11 Servo Controles

THM
11
SERVO-CONTROLS
11.1 - NECESSITY FOR SERVO-CONTROLS - THEIR OPERATING PRINCIPLE
11.2 - THE SERVO-CONTROL HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
11.3 - MAIN SERVO-CONTROLS

11.3.1. THE MAIN SERVO-CONTROLS COMPONENTS
11.3.2. MAIN SERVO-CONTROL SPECIFICATION DATA
11.3.3. MAIN SERVO-CONTROL OPERATION
11.4 - TAIL SERVO-CONTROL

11.4.1. THE TAIL SERVO-CONTROL COMPONENTS
11.4.2. TAIL SERVO-CONTROL SPECIFICATION DATA
11.4.3. TAIL SERVO-CONTROL OPERATION
11.5 - DOUBLE DISTRIBUTOR VALVE: SERVO-CONTROL SAFETY FEATURE

11.5.1. DOUBLE DISTRIBUTOR VALVE OPERATING PRINCIPLE
11.5.2. DISTRIBUTOR VALVE SEIZING DETECTION AND AUTOMATIC TESTING
OF THE SERVO-CONTROL DISTRIBUTOR VALVES
11.5.3. SERVO-CONTROL DISTRIBUTOR VALVE SEIZING INDICATOR SYSTEM
Ce document est la propriété d'EUROCOPTER ; il ne peut être communiqué à des tiers et/ou reproduit sans l'autorisation préalable écrite
d'EUROCOPTER et son contenu ne peut être divulgué. This document is the property of EUROCOPTER ; no part of it shall be reproduced or
transmitted without the express prior written authorization of EUROCOPTER and its contents shall not be disclosed. © EUROCOPTER 1998. 11.1
THM
11.1 - NECESSITY FOR SERVO-CONTROLS - THEIR OPERATING PRINCIPLE

Heavy control loads are required to operate the The servo-controls are located at the end of the control
swashplate. Several hundred daN are required on the channel just before the swashplate and the tail rotor pitch
tail rotor pitch change spider. It is therefore indispensa- change spider. This enables the control channels to be
ble that servo-controls be inserted in the control chan- "light" since the servo-control hydraulic distributor oper-
nels to provide the required control energy. ating load is light (a few N). Note that the servo-controls
are irreversible : the loads are not transmitted in the
WITHOUT SERVO-CONTROLS direction "pitch change spider ® control channel". The
THE AIRCRAFT CANNOT BE CONTROLLED. servo-controls have tandem cylinders : one cylinder is
supplied by the RH hydraulic system, the other by the
LH hydraulic system. Hence should one of the hydraulic
1 systems fail the aircraft can still be flown since a single
system is sufficient to ensure control throughout the flight
envelope.
2 4
3
4 1 -Main servo-control
2 -Double rotary distributor valves
(Safety feature in the event of seizing)
2 3 -Distributor control lever
4 -Input rod
2 5
5 -Tail servo-control
MAIN SERVO-CONTROLS - Operating Principle TAIL SERVO-CONTROL - Operating Principle
Pitch increases 1 Pitch increases 1 2
R A
3
B
1 4 A B A B 3
AV 1 P
R
A
5
4
B
P
Example illustrated : 6
Pitch increase : R P R P
• Control input rod (5) is pulled downwards and opens 5 6
the rotary distributors (3-4).
•Chambers B of upper cylinder (2) and lower cylinder Example illustrated :
(6) are pressurized. Chambers A are open to the return Pitch increase
line. • RH foot forward, control input rod (2) opens the rotary
•Power rod (1) is extended : the pitch increases. distributors (5-6)
• Chambers B of LH cylinder (3) and RH cylinder (4)
The opposite happens to reduce the pitch : rod (5) is are pressurized.
pushed upwards, chambers A are pressurized and cham- Chambers A are open to the return line.
bers B are open to the return line. • Power rod (1) extends : the pitch increases.
THM
11.2 - THE SERVO-CONTROL HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
LH HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS RH HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
9 liters
5 liters
4 liters R4 R5
2 liters 2 liters
R1 R2
1 2 R6
P P R3 4 P
0.6l
80bar
R3
3 5
R1 R1 R1
Q<4 liters 0.6l Q<2 liters

80bar
R4 R4 R4
LH SERVO- FWD SERVO- RH SERVO-
CONTROL CONTROL CONTROL
R2 R5
TAIL SERVO-
Towards other systems
CONTROL
operating on power from
LH hydraulic system
The operation of the servo-control hydraulic system is Accumulators purpose

described in detail in the chapter on the hydraulic sys- An accumulator on each body of RH servo (0.6 l/80 bar)
tems. Only the main points are given here. allows the pilot to bring the helicopter to an attitude com-
System General Layout patible with flying on single circuit.
The RH hydraulic system supplies the lower bodies of Loss of Hydraulic Pressure
the main servo-controls and the RH body of the tail servo- There are three pumps : the main RH pump (4), the main
control. LH pump (2) and the LH auxiliary electrically operated
The LH hydraulic system supplies the upper bodies of pump (1) which is automatically switched on should pump
the main servo-controls and the LH body of the tail servo- (2) fail. A single pump suffices to supply one cylinder of
control. each servo-control.
The RH system is "simple", it is used only for the servo- Hydraulic Leakage
controls. It is the less vulnerable. In the event of leakage the aim is to save the fluid in
The LH system supplies the servo-controls as well as all order to retain the supply to the main servo-controls.
the other hydraulic systems. Longer and more complex it On the RH system at the 2-liter level, solenoid valve (5)
is more vulnerable than the RH system. closes automatically isolating the system from the tail
Note : the high safety level of the system which makes servo-control. On the LH system, at the 4-liter level, so-
the loss of the servo-controls a mere hypothesis. lenoid valve (3) isolates all the systems : only the main
servo-controls remain supplied.
11.4 transmitted without the express prior written authorization of EUROCOPTER and its contents shall not be disclosed. © EUROCOPTER 1998.
THM
11.3 - MAIN SERVO-CONTROLS
11.3.1. THE MAIN SERVO-CONTROLS COMPONENTS
2 15
4
16
A
17
5
14
6
5
B 18
7
13 19
Mobile hinge point
6
A Fixed hinge point 7
8
12
Bellcrank (6) 21 20
rigging hole
B (mechanical zero)
11
10 10
1 - Ball end-fitting (attachment to swashplate) 12 -Lower cylinder piston

2 - Power rod (actuator piston) 13 -Centre inter-cylinder bearing
3 - Actuator cylinder (tandem cylinder separated at 14 -Upper cylinder piston
bearing (13)) 15 -Distributor slaving stirrup
4 - Upper cylinder distribution module 16 -"Distributor seizing" detection mechanism
5 - Upper cylinder double rotary distributor 17 -"Seizing" indicator system microswitch
6 - Thrust lever 18 -Filter (105 µ)
7 - Distributor control lever 19 -Upper distributor test actuator
8 - Stop screw 20 -Lower distributor test actuator
9 - Lower cylinder distribution module 21 -Distributor control link
10 - Lower cylinder double rotary distributor A -Retraction chamber
11 - Ball end-fitting (attachment to MGB) B -Extension chamber
THM
11.3.2. MAIN SERVO-CONTROL SPECIFICATION DATA

• Useful cross section per cylinder
- power rod extension direction : ................... 9.1 cm2 • Input lever travel for maximum distributor
- power rod retraction direction : .................... 5.8 cm2 opening: ....................................................... +5 mm
• Total force (both cylinders) under 175 bar : • Distributor maximum opening angle: .................... +9°
- extension direction: ................................... 3180 daN
- retraction direction: .................................... 2000 daN • Control load on input in the event of
distributor seizing: ............................................ 6 daN
• Power rod stop-to-stop travel: ....................... 142 mm
• Continuous flow (per cylinder): .............. 500 cm3/min
• Power rod effective travel: ............................ 138 mm
11.3.3. MAIN SERVO-CONTROL OPERATION
( 1 ) Servo-control Linkage
R
1 B A
1
2 A
P P
2
B B
M
A
F R
3
COAXIAL DISTRIBUTOR OPERATING PRINCIPLE
Normal Operation : Main distributor (1) turns inside the

6
secondary distributor (2) which is locked by balls
(Further details below).
5 Main distributor Seizing : The control load «releases»

4
the locking of the secondary distributor which is driven
by the main distributor.
The servo-control input lever (4) rotates the control le-
ver (3) about point M which is part of the stop bellcrank Fluid Distribution :
(6). By the same action, driven by point M which is dis- • When the distributor rotates in the direction + q : cham-
placed, the stop bellcrank turns about the fixed point F ber B is pressurized, chamber A is open to the return
which is integral with the servo-control cylinder. The stop line : the pitch increases.
bellcrank rotation opens the distributors (2-5) in the di-
rection + or - according to the displacement of the input • When it turns in the direction - q : Chamber A is pres-
lever. surized, B is open to the return line : the pitch decreases.
• If the distributors rotate in the direction + q the power

rod extends : the pitch is increased. The slaving stirrup (1) makes the control lever (3) act as
one part with the power rod.
• If the distributors rotate in the direction - q the power
rod retracts : the pitch is decreased. Such a coupling closes the distributors when the pilot’s
action on the input lever stops.
The distributor opening angle is limited by the stop bell-
crank (6) which in its end-of-travel positions, rests against The slaving function will be described with more details
the servo-control cylinder. in the paragraph covering the servo-control operation.
THM
11.3.3. MAIN SERVO-CONTROL OPERATION (Cont'd)

( 2 ) Servo-control Balanced R
B A
Shutdown position - The control lever is not actuated.
A
Lever (3) is immobile (no action from the pilot). P P
Stop bellcrank (2) is centered with respect to its
1 stops (Play 1 = Play 2). The moving point M is
on the XY axis which passes through point F
and perpendicular to the servo-control cylinder. B B
A
R
The hydraulic distributor valves are closed. The servo-control is balanced :

Play 1 = Play 2 the pressure forces in chambers A and B are equal. Power rod (1) is
immobile.
X Y
F M 3
2
Definitions :
• Mechanical Zero : This is the stop bellcrank position which closes the
distributors. Point M is on XY. Input plays are centered (J1 = J2).
• Hydraulic Zero : This is the servo-control shutdown position. The dis-

tributors are closed (but there is a "continuous flow" between P and R).
Mechanical zero and hydraulic zero must coincide.
Distributors closed : stop bellcranks centered.
( 3 ) Servo-control Moving
(Example illustrated : pitch increase)
"B" pressurised - "A" open to return line
Control lever (3) actuated by the pilot’s action "f" drives the
stop bellcrank (2), which rotates about point F and opens the
distributors (point M moves away from XY).
The servo-control is supplied in the R
direction corresponding to the pilot’s B A
action. In the example shown,
power rod (1) extends. It drives the A
slaving stirrup (5), the movement of
which tends to bring point M back P P
onto XY. But as long as the pilot’s
action lasts, the stirrup...
B B
A
R
d1
X Y ... displacement d2 is equal to the control rod (4) displacement d1 :

F M
control lever (3) rotates about M which is then fixed.
d2
Servo-control Shut-Down : When the pilot’s action «f» stops, the servo-
control continues its movement until stirrup (5) has brought point M
back onto XY. This is the mechanical zero, the distributor has closed
f and the servo-control stops.
Note : The servo-control speed depends on the distributor opening

angle ; this angle depends on the displacement speed of input rod (4).
THM
11.4 - TAIL SERVO-CONTROL

11.4.1. THE TAIL SERVO-CONTROL COMPONENTS
2 3 3
4 5
1 6
B
A
A
B
Stop bellcrank 7
rigging hole
F M 9 8
10
11 12 11
14 12
14
13
13 10
1 - Power rod (actuator piston) 10 -Control lever

2 - Servo-control attachment flange 11 -Filter (105 µ)
3 - Double rotary distributor 12 -Distributor test actuators
4 - RH cylinder piston 13 -Distributor control rods
5 - LH cylinder piston 14 -«Distributor seizing» indicator system microswitch
6 - Slaving stirrup A -Retraction chambers
7 - Inter-cylinder centre bearing B -Extension chambers
8 - Stop bellcrank «stop» screw F -Stop bellcrank fixed hinge point
9 - Stop bellcrank M -Lever (10) mobile hinge point
THM
11.4.2. TAIL SERVO-CONTROL SPECIFICATION DATA
Useful cross section per cylinder : . Input lever travel for maximum distributor
- power rod extension direction : ....................5.96 cm2 opening : ....................................................... ± 3 mm
- power rod retraction direction : . ..................5.96 cm2
. Distributor maximum opening angle : ................... q 4°
Total force (both cylinders) under 175 bar :
- extension direction : .................................... 2000 daN . Control load on input in the event of
- retraction direction : .................................... 2000 daN distributor seizing: ............................................ 6 daN
. Power rod stop-to-stop travel : ........................ 72 mm . Continuous flow (per cylinder): .............. 500 cm3/min.
. Power rod effective travel : .............................. 68 mm
11.4.3. TAIL SERVO-CONTROL OPERATION
Distributor shown at hydraulic neutral
P
A B
R R
B A
P
A B
F
The figure shows the displacement
3
direction of these components
M
according to the direction of the
pilot’s action (+ q and - q).
4
The tail servo-control operates in exactly the same way as

the main servo-controls. Dynamic components : distributors
(2), slaving stirrup (3), power rod (1) which passes right
through the actuator, stop bellcrank (4) and control lever (5).
THM
11.5 - DOUBLE DISTRIBUTOR VALVE: SERVO-CONTROL SAFETY FEATURE
11.5.1. DOUBLE DISTRIBUTOR VALVE OPERATING PRINCIPLE

If no safety provision were included, the seizing of a distributor R
valve would jam the corresponding flight control linkage and make B A
1 2
the rotors almost impossible to control. The double distributor valve
prevents the control from jamming and continues to supply the
servo-control in the event of a valve seizing P P
The unit comprises two coaxial rotary valves :
- the main distributor valve (1) B

- and the secondary valve (2) (Back-up distributor valve) A
R
( 1 ) Normal operation
F2 4
3
The main distributor valve is driven by the input lever (5) and ro-
tates freely inside the back-up distributor valve.
The back-up valve is secured by three balls (3) held in their re-
cesses by a coil spring (4) .As long as the force F1 exerted on the
input lever does not exceed the locking spring force F2, the main
distributor rotates inside the back-up valve and supplies the servo-
control.
This is the normal operating mode.
5 F1 1 2
( 2 ) Seizing of the main distributor valve
If the main distributor valve seizes inside the back-up distributor,

the coaxial valve acts as a single unit and the input lever force (F'1
overcomes F2) pushes locking balls out of their recesses. Both
distributors then rotate together, and the relevant servo-control cyl-
inder is supplied via the back-up valve.
If the main distributor valve seizes "closed", the servo-control op-

erates normally. If the main distributor valve seizes "open" the servo-
control is still supplied but the hydraulic zero, hence the balance
position, is offset (when the servo-control is shut down, the stop
bellcrank is no longer exactly centered with respect to its stops)
This results in an asymmetrical supply to chambers A and B of F'1
each cylinder
R R
B A B A
P P P P
B B
A A
R R
Main distributor valve seized "opened" Main distributor valve seized "closed"
THM
11.5.2. DISTRIBUTOR VALVE SEIZING DETECTION AND AUTOMATIC TESTING

OF THE SERVO-CONTROL DISTRIBUTOR VALVES
1 2 3 4 5
The double distributor valve mechanism is completed by
a seizing indicator system consisting of the following on Pressure
each distributor unit :
6
1 - Automatic test plunger

2 - Guide plate retaining the locking balls
3 - Three balls locking the back-up distributor valve
4 - Rocker lever 10
5 - Microswitch pusher To
6 - Locking spring distributor valve
7 - Indicator microswitch
8 - Secondary distributor valve (back-up distributor valve)
9 - Main distributor valve
10 - Test lever integral with back-up distributor valve 9 8 7
R OPERA-
AUTOMATIC TEST TION NORMAL OPERATION
1 On ground
Towards
hydraulic pressure = zero
P=0
(before engines are started) S P distributor valve
E S
R E
V R
O V
O
8
6
F2
In the absence of hydraulic pressure, test plunger (1) is The test plunger is retracted under hydraulic pressure.
extended by spring (R) and causes back-up valve (8) The back-up distributor valve returns to its normal con-
to rotate. The balls are unseated, moving the rocker figuration, locked by the 3 balls under spring pressure
lever and tripping the microswitch : the SERVO light (6). The microswitch contacts are open : the SERVO
comes on. light is off.
DISTRIBUTOR VALVE SEIZING
The main and back-up distributor valves now act as a

S
single unit. Any motion applied to the input lever causes E
the back-up valve to rotate : the microswitch is tripped R
and the SERVO light comes on. V
NOTE : The light goes out when the control returns to
O
the position in which the seizing occurred, since in this
position the balls are seated on the locking retainer.
THM
11.5.3. SERVO-CONTROL DISTRIBUTOR VALVE SEIZING INDICATOR SYSTEM
The seizing detector microswitches (two per servo-con- - When the monitoring loop is open, the Zener diode (2)
trol) are series mounted, forming a monitoring loop : voltage is reached and transistor (1), polarized, conducts :
- When the monitoring loop closes via the ground, tran- the SERVO light comes on.
sistor (1) is no longer polarized and the SERVO light is
off
( 1 ) On the Ground, before Pressurizing the Hydraulic systems.
16WWY7 3 LEFT FWD RIGHT REAR
1
S
2 P E T
ESS U R E
S S
V
H T
O
SEC
All the microswitches are in «working» position (the back- actuators). The monitoring loop is open : the indicator
up distributor valves have turned, pushed by the test light is lit.
( 2 ) Test Before Pressurizing the Hydraulic Systems

1
S
2 P E T
ESS U R E
S S
V
H T
O
SEC
Pressing the test push-button (3) once closes the moni- • the monitoring circuit is correct (all connectors plugged
toring loop : the light should go out, indicating that : in, no break).
• all the microswitches are in "working" position
( 3 ) Hydraulic Systems Pressurized

1
S
2 P E T
ESS U R E
S S
V
H T
O
SEC
All the microswitches trip to «rest» position (the test ac- back-up distributor valves return to the neutral position).
tuator is retracted under the hydraulic pressure and the The monitoring loop is closed : indicator light goes out.
THM
11.5.3. SERVO-CONTROL DISTRIBUTOR VALVE SEIZING INDICATOR SYSTEM (Cont'd)

( 4 ) Test, Hydraulic Systems Pressurized

1
S
2 P E T
ESS
U R E
S S
V
H T
O
SEC
This test checks that the line is correctly insulated :

• If the indicator light comes on, everything is working correctly
• If the indicator light remains off : continuity fault (short circuit on this figure).
( 5 ) Seizing of a Distributor Valve

1
S
2 P E T
ESS U R E
S S
V
H T
O
SEC
Left servo lower distributor seized
Should one of the distributor valves seize, the correspond- NOTE that the SERVO light also comes on :
ing microswitch trips to «working» position : the monitor-
ing loop is broken : the indicator light comes on. - when the LH or RH hydraulic system fluid level drops
(automatic isolation of the tail servo-control)
- on a drop in the LH or RH system hydraulic pressure
AUX.PUMP HYD
20 20
FAIL 10 10
2
OFF bar bar
X10 X10
HYD 1 HYD 2
0 0
S
E
P T
AUX.P R RH.P
M.P U E
S V S
AP. P LVL H O T LVL S

11 Servo Controles

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11 Servo Controles

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THM

11.1 - NECESSITY FOR SERVO-CONTROLS - THEIR OPERATING PRINCIPLE

11.2 - THE SERVO-CONTROL HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

11.3 - MAIN SERVO-CONTROLS

11.4 - TAIL SERVO-CONTROL

11.5 - DOUBLE DISTRIBUTOR VALVE: SERVO-CONTROL SAFETY FEATURE

11.1 - NECESSITY FOR SERVO-CONTROLS - THEIR OPERATING PRINCIPLE

MAIN SERVO-CONTROLS - Operating Principle TAIL SERVO-CONTROL - Operating Principle

Pitch increases 1 Pitch increases 1 2

11.2 - THE SERVO-CONTROL HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

LH HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS RH HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS

Q<4 liters 0.6l Q<2 liters

The operation of the servo-control hydraulic system is Accumulators purpose

11.3 - MAIN SERVO-CONTROLS

11.3.1. THE MAIN SERVO-CONTROLS COMPONENTS

1 - Ball end-fitting (attachment to swashplate) 12 -Lower cylinder piston

11.3.2. MAIN SERVO-CONTROL SPECIFICATION DATA

COAXIAL DISTRIBUTOR OPERATING PRINCIPLE

Normal Operation : Main distributor (1) turns inside the

5 Main distributor Seizing : The control load «releases»

• If the distributors rotate in the direction + q the power

11.3.3. MAIN SERVO-CONTROL OPERATION (Cont'd)

The hydraulic distributor valves are closed. The servo-control is balanced :

• Hydraulic Zero : This is the servo-control shutdown position. The dis-

X Y ... displacement d2 is equal to the control rod (4) displacement d1 :

Note : The servo-control speed depends on the distributor opening

11.4 - TAIL SERVO-CONTROL

1 - Power rod (actuator piston) 10 -Control lever

11.4.2. TAIL SERVO-CONTROL SPECIFICATION DATA

11.4.3. TAIL SERVO-CONTROL OPERATION

Distributor shown at hydraulic neutral

The tail servo-control operates in exactly the same way as

11.5 - DOUBLE DISTRIBUTOR VALVE: SERVO-CONTROL SAFETY FEATURE

11.5.1. DOUBLE DISTRIBUTOR VALVE OPERATING PRINCIPLE

- the main distributor valve (1) B

If the main distributor valve seizes inside the back-up distributor,

If the main distributor valve seizes "closed", the servo-control op-

11.5.2. DISTRIBUTOR VALVE SEIZING DETECTION AND AUTOMATIC TESTING

1 - Automatic test plunger

DISTRIBUTOR VALVE SEIZING

The main and back-up distributor valves now act as a

11.5.3. SERVO-CONTROL DISTRIBUTOR VALVE SEIZING INDICATOR SYSTEM

( 2 ) Test Before Pressurizing the Hydraulic Systems

16WWY7 3 LEFT FWD RIGHT REAR

( 3 ) Hydraulic Systems Pressurized

16WWY7 3 LEFT FWD RIGHT REAR

11.5.3. SERVO-CONTROL DISTRIBUTOR VALVE SEIZING INDICATOR SYSTEM (Cont'd)

16WWY7 3 LEFT FWD RIGHT REAR

This test checks that the line is correctly insulated :

( 5 ) Seizing of a Distributor Valve

16WWY7 3 LEFT FWD RIGHT REAR

Left servo lower distributor seized

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