YORK UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Science
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
MATH 2022 3.00 M
Test #1
July 06, 2017
Solutions
 
1 −2 −1 3 0
1. (2 + 5 + 3 pts) Let A =  −2 4 5 −5 3 .
3 −6 −6 8 2
1 −2 0 10
 
3 0
The reduced row echelon form of A is  0 0 1 13 0 .
0 0 0 0 1

(a) Explain what is meant by the statement, the vector x = [−4 8 − 2 6 0]T is in the
nullspace of A.
ANSWER:
It means that Ax = 0, that is, [−4 8 − 2 6 0]T is a particular solution of Ax = 0 or
equivalently, x · r1 = 0, x · r2 = 0 and x · r3 = 0, where r1 , r2 and r3 are rows of the
matrix A, i.e., x is orthogonal to each row of the matrix A.
(b) Find a basis for the nullspace of A.
ANSWER:

null A = {x ∈ R4 | Ax = 0} .
The reduced row echelon form of A is
10
 
1 −2 0 3 0
 0 1
0 1 3 0 .
0 0 0 0 1
So, the solution to Ax = 0 will be
1 10
x5 = 0, x4 = t, x2 = s, x3 = − t, and x1 = 2s − t, ∀s, t ∈ R
3 3
or in the matrix form    
2 −10/3

 1 


 0 

x = s
 0  + t
  −1/3 .

 0   1 
0 0
Continues...

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c I. Raguimov
 Hence,    
2 −10/3
  1   0  
4
   
null A = x ∈ R | x = s 
 0  + t
  −1/3  , s, t ∈ R ,

 0   1 
0 0
and consequently, the set

{[2 1 0 0 0]T , [10 0 1 − 3 0]T }

will be a basis for null A .

(c) Find a basis for the column space of A.

ANSWER:
Since in the reduced row-echelon form of A leading ones are located in the 1st, 3rd and
5th columns, the set the corresponding columns of A will be a basis for col A , that is,
the set
{[1 − 2 3]T , [−1 5 − 6]T , [0 3 2]T }
is a basis for col A .

Continues...

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 Name: Student No:

2. (3 + 3 + 4 pts) In each case determine whether U is a subspace of R3 . If so, find its dimension.
Justify each answer you give.

(a) U = {[s t s + t]T | s, t ∈ R} .

ANSWER:
U is a subspace of R3 , since it contains a zero vector, and it is closed under addition and
scalar multiplication.
dim U = 2.

(b) U = {[r s t]T | 3r − 2s + t − 1 = 0; r, s, t ∈ R} .

ANSWER:
U is not a subspace, because e.g., it does not contain a zero vector.
Note that U is not closed under addition or scalar multiplication.

(c) U = {[r s t]T | 2r − 3s + t = 0; r, s, t ∈ R} .

ANSWER:
U is a subspace of R3 , since it contains a zero vector, and it is closed under addition and
scalar multiplication.
dim U = 2.

Continues...

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 Name: Student No:

3. (7 pts) Find a basis and calculate the dimension of the following subspace of R4 :

U = span{[−1 1 − 3 0]T , [1 1 − 1 2]T , [−2 1 − 4 − 1]T , [0 1 − 2 − 1]T } .

ANSWER:
Writing the spanning vectors as columns, we obtain the matrix
 
−1 1 −2 0
 1 1 1 1 
A=  −3 −1 −4 −2 


0 2 −1 −1

So, U = col A.
The row-echelon form of the matrix A is
 
1 −1 2 0
 0
 1 −1/2 1/2 

 0 0 0 1 
0 0 0 0

Hence, columns 1, 2 and 4 of A will form a basis for col A and consequently, for U.
Hence, the set
{[−1 1 − 3 0]T , [1 1 − 1 2]T , [0 1 − 2 − 1]T }
will be a basis for U.
Counting the number of vectors in the basis, we conclude that dim U = 3.
Note that the problem can also be solved using a row space.

Continues...

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4. (4 + 4 + 4 pts)

(a) Show that span{[1 0 1]T , [1 1 0]T , [0 1 1]T } = R3 .

ANSWER:
Denote r1 = [1 0 1], r2 = [1 1 0] and r2 = [0 1 1] and consider the matrix
A = [r1 | r2 | r3 ]T . Then a row-echelon form of the matrix A,
 
1 0 −1
 0 1 1 
0 0 1

has 3 nonzero rows. Hence, {r1 , r2 , r3 } is linearly independent.

Therefore, span{[1 0 1]T , [1 1 0]T , [0 1 1]T } = row A = R3 .

(b) Determine whether the vector 3x2 is in span{3x + 1, x2 + 2x + 3}. Justify your answer.
ANSWER:
If vector 3x2 is in span of S, then there must exist scalars s and t such that

3x2 = s(3x + 1) + t(x2 + 2x + 3) = tx2 + (2t + 3s)x + (3t + s).

Equating the coefficients of the corresponding terms, we obtain the following system of
linear equations: t = 3, 2t + 3s = 0, 3t + s = 0. Substituting t = 3 in the 2nd equation,
we obtain s = −2 and substituting t = 3 in the 3rd equation, we obtain s = −9. Hence,
the system is inconsistent and therefore, 3x2 is not in span of S.

Continues...

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 Name: Student No:
     
2 3 1 −3 2 2
(c) Determine whether the set of vectors , , is linearly
1 −2 1 2 −3 4
independent. Do they form a basis for M22 ? Justify your answer.
ANSWER:
Let    
1 −3 2 2
a +b = 0.
1 2 −3 4
Then we obtain the following homogeneous system of four linear equations with two
unknowns: a + 2b = 0, −3a + 2b =  0, a − 3b
 =0, 2a + 4b
= 0, which has only the trivial
1 −3 2 2
solution a = b = 0. So, the set , is linearly independent.
1 2 −3 4
     
2 3 1 −3 2 2
On the other hand, is not in span , .
1 −2 1 2 −3 4
Indeed, if      
2 3 1 −3 2 2
=r +s ,
1 −2 1 2 −3 4
we obtain the following inconsistent system: r + 2s = 2, −3r + 2s = 3, r − 3s =
1, 2r + 4s = −2.
Therefore, the original set is linearly independent.
Finally, since dim M22 = 4, the set of three vector cannot be a basis for M22 .

Continues...

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 Name: Student No:

5. (4 + 4 pts)

(a) Let x and y be nonzero vectors in Rn . Show that kx + yk2 = kxk2 + kyk2 if and only if
x is orthogonal to y.
ANSWER:

kX + Y k2 = (X + Y ) · (X + Y ) = X · X + 2X · Y + Y · Y = kXk2 + 2X · Y + kY k2 .

So,

kX + Y k2 = kXk2 + kY k2 ⇐⇒ 2X · Y = 0 ⇐⇒ X · Y = 0 ⇐⇒ X ⊥ Y.

(b) Let {f1 , f2 , · · · , fn } be an orthogonal basis of Rn . Then for every x ∈ Rn , which of the
following statements is true:
i. fi · fj 6= 0, ∀i 6= j;
ii. f1 + f2 + · · · + fn = 0;
 2  2  2
2 x·f1 x·f2 x·fn
iii. kxk = kf1 k + kf2 k + · · · + kfn k ;
iv. x = (x · f1 )f1 + (x · f2 )f2 + · · · + (x · fn )fn ;
v. None of the above-mentioned?
Justify your answer.
ANSWER:
ANSWER: (iii).
Since {f1 , f2 , · · · , fn } is an orthogonal basis for Rn , ∀x ∈ Rn ,

x · f1 x · f2 x · fn
x= 2
f1 + 2
f2 + · · · + fn .
kf1 k kf2 k kfn k2

So,
kxk2 = x · x
   
x · f1 x · f2 x · fn x · f1 x · f2 x · fn
= f1 + f2 + · · · + fn · f 1 + f 2 + · · · + f n
kf1 k2 kf2 k2 kfn k2 kf1 k2 kf2 k2 kfn k2
x · f1 2 x · f2 2 x · fn 2
     
= + + ··· +
kf1 k kf2 k kfn k
∵ fi · fj = 0, ∀i 6= j and fi · fi = kfi k2 , ∀i = 1, 2, · · · , n.

Continues...

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 Name: Student No:

6. (6 pts) Find the least squares approximating line for the following points:

(−1, 2), (0, 3), (2, 2), (3, 6).

ANSWER:

ANSWER:
From the data,
   
  1 x1   1 −1  
1 1 1 1  1 x2   1
1 1 1 1  0 
= 4 4
MT M =  =
x1 x2 x3 x4  1 x3  −1 0 2 3  1 2  4 14
1 x4 1 3
   
  y1   2  
1 1 1 1  y2   3  = 13
1 1 1 1 
MT Y =
  
=
x1 x2 x3 x4  y3  −1 0 2 3  2  20
y4 6
So, the associates system of normal equations (M T M )Z = M T Y for Z = [z0 z1 ]T will be
    
4 4 z0 13
=
4 14 z1 20

51 7
Solving it using Gaussian elimination, we obtain z0 = and z1 = . Therefore, the least
20 10
51 7
squares approximating line for the given points is y = z0 + z1 x = + x.
20 10

Continues...

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 Name: Student No:

7. (3 + 5 + 4 pts) Given the matrix

 
2 0 0
A =  12 3 1 
0 0 2

(a) Find the eigenvalues of A.

ANSWER:
 
λ−2 0 0
CA (λ) = det (λI3 − A) = det  − 12 λ − 3 −1 
0 0 x−2
 
λ−3 −1
= (λ − 2)det = (λ − 2)(λ − 3)(λ − 2) = (λ − 2)2 (λ − 3).
0 λ−2
So, the eigenvalues λ = 2 of multiplicity 2 and λ = 3.

(b) Find the eigenspaces of A.

Let λ = 2. Then
   
0 00 1 2 2
2I3 − A =  − 12 −1 −1  −→  0 0 0 
0 0 0 0 0 0

So, the solution to (2I3 − A)x = 0 will be x3 = t, x2 = s and x1 = −2s − 2t.

Hence, the eigenvectors corresponding to λ = 2 are x1 = [−2 1 0]T , and x2 = [−2 0 1]T .
Therefore, the eigenspace corresponding to λ = 2 is

E2 (A) = span {[−2 1 0]T , [−2 0 1]T }.

Similarly, let λ = 3. Then

   
1 0 0 1 0 0
3I3 − A =  − 21 0 −1  −→ · · · ; −→  0 0 1 
0 0 1 0 0 0

So, the solution to (3I3 − A)x = 0 will be x3 = 0, x2 = t and x1 = 0.

Hence, the eigenvector corresponding to λ = 3 is x3 = [0 1 0]T .
Therefore, the eigenspace corresponding to λ = 3 is

E2 (A) = span {[0 1 0]T }.

Continues...

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 Name: Student No:
(c) Is A diagonalizable? Explain. If so, find a matrix P and a diagonal matrix D such that
P −1 AP = D.
ANSWER:
Yes, A is diagonalizable because dim E2 (A) = 2 = the multiplicity of the eigenvalue
λ = 2 and dim E3 (A) = 1 = the multiplicity of the eigenvalue λ = 3.
Therefore, the diagonalizing matrix
 
−2 −2 0
P = [x1 | x2 | x2 ] =  1 0 1 .
0 1 0

and consequently,
P −1 AP = diag (2, 2, 3),
that is,  
2 0 0
D =  0 2 0 .
0 0 3

The end.

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