Title of Lecture: From 1st week of Development to Birth

Date of Lecture: 09/23/18

Tutor: Dr. Lapaz Lucero-Perredo
Transcribers: Omanito, Pelayo, Punay

OVERVIEW

I. First week of development

II. Second week of development
III. Third week of development
IV. Third to Eight week of development
V. Third month to Birth

Legends: Tutor’s note, Audio, Book, Internet

I. First week of development

II.
• Ovulation – one of the ovaries release a mature
egg

• Fertilization –when the sperm cells from male

combine with a mature egg to form a fertilized
egg

• Implantation – when the fertilized egg lodges

itself into the endometrial lining of the uterus

Hypothalamus – controls sex cycles in females during

puberty

Gonadrotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH) – released by

hypothalamus to stimulate pituitary gland to secrete
Gonadrotropins (Follicle Stimulating Hormone - FSH and
Luteinizing Hormone - LH)

FSH – stimulates the growth of follicles (primary

follicles)

LH and FSH – responsible for the maturation of follicles

LH – responsible for the corpus luteum

Both (FSH and LH) increases during ovulation, but

predominantly LH.
 Title of Lecture: From 1st week of Development to Birth
Date of Lecture: 09/23/18
Tutor: Dr. Lapaz Lucero-Perredo
Transcribers: Omanito, Pelayo, Punay
Release of enzymes needed to penetrate the
zona pellucida.
Step 1
3 phases:
• Making the egg and sperm
1. Penetration of the corona radiate – only
• Male testes produce new sperm cells every day
capacitated sperm pass freely through corona
• Egg is only released one at a time, once per cells
menstrual cycle 2. Penetration of the zona pellucida – mediated by
the ligand ZP3, a zona protein. Cortical granules
• Sperm cells stick around for 3-4 days prevent the penetration of other spermatozoa.
• Eggs are more short-lived, surviving only around 3. Fusion of the sperm and oocyte cell membrane
24 hours after ovulation - adhesion is mediated by the interaction of
integrins on the oocyte, and disintegrins on the
• Overall fertile window is only the day of sperm.
ovulation and the several days leading up to it

• Sperm released in ejaculation travel through

Step 2 the cervix and into the uterus where they make
way to the fallopian tube where the egg lies in
• Fertilization
wait
Ampullary region of the uterine tube (Ampulla) – widest
Step 3
part of the tube, where Fertilization occurs
• Fertilization to implantation
Spermatozoa cannot fertilize oocyt immediately it must
first undergo: • In fertilization, 1 sperm is eventually able to
make it through and combine with the egg to
1. Capacitation – period of conditioning in the
form a ZYGOTE
female reproductive tract, involves epithelial
interactions between the sperm and mucosal • The fertilized egg begins to divide into clamp of
surface of the tube. cells as it travels through the fallopian towards
2. Acrosome reaction – occurs after binding to the the uterus
zona pellucida, is induced zona protiens.
 Title of Lecture: From 1st week of Development to Birth
Date of Lecture: 09/23/18
Tutor: Dr. Lapaz Lucero-Perredo
Transcribers: Omanito, Pelayo, Punay
3 Layers of the Uterine wall:

• After 4-6 days of cell division, it matures into a
BLASTOCYST, and its ready to implant into the
uterus
Blastocyst – mature zygote, zona pellucida has
disappeared allowing implantation to begin
Divided into: Inner Cell mass – embryoblast
Outer cell mass – trophoblast
Trophoblast – later on contributes to the placenta, later
on divide to: a. Synctiotrophoblast b. cytotrophoblast,
later on becomes the placenta
Embryoblast – will later on divide to: a.Epiblast
b.Hypoblast
Epiblast – give rise into the primary germ layers
(ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)
Hypoblast- gives rise to visceral and parietal endoderm
1. Endometrium – mucosa lining the inside wall
2. Myometrium – a thick layer of smooth mucle
3. Perimetrium – the peritoneal covering lining the
outside wall
During menstrual cycle, the uterine endothelium passes
through 3 stages: (Endometrial Cycle)
1. Follicular or proliferative phase – begins at the
end of menstrual phase, is under the influence
of estrogen, and parallels the growth of ovarian
follicles
2. Secretory or progestational phase – begins
approx. 2-3 days after ovulation in response to
progesterone
3. Menstrual phase – if Fertilization does not
occur, shedding of the endometrium (compact
and spongy layer) marks the beginning of this
phase
*If fertilization does occur, the endometrium assists in
the implantation and contributes to the formation of
the placenta.
 Title of Lecture: From 1st week of Development to Birth
Date of Lecture: 09/23/18
Tutor: Dr. Lapaz Lucero-Perredo
Transcribers: Omanito, Pelayo, Punay
Step 4 Stages of Implantation

• Blastocyst implants into the uterine lining
• Implantation happens around the 7th day after
fertilization
• Blastocyst begins to wedge itself into the
endometrial lining of the uterus – this takes
about 5 days to complete
• After implantation, cell division begins to
specialize, forming what will become the
embryo’s body and the placenta
1st Stage – embryo attaches to the uterine wall
(endometrium), embryo is about 5-6 days old,
adplantation
2nd Stage – fertilized egg penetrates the uterine wall so
it is secured in the uterus, adhesion of blastocyst to the
endometrium
3rd Stage – embryo embeds deeply inside the uterine
wall, ovum located in the endometrial cavity...
endometrium grows... Cavity wrapped better

Nota bene (NB)

• During OVULATION, ovaries release the eggs.

When the sperm enters the fallopian tube, it
fertilizes the egg within 12-24 hours of
ovulation

• Fertilized egg, known as ZYGOTE, travels down

the fallopian tube

• Zygote multiplies several times to form a

BLASTOCYST which enters the uterine cavity in
5-6 days after fertilization... Implants in a day or
2 II. Second week of development
• Whole process from fertilization to implantation
takes 6-10 days Formation of the Bilaminar Germ Disc

• Implantation occurs between the 20th and 24th Day 8

day of regular menstrual cycle
 Blastocyst partially embedded in endometrial
Implantation stroma

• Fertilized egg (BLASTOCYST) attached to the
lining of the uterus to grow and develop
• Happens a week after ovulation, in an early
stage of pregnancy, and an entirely a natural
process
• Most cases, it takes place around 9 days after
ovulation, but sometimes it can occur as early
as 7 days or as late as 12 days
 Trophoblast differentiates into two layers: 1.
inner layer cytotrophoblast (Mononucleated), 2.
outer layer syncytiotrophoblast
(Multinucleated)
 Embryoblast or inner cell mass differentiates
into 2 layers: 1. hypoblast layer (small cuboidal
cells) adjacent to blastocyst cavity, 2. epiblast
layer (high columnar cells) lines the amniotic
cavity
 Title of Lecture: From 1st week of Development to Birth
Date of Lecture: 09/23/18
Tutor: Dr. Lapaz Lucero-Perredo
Transcribers: Omanito, Pelayo, Punay
 Extraembryonic mesoderm splits into 2 layers: 1.
Somatic 2. Splanchnic

Day 9

 Blastocyst more deeply embedded in

endometrium
Day 13
 Trophoblast shows progress in development,
vacuoles appear, fuse - lacunar stage  Surface defect in endometrium healed

 Formation of the exocoelemic cavity/primitive  Bleeding occurs at implantation site as a result of

yolk sac increased blood flow into the lacunar spaces,
occurs near the 28th day of menstrual cycle

*patients complaining of slight bleeding within day 13

upto day 28 of missed period still implantation bleeding

 Hypoblast produces additional cells … Secondary

yolk sac or definitive yolk sac

 Extraembryonic coelom expands … chorionic

cavity

 Connecting stalk with development of blood

vessels … umbilical cord

Day11 and 12

 Blastocyst completely embedded in

endometrium

 Maternal blood … lacunar system …

trophoblastic system … uteroplacental
circulation

*Pre-eclampsia – a trophoblastic disease, more than

enough blood supply coming from the mother which
causes hypertension
 Title of Lecture: From 1st week of Development to Birth
Date of Lecture: 09/23/18
Tutor: Dr. Lapaz Lucero-Perredo
Transcribers: Omanito, Pelayo, Punay

III. Third Week of Development

Formation of the Trilaminar Germ Disc

Gastrulation

• Most characteristic event occurring the 3rd

week

• Process that establishes all the three germ

layers in the embryo

• Begins with the formation of Primitive streak

(PS) on the surface of the epiblast ... cephalic
end - Primitive Node, surrounded by - Primitive
Pit

• Cells migrate inwards towards the PS ...

Invagination – the inward movement,
controlled by Fibroblast Growth Factor 8 (FGF8)

• Cells invaginated ... displaces hypoblast creates

the Endoderm

• Between epiblast and endoderm form

Mesoderm

• Cells remaining in epiblast form Ectoderm

• Precordial plate ... induction of forebrain

• Oropharyngeal membrane ... future opening of

oral cavity

• Epiblast gives rise to all 3 germ layers in the

embryo, ectoderm, mesoderm, , and endoderm
... all these layers form all of the tissues and
organs

• Primary villi ... small capillaries arise ...villous

capillaries ... connecting stalk, chorionic plate ...
supply the embryo with nutrients and oxygen Formation of Notochord

• Prenotochordal cells invaginating in primitive

node ... prechordal plate ... 2 cell layers
notochondral plate ... definitive notochord ...
neural tube ... axial skeleton
 Title of Lecture: From 1st week of Development to Birth
Date of Lecture: 09/23/18
Tutor: Dr. Lapaz Lucero-Perredo
Transcribers: Omanito, Pelayo, Punay
*Primitive node, the organizer together with FGF8
dictates which organs are to be developed

Establishment of Body Axes

• Anterior-Posterior AP cranio-caudal, Dorso-

Ventral DV, Left-Right LR occurs early in
IV. Third to Eight week of development
embryogenesis, initiated during morula stage

• AP axis ... forms the Anterior Visceral Endoderm The Embryonic Period
(AVE) at the cranial end of the endoderm ... will Period of Organogenesis
become the head region
 3 germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and
• Mesoderm will ventralize to contribute to
endoderm) gives rise to a number of specific
kidneys in the presence of FGF8, Bone
tissues and organs
Morphogenetic Protein 4 (BMP4), Transforming
o Ectoderm germ layer
Growth Factor (TGF B)
-CNS, PNS, sensory epithelium of ear,
• Node is the organizer nose, eye, skin, hair, nails, pituitary,
mammary, and sweat glands
• Nodal is involved in initiating and maintaining o Mesoderm germ layer
the primitive streak -somitomeres, myotome (muscle
• Laterality (L-R sidedness) - primitive streak tissue), sclerotome (cartilage,bone),
appears, FGF8 secreted, nodal expression dermatome ( skin)
restricted to L side ... X ... abnormal expression o Endoderm germ layer
... laterality defects ... situs inversus, dextro -GIT, RT, UB, thyroid, parathyroid, liver,
cardia (placement of the heart to the right side) pancreas, tympanic cavity, auditory tube

Situs solitus – normal L-R positioning of organs

Situs inversus – complete reversal of position
 Title of Lecture: From 1st week of Development to Birth
Date of Lecture: 09/23/18
Tutor: Dr. Lapaz Lucero-Perredo
Transcribers: Omanito, Pelayo, Punay

INDUCTION OF NEURAL PLATE - upregulation of

Fibroblast Growth Factor ( FGF ), inhibition of the
activities of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 ( BMP4 ),
Transforming Growth Factor B ( TGF B )

At the beginning of the third week of development, the

ectodermal germ layer has the shape of a disc that is
broader in the cephalic than in the caudal región (Fig.
6.1). Appearance of the notochord and prechordal
mesoderm induces the overlying ectoderm to thicken
and form the neural plate (Fig. 6.2A,B). Cells of the plate
make up the neuroectoderm, and their induction
represents the initial event in the process of neurulation.

NEURULATION

 Formation of neural tube from neural plate

 lengthening of neural plate and body axis, lateral
edges elevate to form NEURAL FOLDS and the
depressed mid region form NEURAL GROOVE
 Neural folds approach each other in midline
where they fuse. Cervical region proceeds
cranially and caudally then neural tube is formed
 Anterior Cranial neuropore. Closes at day 25
 Posterior Caudal neuropore. Closes at day 28
 Neurolation complete. Narrow caudal portion/
spinal cord; broader cephalic portion/ brain
vessicles
 Title of Lecture: From 1st week of Development to Birth
Date of Lecture: 09/23/18
Tutor: Dr. Lapaz Lucero-Perredo
Transcribers: Omanito, Pelayo, Punay

CRL – from vertex to buttocks (sitting height)

CHL – measurement from the vertex of the
skull to the heel (standing height)

Full term fetus – 38 weeks, 35-36 cm (CRL),

3000-3400g

Five months fetus – 20 weeks, 15-19 cm,

250-450g

o 3rd month - primary ossification

centers, external genitalia

Primary ossification centers are located at

the long bones, closes at the age of 20

o 4th,5th month - lanugo hair, fetal

movement felt by mother
o 6th month - respiratory system and
central nervous system not yet well
established, have not differentiated
fully,great difficulty in surviving
o 7th month - developmental events
occur, 90% chance of survival
o 8th month - vermix caseosa, whitish
V. Third month to Birth
fatty substance
o 9th month - skull largest circumference
The Fetus and Placenta of all parts of the body
 Development Of The Fetus:
o Fetal Period, 9th week to birth
o Maturation of tissues and organs and
rapid growth of the body
o Length of fetus, crown-rump length
(CRL) or crown-heel length (CHL),
expressed in centimeters, correlated
with the age of fetus in weeks
 Title of Lecture: From 1st week of Development to Birth
Date of Lecture: 09/23/18
Tutor: Dr. Lapaz Lucero-Perredo
Transcribers: Omanito, Pelayo, Punay

Time of Birth Full-Term Placenta

o 266 days or 38 weeks after o Discoid, 15-25cm diameter ,
fertilization 3cm thick, 500-600gm
o Premature - earlier o Torn from uterine wall
o Postmature - later 30minutes after birth
o Ultrasound, CRL - 9th-14th weeks, o 15-20 bulging areas, cotyledons,
o Biparietal Diameter (BPD), head covered by thin layer of decdua
circ., abdominal circumference, basalis viewed from maternal
femur length - 16th-30th weeks side
 Placenta o Fetal surface is covered by
o Facilitates nutrient and gas exchange chorionic plate with chorionic
between maternal and fetal compartments vessels, ateries and veins
o Fetal component of placenta is derived converging towards the
from trophoblast and extraembyonic umbilical cord ,
mesoderm, chorionic plate Amnion – second covering,
o Maternal component is derived from continuous to umbilical cord
uterine endometrium which attaches to the baby
o Chorion frondosum, chorionic plate (Fetal)
Function of Placenta
o Decidua basalis, decidual plate (Maternal)
o Junctional zone, decdual septae, o Exchange of metabolic and
compartments or cotyledons (15-20) gaseous products
o Exchange of nutrients and
electrolytes
o Transmission of maternal
antibodies (Immunization)
o Hormone production -
progesterone, estrogen, hCG,
somatomamotropin/ placental
lactogen

Pregnant mothers positive for hCG

during pregnancy