INTRODUCTIOn:

In recent times there have been several emerging applications of location

based solutions and satellite navigation systems. In automobile sectors they are
using Navigation system to track nearby locations. Aircrafts, Boats and ships can
use it to navigate around the world. Surveying and mapping is another major
application area. Location information of users can be used to provide location
based advertisements, emergency services, or for tracking movement of vehicles
or persons over time. Satellite navigation systems also have several applications
critical for natural security. The first systems are developed from the year 2001 ,
mainly to help military personnel find their way. They allow to precisely deliver
missiles to targets, and to organize the movement of forces during war.

Satellite navigation systems help a user to determine position and accurate local
time. Global Navigation Satellite system that are otherwise known as satellite
systems that had Global coverage. The GNS system is combined by two divisions,
Global Positioning System and Global Navigation Satellite Systems.

Now others systems are also in process of being established like such as Compass
and Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System.

GPS launched a variety of products, techniques, services and applications.

The Satellite Navigation is used for the time synchronization and real time
positioning. Due to those reason the starting of the large area augmentation
systems should be noticed, because they allow a significant improvement of
integrity performance and accuracy. For their nature, the GNSS development has
an interesting aspect. Some of the events and development always subject to
Technological and Political decisions.

GLONASS and GPS in all improvements are strictly to be related to those

type differentiators. The startup and approval of the European Galileo program is
to be considered by far the real innovation. Technological facts and political
decisions in the Galileo substantiate that compatibility and interoperability should
be reached in upcoming years. These issues are the major GNSS improvements
for the gain of institution and organizations.

GNSS applications are the best main role that moving its use from the
transportation domain to the multimodal use, outdoor and indoor. It can be
expected that GNSS could increase significantly the precision in the position
domain. The concept of the reference systems for navigations is essential one
since all the application of the GNSS is related to the coordinate systems. The
main application of GNSS is focused to determine the position in the global
reference system any where anytime on the globe in a simple, easy and fast and
cost-effective manner

1.2. WORKING OF GNSS:

Satellite that form part of the satellite navigation system transmit navigation
messages. The receivers calculate the delay undergone by these signals while
travelling from satellite to the receiver, by a process called correlation which is
explained later. The delay is multiplied by the light speed to compute distance
which is far away to the satellite. The process is repeated for other four satellites
to compute the user position.
Fig 1.1 WORKING OF GNSS:

GNSS, or Global Navigation Satellite Systems, form the base of any GPS
navigation. In short, the GNSS offer information on the positioning of any object
through a network of satellites. It offers an earth-based electronic receiver with
signals that helps the latter determine its location in terms of longitude, latitude
within a certain radius. The fourth angle is related for error correction in the GPS
devices for using the time of the signal reception
1.3. The main technologies of GNSS

GNSS having three main technologies such as GPS, GLONASS and Galileo, All there
are having three segments Space, control user segments. There are similar to
satellite technologies which making GNSS, All the application in current world
related to GPS Technologies .There development of Galileo and GLONASS The
GNSStechnology

get more effective. Fig 1.3 GPS three segments

 GNSS CONSTELLATION AND SEGMENTS:
GNSS systems must have a constellation has sufficient number of satellites
launched to make sure that at all four satellites are visible at every place. The
GNSS Satellites have atomic clocks, radio transceivers, computers and supporting
equipments used for operating the system.

Space segment
It consists of number of satellites that are placed near Earth in circular orbital
planes. There are three different Orbit altitude, low earth, medium earth orbit,
and geostationary orbit satellites. The relation Earth circulation period between
orbit altitude are fixed. LEO satellite are located at an altitude under 2000 km
and circulate the Earth in the range of 96 to 121 min. MEO satellite are located at
an altitude of 5001 to 12001 km and take around 6h to circulate the Earth. The
altitude of GEO satellites is fixed at altitude of 36 to 787 km, in which they exactly
match the earth rotation speed and remain exactly at the same point from the
earth view.

Control segment is used for controlling the whole system including the
deployment & maintenance of the system, tracking the satellite in their orbit
and the clock parameters, and upload of the data message to the satellites. The
control segment is also responsible for data encryption and service protection
against unauthorized users.By using bidirectional communication system the
stations are tracked, where located around the world.
USER SEGMENT:
It having receivers to receive signals from satellites. When civilians are not
allowed to access GNSS military signals, the receivers are not associated from
using. Therefore, the receivers that are designed specially for military purpose,
now there is a different types of receivers available on the market today

Global Positioning System:

1.4 GPS satellite system

The Navstar GPS has moderated by the Department of defense in US. It is

an weatherproof and Global space navigation system. This system satisfy the
needs of the defense department and accurately their position, velocity and time
in a common system, anywhere on or near the Earth on a continuous basis.
GPS made a good impact in all positioning, navigating and monitoring
applications. It provides particularly satellite coded signals that are processed in a
receiver, allowing them to be in position, velocity and in correct time. There are 4
GPS signals they are used to develop positions in 3 Dimensions and the time in
the clock which receive. GPS uses three main components, they are, Space
segment: It is the system consists of the satellites 1. These space vehicles send
space signals as Control segment: It has a system of tracking locations of stations
around the world. The Main Control facility is located at Air Force Base in
Schriever which is located in Colorado, USA. - User segment: It contains the GPS
receivers as well as the user community. GPS receivers convert vehicle space
signals into velocity, position, and time estimation.

GLONASS:
The GLONASS is nearly similar or identical to GPS. It is a space based navigation
system working in the radio navigation-satellite service. It is an alternative one
to GPS and is the 2nd navigational system in working with global coverage,
comparing precision.
The first GLONASS satellite is launched in between the year 1982 and the system
was declared fully operational in the middle of 1993. After a period when
GLONASS performancing declined, Russia committed in bringing their system to
the required quantity of eihteen active satellites. Now, GLONASS has a full of 24
satellites in the constellation. GLONASS satellites now working successfully
when the first one is launched.

GLONASS Segments:
GLONASS Space segment contains of Twenty four satellites in 3 orbital planes.
Among these satellites there are Twenty one active satellites, while the other 3
satellites are used as a spares. This one assures that at least 5 satellites are
available in the view at any point on the earth. A pattern of Twenty one satellites
provides a continuous visibility of at least 4 satellites over 97 percentage of the
earth surface, while a group of Twenty four satellites gives a continuous visibility
of at least 5 satellites over more than 99 percentage of the earth surface Control
Segment contains of the control center located in Kranznmensk Space Center
about seventy kilometer southwest Moscow. The center is connected with eight
tracking stations distributed through Russia. These space stations are responsible
for monitoring and tracking the satellites status in the orbits, determining the
satellite with respect to GLONASS time, and transmitting the information to the
control center through radio link once per hour
GALILEO:

GALILEO is the Europe’s initiative for a state art global navigation satellite
system, providing an high exact, guaranteed global positioning services under the
civilian control. Galileo is not different from the other GNSS ,It will provide
independent navigation and positioning service, at the same time will be inter
operable with the 2 other navigation systems; the GPS and GLONASS. The user
can be able to be in position with the same receiver from other satellites. By
giving dual frequencies as same standard, GALILEO willed liver real-time accuracy
is down to meter range. It can guarantee availability of service under all the most
high level chances and will inform all users within a few seconds of the failure of
every satellite. This will make it same for applications where safety is vital, such as
trains, guide cars and landing aircrafts. The combined uses of GALILEO and GNSS
systems can be offered much improved performance for all the kinds of users in
worldwide. GALILEO is expected from in operation of the year 2008. The first
satellite in Galileo system has been already lunched in 26th December 2005
Space Segment:
The space segment or the group features consists of thirty Medium Earth Orbiting
satellites distributed regularly and evenly over 3 orbit planes. The projected
elevation is lightly higher than for GPS 24,617 km and the aptitude is 56°
Ground Segment
The ground segment of ground is responsible for supervising the group of
controlling core functions, navigation satellites of the navigating mission like such
as orbit fixing of satellite, and clock synchronization, and determining and
declaring the integrity information, like such as the warning alerts within all time
alarm requirements, at global level. The ground segment of global will also
provide service with centers interfaces. The Control Segment contains of about
12-16 reference stations, five up-link stations and 2 control centers. It also
includes 16-21 monitor stations, 3 up-link stations for the integrity data and 2
central stations for the integrity computation.
User Segment:
The user segment contains different types of receivers, with different capability
related to the different types of signals in order to satisfy the various services of
GALILEO
Requirement of GNSS:
It can be used in concurrence with applications like, such as automatic dependent
observation with digital communication technology. Like this new applications
may impose additional need on GNSS.
The great changes to performance need are expected in the surface navigation to
support “gate-to-gate” working operations and “free flights” operational
concepts. It also provides a source of precious time which can be used for data
time stampings, surveillance and communication systems synchronizing and
system management. The other external systems that will rely on the information
can also impose additional needs on GNSS. Now a future GNSS could be a multi-
model system, coordination and cooperation between the various types of user
communities may be necessary.

FUTURE SCOPE OF GNSS:

The GNSS, is in its the way. An European Commission report that recently
anticipated that GNSS and forecast businesses will account for 141 billion
Euros in application and hardware in the middle year 2015. So it is not a surprise
that there is great prediction from a business viewpoint, but from the user’s point
of view the situation is like the advent of GPS is more than 31 years ago. Much is
believed but little assured. New capability will be available, but accurately what
and exactly when it is by no means certain. Nonetheless, it is well judged to
consider the consequences of a including QZSS, GLONASS, GALILEO and GPS
satellites. Within a period of ten years there can be as many as eighty navigational
satellite in orbit.
ACCESSIBILITY.
In a sense the more satellites the better the performance particularly among
Trees and in urban canyons, those places where signals bounce, scatter and
multipath abounds
FLEXIBILITY. When more satellites are overhead the user has more flexibility. For
example,
since there are six satellites in a window available to the van with the GPS
receiver in the user may be able to increase the mask angle to decrease the
multipath and still have four satellites to observe. Imagine if there were 12, 15 or
even 21 satellites in the picture and you can see how more satellites can mean
better accessibility in restricted environments.

RELIABILITY. Also, the more diverse the maintenance of the components of GNSS
the less chance of overall system failure, the United States, Russia, Japan, the EU
and China all have infrastructure in place to support their contribution to GNSS.
Under such circumstances simultaneous outages across the entire GNSS
constellation are extremely unlikely.
FASTER POSITIONING. More measurements in shorter time means observation
periods can be shortened without degrading accuracy and interference can be
ameliorated more easily.
In short, better accuracy can be achieved in less time.
FASTER INITIALIZATION. Also, with more satellites available the time to first fix
for carrier phase receivers, the period when the receiver is solving for the
integers, downloading the almanac and etc, aka initialization, will be shortened
significantly. And fixed solution accuracy will be achieved more quickly. Today
dual-frequency carrier phase solutions