor level, the neither
velocity of circulation or liquor-film co-
efficient is increased.
**Heat flux through several resistances in
series in analogous to the current flowing
through several resistances in series.
**Extended heat transfer surface like fins are
used to increase the heat transfer rate. Fin
efficiency is defined as the ratio of heat
transferred across the fin surface to the
theoretical heat transfer across an equal area
held at the constant temperature equal to
that of the base.
**Vacuum is generally maintained in the
vapour space of an evaporator mainly to get
economical temperature difference by
using moderate pressure steam.
** Double pipe heat exchangers are used
when heat transfer area required is very
low, i.e (100-200 ft2).
**Nusselt number (for forced convection heat
transfer) is a function of the Reynolds and
Prandtl number.
**Wrong statement. Heat transfer by
radiation cannot occur across an absolute
volume.
**Which type of heat exchanger is preferred
for heavy heat loads? Series and parallel set
of shell and tube.
** Wrong statement. Thermal conductance
of a wall of thickness 'L', thermal
conductivity 'k' and heat flow area 'A'
is kL/A.
**When warm and cold liquids are mixed, the
heat transfer is mainly by convection.
**Heat transfer by natural convection is
enhanced in system with high co-efficient of
thermal expansion.
**A dilute aqueous solution is to be
concentrated in an evaporator system. High
pressure steam is available. Multiple effect
evaporator system is employed, because total
amount of vapor produced per Kg of feed
steam in a multiple effect system is much
higher than in a single effect.
** A composite flat wall of a furnace is made of
two materials 'A' and 'B'. The thermal
conductivity of 'A' is twice of that of material
'B', while the thickness of layer of 'A' is half
that of B. If the temperature at the two sides of
the wall are 400 and 1200°K, then the
temperature drop (in °K) across the layer of
material 'A' is 160.
**The equivalent diameter for the annulus of a
double pipe heat exchanger, whose inner pipe
has fins on the outside, is less compared to
the same size pipes without fins.
** Natural convection is characterised by
Grashhoff number.
**Wrong statement. Film boiling is desirable
in commercial equipments due to high
heat transfer rate at low temperature drop.
** For a cold dilute feed to produce thick
viscous liquor, backward feeding as compared
to forward feeding results in increased
economy.
** Economy of an evaporator is influenced by
the feed temperature and number of effect.
**Wrong statement. Overall heat transfer co-
efficient in a heat exchanger is controlled
by the value of the film co-efficient, which
is higher.
** Viscous & heat sensitive liquids are
concentrated in agitated film evaporators.
**For a fluid flowing in an annulus space, the
wetted perimeter for heat transfer and
pressure drop is different.
** An evaporator while concentrating an
aqueous solution from 10 to 40% solids
evaporates 30000 kg of water. The amount of
solids handled by the system in kg is 4000.
** An insulator should have low thermal
conductivity.
**In a backward feed multiple effect
evaporators feed flows from low pressure to
high pressure.
** In case of heat flow by conduction for a
cylindrical body with an internal heat source,
the nature of temperature distribution is
parabolic.
** Water is normally used as a coolant in the
heat exchange equipments mainly because of
its abundance & high heat capacity.
** Walls of a cubical oven are of thickness l,
and they are made of material of thermal
conductivity k. The temperature inside the
oven is 100°C and the inside heat transfer co-
efficient is 3k/l. If the wall temperature on the
outside is held at 25°C, what is the inside wall
temperature in degree centigrade? 81.25
** The main purpose of providing fins on heat
transfer surface is to increase the heat
transfer area.
** Extremely large or small volumes of fluids
are generally best routed through the shell
side of a shell and tube heat exchanger,
because of the flexibility possible in the
baffle arrangement.
** The capacity of double-effect evaporator is
less than half of the capacity of two single
effects, each of which is operating over same
terminal temperature difference, when the
solution has an elevation of boiling point.
**Nusselt number is the ratio of the
temperature gradient of the wall to that
across the entire pipe.
**The advantage of using a 1 - 2 shell and
tube heat exchanger over a 1 - 1 shell and
tube heat exchanger is higher tube side heat
transfer co-efficient.
** Durhing's chart is known as transient heat
conduction chart.
** Choose the most important factor on which
the heat conducted through a wall in a unit
time will depend on? Temperature difference
between the two surfaces of the wall.
**In a heat exchanger, one transfer unit
means a section of the exchanger in which
change in temperature of one stream
equals the average driving force in the
section.
** wrong statement: Heat sensitive materials
should be concentrated in high pressure
evaporators.
** Circulation pump is located below the
evaporator to create more suction head.
** Multiple effect evaporation is generally
recommended, when the large scale
evaporation of liquor is needed.
** U-tube heat exchanger is the most suitable,
when the temperature of shell side fluid is
much higher than that of tube side.
** Asymptotic conditions is reached, when for
a fluid flowing in laminar flow through a long
tube exit fluid temperature = wall
temperature.
** 1000 kg of wet solids are to be dried from
60% to 20% moisture (by weight). The mass
of moisture removed in kg is 400.
** Which is the most suitable for the
concentration of highly concentrated solution?
Open pan evaporation
**Unsteady state heat conduction occurs,
when temperature distribution is
dependent on time.
**Baffle spacing should be less than the
inside diameter of the shell.
** Boiling point elevation of a solution of
NaOH is almost independent of
temperature and is almost independent of
pressure.
** The advantage of backward feed multiple
effect evaporators over forward feed units is
that most concentrated liquid is at highest
temperature.
** Thermal conductivities of most of the liquids
decreases with rise in temperature.
** A metal ball of radius 0.1 m at a uniform
temperature of 90°C is left in air at 30°C. The
density and the specific heat of the metal are
3000 kg/m3 and 0.4 kJ/kg.K respectively. The
heat transfer co-efficient is 50 W/m2.K
Neglecting the temperature gradients inside
the ball, the time taken (in hours) for the ball
to cool to 60°C is 0.15.
** The purpose of floating head in a heat
exchanger is to avoid buckling of tubes.
**1000 Kg of liquid at 30°C in a well stirred
vessel has to be heated to 120°C, using
immersed coils carrying condensing steam at
150°C. The area of the steam coils is 1.2
m2 and the overall heat transfer co-efficient to
the liquid is 1500 W/m2.°C. Assuming
negligible heat loss to the surrounding and
specific heat capacity of the liquid to be 4
kJ/kg.°C, the time taken for the liquid to reach
desired temperature will be 51 min.
** Double pipe heat exchangers are preferably
useful, when requirement of heat transfer
area is low.
**Removal of sensible heat is involved in the
condensation of a vapor under saturated
conditions.
** In evaporators, lowering the feed
temperature reduces the economy and
increases the heating area required.
**Prandtl number is the ratio of momentum
diffusivity to thermal diffusivity.
**In a shell and tube heat exchanger, putting a
longitudinal baffle across the shell, forces the
shell side fluid to pass twice through the heat
exchanger.
**When the ratio of the Grashoff number and
to the square of Reynolds number is one, the
dominant mechanism of heat transfer is
mixed convection (both free and forced).
**The purpose of providing bleed points in the recommended is 1-1 heat exchanger.
evaporator is to facilitate removal of non- **In a shell and tube heat exchanger, the shell
condensable gases. side fluid velocity cannot be changed by
**Water always boils when its saturated changing the tube diameter.
vapour pressure equals the external **Boiling point elevation of an ideal solution
pressure on its surface. increases rapidly with temperature rise.
** A multiple effect evaporator as compared to ** Radiator of an automobile engine is a
a single effect evaporator of the same direct contact type of heat exchanger.
capacity has higher steam economy. **In pipe flow, heat is transferred from hot wall
**Which is the most suitable for cold viscous to the liquid by forced convection and
feed? Backward feed conduction.
**Multi-pass heat exchangers are used to **Low thermal conductivity of heat insulating
obtain higher heat transfer co-efficient and materials is due to its high proportion of air
shorter tube. space.
** Viscosity of gases increase slowly with **Multiple effect evaporators are used to
increase in temperature. increase the steam economy & the
** Steam is routed through the tube in case of capacity.
a horizontal tube evaporator. ** At constant temperature, the thermal
**In a heat exchanger, the rate of heat transfer conductivities of gases decrease with rise in
from the hot fluid to the cold fluid varies pressure.
directly as the area and the LMTD. **Multiple effect evaporation accounts for
**Fruit juice (a heat sensitive material) can be steam economy.
concentrated in a falling film evaporator. **END**
**Heat sensitive materials can be
concentrated in an evaporator employing
vacuum.
**A concentric double pipe heat exchanger as
compared to the shell and tube heat
exchanger for the same heat load requires
more space.
**In a shell and tube heat exchanger, floating
head is used for large temperature
differentials.
**Kg of liquid evaporated per hour in an
evaporator is defined as its capacity.
**Open pan evaporators are preferred to be
used, when the solution to be concentrated is
highly viscous.
**The maximum heat transfer co-efficient from
steam heating will be attained when the steam
is saturated.
**In a forward feed multiple effect evaporator,
the pressure is lowest in last effect.
**Double pipe heat exchanger is used for
chilling oil to be dewaxed.
** With increase in temperature, the thermal
conductivity of a gas increases.

**In natural convection heat transfer, the

correlating parameter is the Grashoff
number.
**To reduce the tube side pressure drop for
the same flow rate, the heat exchanger