Stle May 2018

TLT
SYSTEMS, STRATEGIES & RESEARCH FOR LUBRICATION PROFESSIONALS AN PUBLICATION | MAY 2018
AESTHETICS
IN LUBRICATING GREASES
TRIBOLOGY &
LUBRICATION
TECHNOLOGY Unraveling Oil Analysis
the mysteries Know your key metric
14 YEARS behind color, Underground Tribology

of publishing excellence odor and Lubricating the Earth’s plates
texture. Multiple Job Changes?
How to get back on track
Pneumatic Lubrication
Fighting oxygen, moisture &
high temps
2018 STLE Annual Meeting

Exhibitor & sponsor lists
STLE 365 App
Annual Meeting section

sponsored by Focus Chemical.
Digital TLT: Sponsored this month by Bruker at www.stle.org.

It’s About Time
TRIBOLOGY TESTING IS ABOUT TO IMPROVE
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stage to provide controlled loading from 1mN to 2000N
during rotative and linear testing. Pneumatic is used from
5 to 2000N offering multiple advantages compared with
age old spring/motor technologies used on other
systems. With spring/motor technologies, the load sensor
is typically placed behind the spring. This means that it is
not measuring the actual variation of load applied on the
surface during the test. The T2000 measures the load by a
direct connection between the ball holder and the actual
load cell. This ensures that the load measured is actually
the load applied on the surface.
The linear electromagnetic loading system of the T2000

can apply a vertical force of 0.2 to 20N at frequencies up to
150Hz. As an example, the normal load can be increased
from 0 to100N with the pneumatic technology and then
the linear motor can vary the load from 90 to 110N and up
to 150 times per second. This gives the unique capability
of superposing a control fatigue or vibration level to the
main constant force applied by the pneumatic system.
This electromagnetic linear stage can also apply directly
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• Vertical force oscillation up to 150Hz
• Friction Measured Direct Not By Torque
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Contents
TLT / MAY 2018 / VOLUME 74 / NO. 5
F E AT U R E S
32 12 Sponsors supporting STLE’s 2018

Annual Meeting
The success of STLE’s Annual
Meeting & Exhibition wouldn’t be
possible without the generous
support of our sponsors.
14 Exhibitors displaying at STLE’s

2018 Annual Meeting
Be sure to visit these exhibitors for an
advance look at the industry’s newest
products, technologies and services.
LUBRICATION FUNDAMENTALS
22 The competition for H2O
Water is rationed in some cities.
Why tribologists will play a role in
finding a solution.
By Dr. Robert M. Gresham
WEBINARS
24 Lubricating pneumatics:
Air compressors
You’ll need to address a host of
factors to ensure reliability of these
essential components.
By Jeanna Van Rensselar
FEATURE ARTICLE
32 Aesthetics in lubricating greases
Unraveling the mysteries behind
color, odor and texture.
By Debbie Sniderman
PEER-REVIEWED PAPER (EDITOR’S CHOICE)

40 Effect of Temperature on Grease
Flow Properties in Pipes
By Jiabao Pan, Yanhai Cheng, Andrea
Vacca and Jinyong Yang
22
Front Cover photo courtesy of Axel Americas.
WWW.STLE.ORG TRIBOLOGY & LUBRICATION TECHNOLOGY MAY 2018 • 1

Contents
D E PA R T M E N T S COLUMNS
18 Tech Beat by Dr. Neil Canter 6 President’s Report

• Bend your finger, generate electricity Tribology: The daily grind
• Non-aqueous redox flow batteries
8 From the Editor
56 Newsmakers The indefatigable Nellie Bly
• Petro-Canada Lubricants
• Spectro Scientific 78 Career Coach
• Schaeffler Getting back on track after multiple job changes
• The Timken Co. and more.
84 On Condition Monitoring
Complexity in ISFA (in-service fluid analysis): Part XXXVIII
88 Worldwide
Tribology in the Earth’s mantle
64
10
Headquarters Report
64 Sounding Board
TLT readers discuss the oil analysis
Your association has
metrics they most trust. super powers!
72 Advertisers Index
74 Resources
• Technical Books
° Fundamentals of Polymer Science for Engineers
° Biophysical Chemistry
• Industry Conferences
° LUBMAT 2018
° NORDTRIB 2018: The 18th Nordic Symposium
on Tribology
° Gordon Research Conference - Progress in
Tribology at the Interface Between Disciplines
• Research
° Freedonia Report: Synthetic Automotive Lubricants
in UK to Reach 126,000 Metric Tons in 2021
• STLE Certification Exams & Local Sections Calendar
Copyright © 2018 Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers. All Rights Reserved.
TLT magazine is owned and published in print and electronically by the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers (STLE). The views set forth in this magazine are those of the authors and not necessarily
the views of STLE. Material from TLT magazine may be reproduced only with written permission from STLE. TLT magazine assumes no liability or responsibility for any inaccurate, delayed or incomplete
information. For more information, contact us at TLT@stle.org.
Subscription and Single Copies: Current volume single copies are $25 (not including shipping and handling). Annual subscription rate is $236/U.S., $305/international. Prepayment is required before
subscription is started. Remittances from foreign countries must be by international money order or bank draft drawn on U.S. bank.
Tribology & Lubrication Technology (USPS 865740) Vol. 74, Number 5, (ISSN-1545-858), is published monthly by the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers, 840 Busse Hwy, Park Ridge, IL 60068-2376.
Periodicals Postage is Paid at Park Ridge, IL and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Tribology and Lubrication Technology, 840 Busse Hwy, Park Ridge, IL 60068-2376.
2 • MAY 2018 TRIBOLOGY & LUBRICATION TECHNOLOGY WWW.STLE.ORG

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TRIBOLOGY & LUBRICATION TECHNOLOGY
PUBLISHED BY
Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers
“Educating lubrication engineers and tribology researchers since 1944”
STLE International Headquarters
840 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, Illinois 60068-2376
Phone: 847-825-5536 • Fax: 847-825-1456 • www.stle.org • info@stle.org
EDITOR
Evan Zabawski, CLS TestOil ezabawski@testoil.com
PUBLISHER/EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Thomas T. Astrene tastrene@stle.org
MANAGING EDITOR
Rachel Fowler rfowler@stle.org
SENIOR FEATURE WRITER

Jeanna Van Rensselar
CONTRIBUTING EDITORS
Dr. Neil Canter, Dr. Robert M. Gresham, Dr. Nancy McGuire, Debbie Sniderman
COLUMNISTS
Michael Anderson, Dr. Edward P. Becker, Ken Pelczarski, Jack Poley,
Edward P. Salek, Dr. Nicholas D. Spencer, Dr. Wilfred T. Tysoe, R. David Whitby
CIRCULATION COORDINATORS
Myrna Scott, Nadine Sanchez (847) 825-5536
ADVERTISING SALES
Tracy Nicholas VanEe Phone: (630) 922-3459 Fax: (630) 904-4563 tnicholas@stle.org
DESIGN/PRODUCTION
Joe Ruck
TECHNICAL EDITORS
Dr. William Anderson Afton Chemical Corp. bill.anderson@aftonchemical.com
Dr. John Bomidi Baker Hughes, a GE company john.bomidi@bakerhughes.com
Michelle Brakke Lubrication Technologies Inc. michellebra@lubetech.com
Patrick Brutto Hangsterfer’s Laboratories patrick@hangsterfers.com
Dr. Jose Castillo Aleris Corp. Jose.Castillo@aleris.com
Dr. Geetha Chimata Imatrex Inc. g.chimata@imatrex.com
Bridget Dubbert Engineered Lubricants Co. bdubbert@englube.com
Dr. Alan Eachus Self-employed drace.dbd@comcast.net
Dr. Philip Egberts University of Calgary philip.egberts@ucalgary.ca
Dr. Monica A. Ford Ingevity monica.ford@ingevity.com
Dr. Hamed Ghaednia Ford Motor Co. hghaedni@ford.com
Dr. Arnab Ghosh Sentient Science aghosh@sentientscience.com
Dr. Martin Greaves The Dow Chemical Co. mrgreaves@dow.com
Dr. Ken Hope Chevron Phillips Chemical Co. LP hopekd@cpchem.com
Dr. Mohammad Motaher Hossain Texas A&M University-Kingsville mohammad.hossain@tamuk.edu
Tyler Housel Zschimmer & Schwarz, Inc. thousel@lexolube.com
Dr. Harman Khare University of Pennsylvania hkhare@seas.upenn.edu
Dr. Anoop Kumar AXEL Royal LLC anoopk@royalmfg.com
David Lindsay Afton Chemical Corp. david.lindsay@aftonchemical.com
Jory Maccan Imperial Oil maccan.jory@gmail.com
Brad McCann Nelson Oil Co. bmccann@nelsonlubricants.com
Shawn McCarthy Ocean State Oil shawn.mccarthy@oceanstateoil.com
Les Miller SKF/Kaydon Bearings lmiller@kaydon.com
Dr. Hamidreza Mohseni Bosch Brake Components hamidreza.mohseni@us.bosch.com
Rob Morien Rexnord robert.morien@rexnord.com
Jason Papacek Calumet Specialty Products Partners, L.P. jason.papacek@calumetspecialty.com
Dr. Steven Patton University of Dayton Research Institute Steve.Patton@udri.udayton.edu
Brian Pettinato Elliott Group bpettina@elliott-turbo.com
Dr. Donald T. Robertson BG Products, Inc.
Lubricating pneumatics— Doug Sackett Total Lubricants USA doug.sackett@total.com
Dr. Richard F. Salant Georgia Institute of Technology richard.salant@me.gatech.edu
How to evaluate speed, load, Dr. Eugene Scanlon BASF eugene.scanlon@basf.com
temperature and environment.
© Can Stock Photo / sima
Dr. Raj Shah Koehler Instrument Co. rshah@koehlerinstrument.com

Dr. Shuangwen Sheng National Renewable Energy Laboratory shuangwen.sheng@nrel.gov
See Page 24. Dr. Don Smolenski Strategic Management of Oil, LLC donald.smolenski@gmail.com
Edward Sunghing Chem-Ecol, Ontario, Canada esunghing@chem-ecol.com
Dr. Simon C. Tung Tung Innovation Technology Consulting Inc. simontung168@gmail.com
Dr. Rohit Voothaluru The Timken Co. rohit.voothaluru@timken.com
Dr. Dehua Yang Ebatco dyang@ebatco.com
Follow STLE on: Dr. Guosong Zeng Lehigh University guz210@lehigh.edu

PRESIDENT’S REPORT
Tribology: The daily grind

How tribology really is everywhere.
By Michael Anderson
No pun intended, well, yes, the My neighbor stopped by with

pun is actually very intentional. her violin to play a song for me,
In continuing the message in all and I realized it was the friction
my articles this year as presi- between the bow and the string
dent that tribology is every- making the pretty music. More
where, this article will talk about tribology in action.
how tribology affects everyone’s Now going back into the
daily lives. house, I noticed the door hinge
This morning I tried to doc- squeaking. So a little penetrat-
ument how tribology impacts ing oil sprayed there stopped the
my life. After last night’s din- noise, and why not put some into
ner party, I still had pots and the lock to keep it moving freely.
pans to wash. A steel pad was Back inside I had a taste for a
employed to get off the most cup of coffee. Wait a minute, be-
tenacious deposits of yester- fore I can have a cup of coffee, I
day’s Arroz con Pollo. I thought have to put the beans into a grind-
a most practical tribological er. So, who would have thought
use of abrasive wear put to that tribology is needed to brew
good use. I then cleaned the a cup. Now that all the chores
sink using kitchen cleanser or are done, I am going golfing (last
tribocleanser (September 2017 month’s column titled Fore the
column titled Tribotools? Tri- Love of Tribology!). But we all
bocleansers? Triboapparel?), know from last month’s TLT how
which had all these little parti- tribology is involved in golf.
cles to help scour off stains and So the next time you are
deposits. Another fine example doing your chores, driving or
of beneficial abrasive wear. golfing, remember tribology
With a sudden burst of energy, I makes them easier. And when
decided it was time to clean and you stop out for your coffee, you
Tribology is needed in everything, including
seal the slate in my downstairs brewing a cup of coffee, playing golf and starting your car.
might want to refer to it as your
bathroom. Now, interestingly “daily grind.” Wow, that tribol-
enough, one of the ingredients ogy stuff really gets around. It’s
was described as, “nanosized With almost 70,000 miles, it con- Back from the store with everywhere!
particles to penetrate below tinues to run fine because of the my groceries and some plants
tough stains, dissolve and lift excellent tribological properties to put in the ground. My hand
them out.” Whew, that was a designed into the motor oil, hy- trowel was a little rusty from
lot of work, but over for a while. draulic oil and grease (October last year and proved difficult to
Well, it was raining outside 2017 column titled 4,000 Miles? push into the ground. I took a
today, so I put on my shoes with Try 100,000). These products are file and sharpened up the lead-
the nubby rubber soles so that I used to make the vehicle run ing edge. Now wearing away the
would not slip on the steps walk- smoothly, quietly and efficiently. rust also sharpened the leading
ing to the car (February column And hopefully for many more edge—and the shovel easily pen- Mike Anderson is area manager
titled Slipping and Sliding Away). miles. And am I ever thankful for etrated the ground—and, voila, I Asia Pacific/Latin America for
Oh yes, because of engine oil, my friction as I braked for the stop- now have a patch of beautiful Falex Corp. in Sugar Grove, Ill.
car started right up and began light that suddenly just turned pansies. Again, here is wear and You can reach him at
to move quietly and effortlessly. red and I was able to stop! friction reduction. manderson@falex.com.

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FROM THE EDITOR
The indefatigable Nellie Bly

An industrialist and inventor better known as a pioneering journalist.
By Evan Zabawski Three years later Mary Jane vorce law and a radical concept lie received no bonus and sub-
remarried, but the man was so now known as pay equality, it sequently resigned from the
abusive that she sought divorce, impressed Madden enough to paper. In 1893 a new editor
Though people may not recog- which further weakened her fi- offer her a full-time job as a convinced her to come back,
nize the name Elizabeth Jane nancial position. In an effort to columnist. and she continued to write for
Cochran, they may know the pen support her mother, Elizabeth Being customary for female The World for three more years.
name Nellie Bly. However, her enrolled at Indiana State Normal writers at the time to use pen In 1895 Nellie married industri-
real name is closely attached to School in September 1879, under names, Madden selected Nelly alist Robert Seaman (aged 73),
an everyday item primarily used the name Cochrane, to study to Bly from the then-popular epon- owner of the Iron Clad Manufac-
in the lubricants industry. Since become a teacher. Unable to af- ymous song by Stephen Foster, a turing Co.—makers of milk cans
she was born on May 5, 1864, ford tuition for a second semes- songwriter known for Oh! Susan- and other steel products.
this month seems like a fitting ter, her family moved to Pitts- na, Camptown Races, Swanee Due to Seaman’s failing
time to recount her story. burgh and ran a boarding house. River and Jeanie with the Light health, she became more in-
Brown Hair, among others, but volved with the company, and in
mistakenly wrote it out as Nellie 1901 she patented both a milk can
Bly, and the error stuck. and a stacking garbage can under
her married name, Elizabeth Sea-
man Cochrane, but capitalized
She patented both a milk
can and stacking garbage on her pen name on her metal
can under her married calling cards. After Seaman died
name, Elizabeth Seaman on March 11, 1904, Elizabeth be-
Cochrane, but capitalized came president of Iron Clad and,
on her pen name on her
as such, assignee to any future
metal calling cards.
patents by its employees.
One employee, superinten-
After tiring of reporting on dent Henry Wehrhahn, filed
the theater and arts, Nellie left two such patents exactly eight
the paper in 1887 and headed months later, which were grant-
to New York City where she ed on Dec. 26, 1905. His first pat-
eventually talked her way into ent reads, “My invention has
2015/02/.
alist.blo
gspot.ca/ the managing editor’s office for its object to provide a metal
oniosalasjourn
tp://ant
Photo co
urtesy of
ht In 1885 Elizabeth wrote a at The New York World. Here barrel which shall be simple
reply to a letter published in she gained notoriety by going and strong in construction and
Elizabeth’s father, Michael the Pittsburg Dispatch titled undercover as a patient of an effective and durable in opera-
Cochran, was a mill worker What Girls Are Good For. She insane asylum and reporting tion,” and the second, “for read-
who worked hard and eventu- wrote her open letter using on its appalling conditions and ily detaching and securing the
ally purchased the local mills the pseudonym Lonely Orphan treatment of patients. In 1889 head of a metal barrel.”
(a gristmill, sawmill and fulling Girl, which the editor of the pa- she embarked on her most fa- This was the first practical
mill) in 1858. The settlement, per, George Madden, printed mous assignment by travelling 55-gallon steel drum, which
part of Armstrong County in as a rebuttal and also asked around the world faster than evolved into the standard oil
Pennsylvania, became known that the writer identify herself. Jules Verne’s character Phileas drum design still used today.
as Cochran Mills. Despite be- When she did, Madden asked Fogg, completing the trip in just
coming the county judge, when her to write another piece un- over 72 days. Evan Zabawski, CLS, is the
Michael died in 1870 he left his der the same pseudonym. Titled Though the newspaper’s cir- senior technical advisor for
wife, Mary Jane, without a will The Girl Puzzle, a piece on how culation increased dramatically TestOil in Calgary, Alberta,
and, therefore, no legal claim to divorce affected women, which by promoting a contest to guess Canada. You can reach him at
his estate. also suggested reforms to di- her estimated arrival time, Nel- ezabawski@testoil.com.

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HEADQUARTERS REPORT
Your association has super powers!

Connections and community make STLE a global force
in the tribology and lubricants industry.
By Edward P. Salek, CAE

Executive Director
This has been the year of the bil- aimed at discovering the role
lion-dollar super hero. The world
Associations tribology plays in solving criti-
is infatuated with characters that have the power cal technical, environmental and
have enormous strength, X-ray to unify the societal problems. This year’s
vision, telepathic powers and members of event enhances that reputation
maybe even the ability to shape with multiple invited speakers
shift. One movie in this genre
an industry on areas at the forefront of tri-
(Black Panther) has recorded or profession. bology science, plus the popular
more than $1.2 billion in gross half-day symposium on Beyond
receipts over a relatively short the Cutting Edge: Highlights
period of time, according to from Tribology Letters. Technical
Forbes magazine. sessions are comprised of four
But there’s also a super consecutive days of submitted
power of a different sort that’s presentations from tribology re-
shared by most technical as- searchers and institutions from
sociations, including STLE. As- around the world.
sociations have the power of These international tri-
connections and community—the bology events unite industry,
ability to unify the members of an academic and government re-
industry or profession. While it is searchers and highlight the role
not as intriguing as psychokine- that tribology research plays in
© Can Stock Photo / lucidwaters
sis or teleportation, the impact solving future scientific and so-

can be powerful enough to make cietal challenges. They demon-
Thor, Superman or even Wonder strate the fact, cited in a recent
Woman envious. research report by a leading
This power of association is scientific publisher, that, “sci-
on display May 20-24 in Minne- ence, scholarship and innova-
apolis, Minn. (U.S.), when 1,500 tion have no borders, and soci-
technical professionals will nologies. The attendees, coming STLE’s super powers also ety members reflect this spirt of
connect at STLE’s 2018 Annual from more than 30 countries, are will emerge later this year when global collaboration.”
Meeting and Exhibition. They will a mix of technical professionals tribology researchers from more STLE’s power to attract an
experience the lubricant indus- representing industry, academia than 25 countries in North and international audience supports
try’s most respected venue for and government. South America, Asia and Europe the organization’s mission and
technical information, profes- Check all the details about attend the 4th STLE Tribology vision and enables STLE to im-
sional development and interna- the 2018 Annual Meeting on the Frontiers Conference (TFC). This plement strategic goals related
tional networking opportunities. new STLE 365 app, available meeting is Oct. 28-31 at Chica- to technical expertise, scientific
The 2018 Annual Meeting free for Apple (iOS), Android and go’s historic Drake Hotel and is advancement and professional
features 500 technical presenta- HTML5 formats. To download, co-sponsored by the Tribology advocacy. This is the super
tions, 12 lubrication-specific edu- simply search for STLE 365 at Division of the American Society power of associations in action.
cation courses and a trade show the iOS App Store or Google Play of Mechanical Engineers.
with 150 exhibit booths showcas- Store, or use the auto-detect link In a short period of time, the You can reach Certified
ing the lubricant industry’s lat- at www.tripbuildermedia.com/ TFC has gained a reputation for Association Executive Ed Salek
est products, services and tech- apps/stle365. being a high-impact conference at esalek@stle.org.

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2018 STLE Annual Meeting Sponsors
STLE wishes to thank the following sponsors for their generous support of the 2018 STLE Annual Meeting & Exhibition,
May 20-24, at the Minneapolis Convention Center in Minneapolis, Minn. New sponsors are arriving every day, so please
see the STLE Annual Meeting Program Guide distributed on site and signage in Minneapolis for the most up-to-date
information. This information also appears in the Annual Meeting section of the STLE 365 App. The Annual Meeting section
of the app is sponsored by Focus Chemical and contains the latest information and any alerts relating to the trade show.
Download the app from The App Store (Apple products) or The Play Store (Android products), or just scan this QR code:
Palladium: $4,000
Afton Chemical Corp. ................................. Guestroom Key Cards

ANGUS Chemical Co. ......................................... Registration Bags
Emery Oleochemicals.................................. Networking Reception
Ergon, Inc. .................................................... Networking Reception
Focus Chemical ................................. Annual Meeting Mobile App
Loadmaster Lubricants .............................. Networking Reception
Monson, an Azelis Company ............. Water Bottle Welcome Gift
The Lubrizol Corp. .... Refreshment Breaks Plus Water Stations
Titanium Plus: More than $3,000
Evonik Oil Additives .............. Exhibitor Appreciation Hour Raffle

Münzing ................................................................. Badge Lanyards
Pilot Chemical Co. ...................... Relaxation/Recharging Lounge
Titanium: $3,000
Chevron Inc. ................................................. Presidents Luncheon

Croda Inc. ........................................... Education Course Materials Platinum: $2,000
Falex Corp. ................................................... Networking Reception
Shanghai Starry Chemical Co., Ltd. ......... Networking Reception STLE Chicago Section ................................ Networking Reception
Vanderbilt Chemicals ................................. Networking Reception Zschimmer & Schwarz ....................... Speakers Breakfast Series
Gold: $1,000
The American Society of Mechanical

Engineers (ASME) ................................... Networking Reception
ExxonMobil Chemical ................................. Networking Reception
Ideas Inc. ...................................................... Networking Reception
Southwest Research Institute .................. Networking Reception
STLE Hamilton Section .............................. Networking Reception
STLE Philadelphia Section ........................ Networking Reception
The Timken Co. ............................................ Networking Reception
Silver: $750
ChemCeed LLC ............................................ Networking Reception

Industrial Oils Unlimited ........................... Networking Reception
King Industries ........................................... Networking Reception
Savant Group .............................................. Networking Reception

Bronze: $500
Acme-Hardesty ........................................... Networking Reception

AJM Additives Inc. ...................................... Networking Reception
AXEL Royal LLC ............................................ Networking Reception
Compass Instruments ................................ Networking Reception
FedChem ...................................................... Networking Reception
Hall Technologies ....................................... Networking Reception
Lockhart Chemical ...................................... Networking Reception
Lube-Tech & Partners ................................ Networking Reception
STLE Detroit Section .................................. Networking Reception
STLE Houston Section ................................ Networking Reception
STLE Oklahoma Section ............................. Networking Reception
TH Hilson ..................................................... Networking Reception
Copper: Less than $500
STLE Portland Section ............................... Networking Reception

STLE Seattle-Tacoma Section ................... Networking Reception
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Make time to visit these exhibitors at
STLE’s 2018 trade show in Minneapolis.
The following exhibitors are displaying the lubricant industry’s This list is complete through April 6 and will be republished
latest products, services and technologies at STLE’s 73rd Annual in the Annual Meeting Program Guide distributed on site in
Meeting & Exhibition, May 20-24, at the Minneapolis Convention Minneapolis. The list also is available in the Annual Meeting
Center in Minneapolis, Minn. The trade show, May 21-23, is another section of the STLE 365 App. The Annual Meeting section of the
STLE service designed to help you maintain your status as a app is sponsored by Focus Chemical and contains the latest
leading technical professional. information and any alerts relating to the trade show. Download
STLE is sponsoring Exhibitor Appreciation Hours on Monday the app from The App Store (Apple products) or The Play Store
and Tuesday, May 21 and 22, from 3-4 p.m. Refreshments will be (Android products), or just scan this QR code:
served, and the trade show is the only annual meeting activity
conducted during that time. Evonik Oil Additives is sponsoring
raffles on Monday and Tuesday during both Exhibitor Appreciation
Hours, and you must be present at their Booth 103 to win. Evonik
is raffling three Fitbit Alta fitness trackers.
2018 STLE Exhibition Booth Assignments Afton Chemical Corp. 1 219

American Petroleum Institute 1 514
Company Name No. of Booth American Refining Group 1 527
(Red indicates new exhibitor) Booths No. ANGUS Chemical Co. 1 214
Anhui Trust Chem Co., Ltd 1 629
Abitec Corp. 1 115 Anton Paar 1 122
Aceto Corp. 1 525 Aquaphoenix Scientific 1 627
Acme-Hardesty Co. 2 109/111 Ayalytical Instruments 2 607/609
Adeka Corp. 1 415 Baron USA 1 112
Advanced Chemical Concepts 1 426 BASF 2 317/319
Advonex International 1 631 Beckman Coulter 1 326

Bruker SS 503 Gehring-Montgomery, Inc./Metall-Chemie 1 510
BYK USA Inc. 1 114 GEO Specialty Chemicals 1 328
Calumet Specialty Products Partners, L.P. 2 316/318 Hangzhou Lvpu-Chem Technology Co., Ltd 1 613
Cannon Instrument Co. 1 102 Hangzhou Sungate Chemical Co., Ltd. 1 516
ChemCeed 1 529 Huntsman, LLC 1 315
Clariant 2 226/228 Industrial Quimica Lasem 1 612
Colonial Chemical 2 322/324 INEOS Oligomers USA 2 603/605
Compass Instruments/Falex Corp. 3 409/411/413 Ingevity 1 414
CRC Press - Taylor & Francis Group 2 617/619 IOP Publishing 1 628
Croda, Inc. 1 225 Kao Chemicals 1 217
Ducom Instruments SS 403 KH Neochem Americas, Inc. 1 312
Eastman 1 419 King Industries, Inc. 2 308/310
Ebatco 1 430 Koehler Instrument Co., Inc. 2 416/418
Elé Corp. 1 116 LANXESS Corp. 2 127/129
Emery Oleochemicals 2 104/106 Lazar Scientific, Inc. 1 624
Ergon, Inc. 2 227/229 Microtap USA, Inc. 1 325
Evonik Oil Additives USA, Inc. SS 103 Misco Refractometer 1 531
ExxonMobil Chemical Co. SS 203 MÜNZING 1 323
FedChem, LLC 1 120 Nanjing Chemical Material Corp. 1 626
Focus Chemical 1 423 Nanovea 2 509/511
Formulaction, Inc. 1 417 Napoleon Engineering Services 1 223
Functional Products, Inc. 1 118 Nexeo Solutions 1 224
Dr. Robert “Bob” Golden

Research Fellow, Technology & Innovation
• Over 30 years experience

• Holds two U.S. patents
• Developed the Aristonate® Calcium Neutralization process
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Learn how innovative oil soluble sulfonates from the chemists at
Pilot enhance metalworking formulation for companies across
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Novitas Chem Solutions 1 124 Soltex, Inc. 2 216/218
NSF International 1 611 Solvay 2 513/515
Nupro Industries 1 623 SONGWON Industrial Group 1 314
Oil Filtration Systems—A Clark-Reliance Co. 1 614 Spectro Analytical Instruments 1 431
PCAS 1 522 Spectro Scientific 1 427
PCC Chemax 1 329 Tannas Co. 1 119
PCS Instruments 2 108/110 Teknor Apex Co. 1 425
PerkinElmer 2 524/526 Temix Oleo 1 113
Phoenix Tribology 1 608 The Dow Chemical Co. SS 303
Pilot Chemical 1 508 The Elco Corp./Italmatch Chemicals 2 209/211
PMC Crystal 1 523 The Lubrizol Corp. 2 123/125
PolyOne Corp. 1 222 UE Systems, Inc. 1 616
Polytec, Inc. 1 621 United Soybean Board 1 622
Qualice 2 422/424 Univar 1 327
Rtec-Instruments, Inc. SS 309 Vanderbilt Chemicals, LLC 1 208
SanAm 1 615 Vantage 1 429
Sasol Performance Chemicals 2 517/519 Vertellus Specialties, Inc. 1 512
Savant Labs 1 117 VHG Labs/LGC Standards 1 618
Sea-Land Chemical Co. 2 213/215 Werner G. Smith 1 528
Shanghai NACO Lubrication Co., Ltd. 2 126/128 Wincom, Inc. 1 428
Shenzhen Yateks Optical Electronic 1 625 Zschimmer & Schwarz 1 518
Shrieve Miami Chemical 1 630 Zygo Corp. 1 610
Smyth Companies, LLC 1 331

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TECH BEAT
Bend your finger, generate electricity
Researchers find a way to more efficiently

convert mechanical motion into electricity
through friction.
By Dr. Neil Canter

Contributing Editor
The movement toward alterna- mechanical motion into electric- China, and Gan was directed to-
tive energy sources has focused ity is friction. Qiaoqiang Gan, ward developing a triboelectric
KEY CONCEPTS
on such areas as batteries and associate professor of electric nanogenerator that could power
Triboelectric generation fuel cells. Attention also has engineering in the School of En- small electric devices such as
uses the friction generated been paid to developing smaller, gineering and Applied Sciences cell phones. The researchers
by rubbing two surfaces energy-producing sources such at the University of Buffalo in first decided to work with gra-
together to produce as the human body to generate Buffalo, N.Y., says, “A process phene as one of the layers in
electricity. electricity. known as triboelectric genera- the device.
In a previous TLT article, tion works by collecting static
Two gold layers that
a technique known as reverse electricity through rubbing two
functioned as electrodes ‘The more friction,
electrowetting was developed surfaces together. This effect
sandwiched a
that might enable individuals is similar to what happens to the greater the
polydimethylsiloxane
triboelectric layer in
to use energy from walking to an individual in a low-humidity amount of power
power mobile electronic de- environment such as during the
producing a nanogenerator produced.’
vices.1 The mechanical energy winter when picking up a sweat-
that generated a significant
produced from walking caused er and then touching a metallic
increase in electricity.
a liquid droplet to move when object. Often an individual will Xu says, “Graphene is a
© Can Stock Photo / GeorgeJmclittle
Crumpling one of the gold interacting with a dielectric- receive a shock as the electricity widely studied material that
layers produced more film-coated electrode leading to discharges from the body.” has provided beneficial results
complex and disordered the generation of electricity. In Initial work conducted by in many applications. We felt
features that led to more one experiment, 0.4 milliwatts Dr. Yun Xu of the Institute of that using it in the triboelectric
triboelectric charges. was produced. Semiconductors, the Chinese nanogenerator would lead to a
Another approach to convert Academy of Sciences in Beijing, significant production of elec-

tricity over a long period of time.
While the graphene-based de-
vice showed good initial results,
operational problems occurred
due to oxidation that limited
the lifetime of the triboelectric
generator.”
The researcher worked with Figure 1.
a different material to produce Bending of the
finger enabled
a device that displayed superior
an attached
electrical generation capability device to generate
over a long period of time. electricity through
the process of
Crumpled gold triboelectric gen-
eration. (Figure
Xu, Gan and their fellow re-
courtesy of the
searchers developed a tribo- University of Buf-
electric nanogenerator based falo.)
on two gold layers that func-
tioned as electrodes sandwich-
ing a polydimethylsiloxane tri-
boelectric layer. Gan says, “We
decided to work with gold due to
our previous work in using this
material in nanophotonics and
plasmonics sensing. Gold works
well in this application because
it does not easily oxidize and is strains of the tape. no drop-in performance after The researchers also are
much more durable than gra- The device generated elec- being stored for six months at looking to improve the tribo-
phene.” tricity when an external force ambient conditions, an indica- electric nanogenerator because
One of the important as- brought the crumpled gold and tion of good durability. long-term durability is a con-
pects of the device is that one polydimethylsiloxane layers Gan says, “The microscopic cern. Xu says, “We have to in-
of the electrodes consisted of a together. The friction produced mechanism of the device was duce continuous friction, which
crumpled gold layer. Xu says, when the two layers contact examined through the use of might reduce the durability of
“We found that the microstruc- each other led to the flow of scanning electron microscopy. the materials used in our de-
ture of the crumpled gold layer electrons between the gold lay- Crumpling of the gold layer vice. We are working to identify
produced a larger surface area ers. Xu says, “The more friction, clearly led to more complex better wear-resistant materials
than pristine gold, leading to the greater the amount of power and disordered features that than the ones we are currently
greater power generation when produced.” produced more triboelectric using.”
stressed by a mechanical force.” Triboelectric nanogenerator charges.” Additional information can
The crumpled gold layer performance was measured in The researchers demon- be found in a recent article2 or
also acts as a second friction two ways. Xu says, “We evalu- strated the performance ben- by contacting Xu at xuyun@
layer. ated the output current and efits by attaching the device to semi.ac.cn and Gan at qqgan@
The device was prepared by power density.” a finger joint as shown in Figure buffalo.edu.
depositing a gold layer with a The device achieved a maxi- 1. In moving the finger, the re-
thickness of 30 nanometers onto mum voltage of 124.6 volts and searchers were able to produce
a 500-micron-thick polydimeth- a maximum current of 10.13 mi- a voltage that was dependent REFERENCES
ylsiloxane layer using thermal croamps that corresponded to a upon the rate of bending. 1. Canter, N. (2011), “Powering
evaporation. A stamping pro- maximum power density of 0.22 Xu believes the technology your cell phone as you walk,”
cess then transferred this film milliwatts per centimeter. This can be commercialized. She TLT, 67 (11), pp. 6-7.
onto a biaxially prestrained was sufficient power to light 48 says, “We are now working on 2. Chen, H., Bai, L., Li, T., Zhao, C.,
tape. As the tape was relaxed, red LEDs simultaneously. developing a portable battery Zhang, J., Zhang, N., Song, G.,
Gan, Q. and Xu, Y. (2018),
the gold layer shrank with the A significant increase in that can store energy produced
“Wearable and robust
tape and became crumpled. power was seen when crumpled by the triboelectric nanogenera- triboelectric nanogenerator
The degree of crumpling was gold was used compared to pris- tor to power larger electronic based on crumpled gold films,”
controlled by adjusting the pre- tine gold. The device displayed devices.” Nano Energy, 46, pp. 73-80.

TECH BEAT
Non-aqueous redox flow batteries
Emerging technology offers a potential

solution to the problem of everyone
charging their electric cars at night.
The growing use of plug-in elec- upgrades to the distribution in- Rochester, N.Y., says, “An RFB
tric vehicles in place of internal frastructure. consists of two massive tanks
combustion engine-powered au- While this column has fo- containing solutions of elec-
KEY CONCEPTS
tomobiles might lead to a signifi- cused on research that may trolyte known as the anolyte
Redox flow batteries cant change in the vehicles con- lead to the development of and the catholyte (see Figure
are under evaluation as sumers will be using globally in more cost-effective batteries 2). During periods of charging
energy-storage devices the future. An important issue for plug-in electric vehicles, and discharging, half of the cell
that can be used that needs to be addressed is is reduced and the other half
when power demand how the electric grid will be able is oxidized, leading the RFB to
exceeds supply. to handle demands placed on it ‘Any molecule used either store more power (charg-
when many consumers wish to must be stable over ing cycle) or discharge the pow-
A series of recharge their vehicles during er when needed. The charging
polyoxometalates based a long time frame.’
the night so they are ready for reactions in each half cell are
on a hexavanadate core use the next day. the reverse of those that occur
has been developed for In a previous TLT article, a concern about the electric grid during the discharging period.”
use as charge carriers in simulation study was undertak- also has become a research Four factors must be taken
non-aqueous-based redox en to determine how the grow- priority. One option is to use into consideration in identifying
flow batteries. ing use of pure electric vehicles batteries as energy-storage the right electrolyte for use in
will affect the power grid that devices that can be used when an RFB. Matson says, “The first
Incorporation of ethoxy
serviced 200 households in the power demand exceeds avail- factor is stability of the specific
© Can Stock Photo / GreyWallStudio
groups as bridging
U.S. Midwest.1 The conclusion able supply. molecule used as the electro-
ligands improved
is that consumers living in the One battery type that is lyte. Any molecule used must be
the stability of the
same cluster who charged their under evaluation is redox flow stable over a long time frame.
polyoxometalates without
plug-in electric vehicles at a fast batteries (RFBs). Ellen Matson, Three other factors are the
a reduction in charge
rate stressed the electric grid to assistant professor of chemistry number of electrons transferred
carrier performance.
the point where it will require at the University of Rochester in during the redox reactions, the

concentration of the electrolyte
and the voltage of the RFB cell.”
Initial developments of RFBs
have focused on working with
aqueous electrolytes using in-
Figure 2.
organic salts as the charge car- Development of a new
riers. Matson says, “Aqueous- charge carrier for use
based RFBs are limited because with a non-aqueous
the maximum voltage potential solvent may improve
achieved is approximately 1.3 the ability of a redox
flow battery to act as an
volts. To reach higher voltages, energy-storage device.
charge-carriers for non-aque- (Figure courtesy of the
ous redox flow batteries must University of
be developed.” Rochester.)
Polyoxometalates
Matson, in collaboration with Redox Flow Battery
Tim Cook, assistant professor
of chemistry at the University of
Buffalo in Buffalo, N.Y., has de-
veloped a series of multimetal- nearly four times higher than late with bridging ethoxy groups tonitrile. Matson says, “We have
lic clusters known as polyoxo- water. Additionally, acetonitrile exhibited superior stability been working with symmetric
metalates that display potential has physical properties (e.g., without a reduction in charge RFBs using the same charge car-
as charge carriers in non-aque- viscosity and boiling/freezing carrier performance. Matson rier in both the anolyte and the
ous RFBs. She says, “Polyoxo- points) rendering this organic says, “The one problem we catholyte. But we will now work
metalates contain three or more solvent ideal for implementa- now face is that the less polar with asymmetric RFBs where
transition metal oxyanions that tion in non-aqueous RFBs. ethoxy-based polyoxometalate the anolyte and the catholyte dif-
are bridged by alkoxide ligands Initially the researchers is not as soluble in the polar fer to find systems that perform
to form three-dimensional evaluated a hexavanadate poly- solvent, acetonitrile compared in a superior fashion.”
structures. The presence of the oxometalate prepared using to the cluster using methoxy Additional information can
alkoxide ligands enables metals methoxy groups as the bridg- groups as the bridging ligands.” be found in a recent article2 or
to be present in the cluster in ing ligands. The electrochemi- An additional benefit of by contacting Matson at mat-
different oxidation states and cal properties of this cluster these polyoxometalates is that son@chem.rochester.edu.
minimizes solubility concerns were evaluated using cyclic crossover is minimized. Mat-
in non-aqueous media. Without voltammetry. But long-term son says, “The large size of the Neil Canter heads his own
these ligands, the cluster would solution-phase stability of the clusters prevents them from consulting company, Chemical
be totally insoluble and behave various charge states of the crossing from the anolyte side Solutions, in Willow Grove, Pa.
similar to a rock in water.” polyoxometalate showed that to the catholyte side. Smaller Ideas for Tech Beat can
Another benefit in using this cluster was not stable un- molecules that cross over can be submitted to him at
these polyoxometalates is that der highly oxidizing conditions. negatively impact the perfor- neilcanter@comcast.net.
their synthesis is relatively When the methoxy-based poly- mance of the RFB.”
simple as it involves the self as- oxometalate was added as the Matson indicates that the re-
REFERENCES
sembly of metal centers into a charge-carrier for the anolyte searcher’s objective is to devel-
well-defined structure in a high and catholyte in an RFB, insta- op a non-aqueous RFB that can 1. Canter, N. (2018), “How will
the growing use of plug-in
yield. The researchers worked bility was detected with the ano- be used in place of hydroelectric
electric vehicles affect the
with a hexavanadate core that lyte solution. storage systems. She says, “Our power grid?,” TLT, 74 (4), pp.
combined two types of vanadi- Matson says, “We then current approach is commercial- 12-13.
um atoms in different oxidation decided to substitute ethoxy ly feasible but is still one order of 2. VanGelder, L., Kosswatta-
states. The hexavanadate core groups as the bridging ligands magnitude too expensive.” arachchi, A., Forrestel, P.,
was selected because of the in place of methoxy groups with In the future, Matson and Cook, T. and Matson, E. (2018),
well-established redox proper- the expectation that a larger her research group are look- “Polyoxovanadate-alkoxide
clusters as multi-electron
ties of vanadium ions. positive inductive effect would ing to develop clusters that ex-
charge carriers for symmetric
The researchers used ace- minimize instability.” hibit comparable stability to the non-aqueous redox flow
tonitrile as the solvent because The researchers found that ethoxy-based polyoxometalates batteries,” Chemical Science, 9
it has a voltage window that is a hexavanadate polyoxometa- but with better solubility in ace- (6), pp. 1692-1699.

LUBRICATION FUNDAMENTALS
The competition for H2O

Water is rationed in some cities. Why tribologists will play a role in finding a solution.
By Dr. Robert M. Gresham Droughts in recent years

Contributing Editor have helped spark famine and
unrest in rural nations around
the Arabian Sea from Iran to
One of the trends found in Somalia. Many of the 21 million
STLE’s 2017 Emerging Trends residents of Mexico City only
Report is the growing concern have running water part of the
about the availability of potable day. Several major cities in India
water. This concern is based on don’t have enough. Water man-
the observation that, on a global agers in Melbourne reported
level, the world population is last summer that they could run
steadily growing not so much in out of water in little more than
the developed countries but in a decade. Jakarta is running so
© Can Stock Photo / Sangoiri

the emerging economies. Many dry that the city is sinking faster
of these emerging countries are than seas are rising, as residents
located in more geographically suck up groundwater from be-
challenging environments. Thus, low the surface. In 2015 Sao
their ability to provide basic ne- Paulo was down to less than 20
cessities for their growing popu- days of water supply. California’s
lations is more of a challenge. ter due to perilous low levels in Cape Town officials are asking bread basket agricultural area is
A good example is water. its reservoirs. residents to consume 50 liters of now coming back from several
As it happens, while two-thirds A recent article in National water a day—less than a sixth of years of drought.
what the average American uses.
of the Earth’s surface is water, Geographic notes: “For years, As noted in STLE’s trends
only 2% of that water is reason- a shutdown of this magnitude report, competition for water
ably accessible potable water. in such a cosmopolitan city had is increasing as population
Further, we see cyclic weather been almost inconceivable. But Cape Town’s most recognizable growth drives demand for wa-
extremes causing droughts as overdevelopment, popula- land mass, Table Mountain, ter for drinking and agriculture
that put considerable stress on tion growth and possibly cli- traps onshore breezes coming and as countries become more
those countries already some- mate change upset the balance off warm ocean waters, creat- affluent. Cape Town is building
what limited in water supply. between water use and sup- ing local rains that power rivers four new desalination plants.
Indeed, as their populations ply, urban centers from North and fill underground aquifers. But desalination is an energy
grow, even slight droughts will America to South America and A decade ago, the city was told intense process that is not par-
lead to increases in privation, from Australia to Asia increas- that population growth and ticularly cost-effective, even
crime and wars. ingly face threats of severe shifts projected to come with though Israel gets much of its
Here is a recent example of drinking-water shortages. climate change—drier, hot- water this way.
this trend playing out. Cape Town off icials are ter weather with less winter This is an opportunity for
Four million people in Cape storing emergency water at rainfall and reduced stream the technical community to
Town, one of Africa’s most af- military installations and say flows—would require it to find develop a more cost-effective
fluent metropolises, might have using taps to fill pools, water additional water sources. In process. There certainly will be
to stand in line surrounded by gardens or wash cars is now il- 2014 their six dams were full opportunities for tribologists to
armed guards to collect rations legal. The city requested even but, whether caused by climate contribute to the development
of the region’s most precious steeper cuts, asking residents change or just natural weather of these new technologies.
commodity: drinking water. to consume just 50 liters per cycles, three straight years of
Population growth and record day—less than a sixth of what drought followed—the worst Bob Gresham is STLE’s director
droughts appear to be the cause the average American uses. in more than a century. Now of professional development.
of the crisis. Last month the city Much like our Southern Cal- reservoirs stand at 26% of ca- You can reach him at
was forced to limit available wa- ifornia, South Africa is arid, but pacity. rgresham@stle.org.

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Tribology & Mechanical Testers

Innovation with Integrity
WEBINARS
Lubricating pneumatics:
Air compressors
You’ll need to address a host of factors to ensure
reliability of these essential components.
By Jeanna Van Rensselar
Senior Feature Writer
© Can Stock Photo / Baloncici
KEY CONCEPTS
The five main types of compressors are centrifugal, sliding vane, rotary screw,
rotary lobed blowers and reciprocating.
The biggest problem on the compressor-maintenance side is air filtration.
Pneumatics uses the least-expensive transmission medium—air. But in some

circumstances air can be costly.

MEET THE PRESENTER
This article is based on a Webinar originally presented by STLE Education on Jan. 18, 2017. Pneumatics
and Air Compressors is available at www.stle.org: $39 to STLE members, $59 for all others.
John Cummins is vice president of product technology and an investing partner of Hydrotex. There
he directs research and development and is dean of Hydrotex Lubrication University, the company’s
professional development division. He received his bachelor’s of science degree from Illinois Institute
of Technology and his master’s of science degree from George Washington University. He also is
a retired captain in the Supply Corps, USNR. He previously worked at The Lubrizol Corp. and is a
member of STLE, SAE and NLGI. He has held STLE’s Certified Lubrication Specialist™ designation since
1997. You can reach Cummins at jcummins@hydrotexlube.com. John Cummins
F
•
luid power has two
divisions:
Hydraulics. The technolo-

gy using non-compressible
liquids
• Pneumatics. The tech-

nology using compressible
gases to transmit power.
Both have their advantages

and disadvantages. The Webi-
nar this article is based on was
Figure 1. Centrifugal compressor. (Figure courtesy of Hydrotex.)
an overview of pneumatics.
From the blow-molded
plastic water bottle used to
quench thirst, the cement used
to build infrastructure and
the flour used to bake bread, hydraulic transmission of fluid hoses and duct work can be 2. Positive displacement.
the harnessed power of com- power. used. Of course, a compressor These compressors trap
pressed gases or pneumatics Pneumatics powers a wide is needed to turn the air or gas a charge of air and then
touches everyone’s daily lives. range of tools and equipment— into kinetic fluid power. physically reduce the space
Pneumatics uses the least in many instances replacing the to increase pressure (sliding
expensive transmission me- electric power cord with an air Compressors vane, rotary screw, recipro-
dium—air (or in some cases hose. Since pneumatic power Compressors turn gases into cating, rotary lobe).
separated or inert gases) and is intrinsically safe, there are a power. There are two main
generally has lower installa- number of industries that could categories of air compressors: Major types of compressors
tion costs. Transmitted air not operate without pneumatic
pressure is typically below power. 1. Dynamic. These compres- 1. Centrifugal. Low pressure
250 psi, makes it harder to In order to transmit air pow- sors raise air pressure by and high volume, air flow is
detect and control gas leak- er there needs to be a pneu- converting air velocity into oil free (dynamic) (see Fig-
age and is less efficient than matic conductor. Low-cost air pressure (centrifugal). ure 1).

n WEBINARS
2. Sliding vane. Compact, the rotating shaft seals so there

compressor or reversed as is no oil migration into the air-
a vacuum pump (positive flow area. The drive design of
Figure 2. Sliding
displacement) (see Figure 2). centrifugal compressors deter-
vane compressor. mines the requirement for anti-
(Figure courtesy of 3. Rotary screw. Most com- wear additives (gearing) or rust
Toyota Industries.) mon (positive displace- and oxidation additives for only
ment) (see Figure 3). direct driven journal bearings.
4. Rotary lobed blowers. Sliding vane compressors

Material conveying, low Sliding vane compressors
pressure, oil free (positive have many advantages
displacement). including:
• Light weight
5. Reciprocating. Like en-
gines, reciprocating com- • Compact configuration
pressors use pistons to • Very quiet operation
compress air (positive dis- • Minimal vibration
placement) (see Figure 4).
• Few wear parts
Different types of air com- • Coolest possible
pressors require different ISO discharge air.
viscosities and additive pack-
Sliding vane compressor lu-
ages. Every one has a different
brication points are: shaft bear-
load, environment, temperature
ings, vane slots, vane tips and
and speed parameter that must
chamber surfaces. Since the
be considered when choosing
vane slots and tips as well as
the lubricant.
the interior surface of the cylin-
drical compressor chamber are
Centrifugal compressors
oil lubricated, the sliding vane
Sometimes called radial com-
compressor supplies an air and
pressors, centrifugal compres-
oil mixture.
sors raise pressure by radially
If the air needs to be oil
accelerating air flow and then
free, then supplied air must go
compressing it against the
through a downstream device
compressor body. Centrifugal
called an air-oil separator. The
compressors are well-suited
Figure 3. Rotary screw compressor. (Figure courtesy of Atlas Copco.) air-oil separator uses special fil-
for continuous-duty compres-
ter media to coalesce the small
sion of large volumes of gas/
oil mist into larger droplets for
air. They provide oil-free air and
easier separation and return to
yield higher airflow than simi-
the compressor oil supply.
larly sized positive displacement
Vane compressor oil vis-
compressors. Centrifugal com-
cosity is determined by oper-
pressors can be a simple single
ating temperature and speed.
stage or a very complex multi-
The need for antiwear ad-
stage design to supply higher psi.
ditized oil is typically deter-
Only the rotating shaft bear-
mined by load.
ings and drive gears are lubri-
For vane compressor lubri-
cated—keeping the oil away
cation, oil is injected into the air
from the air flow (see Importance
stream to:
of Air Quality on Page 28). Lubri-
cant viscosity varies between • Seal between the vanes/ro-
ISO 22 and ISO 68 depending tor and cylinder (housing)
on shaft speed and bearing load. • Lubricate bearings, vanes
Figure 4. Reciprocating compressor. (Figure courtesy of Hydrotex.) The oil must be compatible with and cylinder surfaces.

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n WEBINARS
Vane compressors are gen- pressures up to 25 psi and ex-

erally limited to applications tremely high capacities up to
well below 100 hp because of 30,000 cfm.
bending stresses placed on the Rotary lobe blowers/com-
vanes. ISO 68 and ISO 100 oils pressors tend to run very hot
are the most common viscosity (with exhaust air up to 350 F).
grades. Users always should ref- Therefore the lubricant viscos-
erence the OEM manual for cor- ity is usually an ISO 150 or ISO
rect viscosity and recommenda- 220 to handle the temperature
tion for either AW or R&O oils. thinning of the oil film in the
gearbox. Synthetic oils are
Rotary screw common in this application to
© Can Stock Photo / kadmy

compressors handle the high temperature
Within the last 60 years the oil and to provide improved oxi-
injected screw compressor has dation resistance.
become the most popular type At the gear end, the timing
of compressor in the world. It gear teeth are lubricated by be-
works by trapping a volume of ing partially submerged in non-
air at the intake area between EP or antiwear oil. The gear
Importance of air quality
two counter-rotating screws and teeth serve to sling oil on the
reducing its volume toward the gear end bearings. At the drive
By their nature, air compressors ingest airborne contami-
discharge outlet. A film of lubri- end (or belt side) bearings are
nants every minute they are operating. Contaminated lubri-
cating and cooling oil on the sur- typically grease lubricated. Us-
cants negatively affect compressed air quality more than
faces of the screw seals the air ers should always check OEM
anything else. The biggest problem on the maintenance
in the confines of the screws to specifications for correct fluid
side is air filtration. Users have to keep the incoming air
prevent air leakage. Some toler- and/or grease specifications.
stream clean. Otherwise many pneumatic tools will wear
ances are so tight that an oil film
out more quickly. Pulling air from high-heat, high-moisture,
is unnecessary. Reciprocating compressors
chemical or dusty/dirty environments compounds efforts
There are a number of lu- The reciprocating compressor
to reduce system operating expenses. The mere act of
brication concerns that must is based on the same principle
compressing atmospheric air to 125 psig creates an 800%
be addressed to ensure screw as the internal combustion
increase in the concentration of contaminants.
compressor reliability. engine (i.e., pistons, rings,
cylinders and valves). The dif-
• Oxidation-stable lubricants ference is gas compression in-
are required as any var- stead of combustion at the top
nish buildup on the screw vent emulsions from inter- tion of the lobes to provide of the piston.
surfaces reduces the clear- fering with the coalescing constant clearance between Reciprocating compressors
ance and greatly increases and removal of the oil in the two. They are efficient at are typically used where high
the operating temperature the air-oil separator. producing significant air flow compression ratios (ratio of dis-
leading to even more var- (see The High Cost of Air). charge to suction pressures) are
nish production and even- Rotary screw compressors Rotors can be up to eight required per stage without high
tual compressor failure. are typically lubricated with feet long and three feet wide flow rates, and the process air/
ISO 46 or ISO 68 antiwear oils. or small enough to pick up and gas is relatively dry.
• Clean intake air and clean Synthetic lubricants are gaining carry around in a lunch box. A reciprocating compressor
oil to prevent any particu- wide acceptance for varnish Non-contacting rotary lobe uses the movement of a piston
lates from damaging the deposit control. blowers belong to the group of inside a cylinder to compress
screw surfaces. dry running positive displace- air. As the piston moves down-
Rotary lobe compressors ment compressors. This means ward, the exhaust valve closes
• Oil foaming will reduce the This compressor consists of there is no need for oil in the and a vacuum is created inside
compressor efficiency as two symmetrical lobe rotors compression chamber. Only the cylinder, forcing the intake
the foamy oil will not pro- mounted on separate shafts in gearbox and bearings, which valve to open and suck air into
vide an adequate seal be- parallel, which rotate in oppo- are separated from the pump- the cylinder. As the piston
tween the screw surfaces. site directions to each other at ing chamber, are oil lubricated. moves upward, the intake valve
high speeds. Timing gears are These compressors have closes, and compressed air ex-
• Good demulsibility to pre- used to synchronize the rota- low compression ratios with its the cylinder through

Visit us at STLE, May 21-23,
in Minneapolis, booth 303.
JOIN US AT THE INTERSECTION

OF CHEMISTRY AND TRIBOLOGY
We want to collaborate with you to improve lubricant performance, efficiency and
life-cycle costs for your customers’ operations and equipment.
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ingredients, backed by more than 70 years of developmental and in-market application
expertise, make Dow a great choice to help deliver exceptional solutions. Let’s work
together on your next project.
Check out our scheduled technical

presentations at www.dowatstle.com. ®Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company © 2018
n WEBINARS
An oil analysis program allows

changing the fluid at an optimum time.
the exhaust valve. on the solvency of the gas to pre- • Speed. RPM of the rotating Users should follow these
Lubrication is typically vent the lube from being washed components. six simple rules during and af-
achieved by using splash lubri- off the cylinder liners—typically ter the fluid change to improve
cation or a pressured central esters and diesters are used in Lubricant qualities to consider the life of the compressor.
system. Very large piston com- modern lubricants. But years include: 1. Oil analysis before changing
pressors have direct-injected ago, compounded oils contain-
• Base oil stability to resist out fluid.
or drip-feed lubrication to the ing animal fats or vegetable
oxidation as well as re- 2. If changing brand/type of
top of the piston-air valve area. oils—natural esters—were used.
activity with other com- fluid, obtain information on
Small (up to 20 hp), air-cooled
pressing gases to prevent both current and new lu-
reciprocating compressors are Compressor lubricants
deposits and extend or bricant (many compressor
usually lubricated with SAE Correct viscosity is the most
maintain oil life. lubricants are not compat-
30 engine oil or ISO 68 to 100 important physical property of
R&O or antiwear oils; 50 hp and a compressor lubricant. Viscos- • Good demulsibility to han- ible with each other or with
greater reciprocating compres- ity must be matched to the load, dle humidity and prevent certain seal materials).
sors typically have two separate environment, temperature and oil/water emulsions in the 3. Flush system with approved
lubricating systems: speed of the compressor and air-oil separator. blending agent and proce-
its components. Considerations • Anti-corrosion protection to dure.
• Drip-feed system for the include: handle rust as well as any 4. Check sight glass daily for
compressor head reed • Load. Input horsepower gas-induced corrosion. any foaming tendencies.
valves; requires a non-car- and delivered psi of the gas, • Non-foaming to provide a 5. Take a sample a week after
bonizing synthetic ester or single-stage versus multi- proper seal between rotat- changeover.
diester lubricant: ISO 100 or stage compression ing screws and vane and
150 6. Follow up with an oil analy-
• Environment. Type and sliding pistons—foam also
reactivity of gas being com- can cause major problems sis/particulate count quar-
• Crankcase lubrication re- terly.
pressed, cleanliness of gas in downstream air-oil sepa-
quiring SAE 30 or 40 en-
for filtration purposes, hu- rators.
gine oil or ISO 100 or 150 Oil analysis
antiwear oil. midity • Robust, balanced and fit- Since compressor efficiency
• Temperature. Ambient for-purpose additive pack- and operating life are directly
For large, horizontal cross- and operating temperature age for compressor and affected by the selected lubri-
head piston compressors, the of compressor, temperature the type of gas being com- cant, it is only logical to conduct
choice of cylinder oils depends of compressed gas pressed. routine oil analysis, including
particle count, of the compres-
sor fluid to prevent failure.
Because of the high oxida-
The high cost of air tive environment as well as
moisture and high tempera-
According to a U.S. De- tures, an oil analysis program is
partment of Energy study, recommended for any compres-
18% of all industrial en- sor that is critical for plant op-
ergy consumption is dedi- erations. An oil analysis program
cated to compressing air allows changing the fluid at an
or gases. While air may optimum time and assists in
be free—leaks are not, as identifying equipment concerns
air leaking from hoses, before they become serious.
couplings and duct work
can significantly increase
energy cost by destroying
Jeanna Van Rensselar heads
© Can Stock Photo / AntonioGuillem
system efficiency.
her own communication/public
relations firm, Smart PR Com-
Taken from a 2015 Energy munications, in Naperville, Ill.
Information Agency, Dept. of You can reach her at jeanna@
Energy (EIA/DOE) study. smartprcommunications.
com.

FEATURE ARTICLE
Aesthetics in
lubricating greases
Unraveling the mysteries behind
color, odor and texture.
Photo courtesy of Axel Americas.

KEY CONCEPTS
Although dyeing is
the norm, a grease’s
color doesn’t indicate
anything about its
performance.
Odor from additives

have become more
significant over the
last few decades.
How smooth or
buttery a grease is
depends primarily on
the type of thickener
chosen.

By Debbie Sniderman
Contributing Editor
A
lthough lubricating greases
are produced and sold in much
smaller amounts compared to
lubricating oils, the majority of
roller bearings are lubricated
ters influence the performance
of lubricating greases besides
providing aesthetic value is a
big question.
important. The automotive
industry also commonly uses
dyed greases.
Recently more dyed greases
are used in Asia as companies
with grease. There are several Who uses dyed greases? there are becoming more influ-
kinds of lubricating greases In the 1980s there were almost enced by automotive and major
available with notably distinct no dyed greases on the mar- OEM requirements. Their lists
differences in colors, tackiness ket. Today they are the norm, of approved globally available
level and smell. and the majority of greases greases tend to be dyed.
One grease manufacturer in North America are dyed or “Using colored grease is
analyzed customer complaints colored. Without a dye or a more a reflection of an ad-
and found the majority per- black ingredient like molyb- vanced manufacturing econo-
tained to either color, appear- denum, they would appear tan my in that part of the world,”
ance, tackiness or smell; few or brown—unexciting colors says STLE-member Chuck Coe,
related to actual performance. from a marketing perspective. president of his consultancy
There is a prevailing practice to No one wastes time dying bulk Grease Technology Solutions
use colored and tacky greases, greases like those used for coat- LLC in Round Hill, Va. “Greases
but how much these parame- ing post-tension steel strands in used in less-developed coun-
concrete. Most grease is used tries are less likely to be dyed.
in drums and pails in industrial For instance, in the past lower-
plants where identification is end commodity greases sold in
South America weren’t dyed.
Now more high-end greases
made in the U.S. are imported

n FEATURE ARTICLE
there that are dyed. In those artifact of the type of thickener ing grease for lubrication but thetics. They rely on the manu-
places, a dyed grease is more chosen. Coe says not much is major for consistency. “The first facturer to make sure it meets
likely to be higher performing done to test or control it. thing people see about grease is performance specif ications.
but not because of the dye.” “These specs specify grease its color, then its thickness,” he Every batch of grease is put
performance,” Coe notes. “If says. “These are the items users through a series of tests.”
No specs there is a benchmark standard will look at. Smell is not gener-
It’s easier to see and touch with preferred grease, alternate ally important. But in order to Color
the senses than to know how greases may or may not require buy the same brand or type It is generally perceived that
well grease is performing in an color to match the benchmark. tomorrow that is used today, it blue grease is better in a wet
application. But the eye can’t They may describe a grease as should have the appearance of environment, red grease is
always tell if it is the same. being tacky, smooth, buttery or what was used yesterday.” better in a high-temp environ-
Coe says there are almost have some other texture, list- Some grease additives have ment, black grease is heavy
no industry specs for grease. ing a visual test method. But I a pungent odor, so some people duty, white is food grade and
One published grease standard haven’t seen color specified in can tell if it’s present in a grease green grease has environmen-
is ASTM D4950, Standard Clas- an OEM spec having to match by its smell. Many people like to tal friendliness, but this is a
sification and Specification for a standard.” feel its tackiness between their misconception. Colors may lu-
Automotive Service Greases, fingers. Some even taste it, but bricate the eyes, but they don’t
which contains nothing about Value of aesthetics Mallory doesn’t recommend have anything to do with the
color. Most OEMs specify a col- There is value in the aesthetics the practice: “It makes them quality of a grease in applica-
or so users don’t mix greases. of grease. But STLE-member happy but is not very analytic. tion. Dyes and polymers don’t
In terms of evaluating lubri- Bill Mallory, former owner and Using different techniques to significantly affect performance
cating grease sensory issues, CEO of Royal Manufactur- evaluate the grease is basically unless used excessively.
the industry is making little ing Co. in Tulsa, a comfort zone Some colors have become
progress. Adhesion and tacki- Okla. (now part The spectrum of color for the user and more popular than others, the
ness are important, and people of AXEL Group for Royal Manufacturing perhaps the sell- result of successful marketing by
Co.’s (now part of AXEL
are trying to develop analysis and operating er. Most people grease producers. Examples are
Group and operating as
techniques acceptable to the in- as AXEL Royal AXEL Royal LLC) greases. in the field don’t blue lithium complex greases,
dustry. How smooth or buttery LLC), says it’s mi- (Photo courtesy of evaluate grease usually top-tier multi-purpose
a grease appears is primarily an nor when select- AXEL Royal LLC.) based on aes- products and tacky greases with
added polymers that are usually
red. But the dyes are added only
for cosmetic reasons and prod-
uct identification. Constantin
Madius, commercial product
manager at Axel Americas in
North Kansas City, Mo., says,
“The color doesn’t add anything
to the performance.”
Madius continues, “It’s im-
portant not to switch to another
brand or grease from another
producer just because it has
the same color. That could
have devastating effects on the
equipment to be lubricated. A
color doesn’t guarantee perfor-
mance level.”
An un-dyed grease is usually
amber or yellowish-brown. Few
additives give grease a color. If
it is not stored properly, grease
oxidizes due to contaminants.
Leaving a lid open exposes it
to UV light or a high degree of
moisture and can change the

color of un-dyed grease. This Dyes are used
may or may not affect the color at very low
when dye is added. The surface concentrations
layer that contacts the contami- and don’t
nants and undergoes oxidation
physically or
clearly is different from the
grease underneath. chemically
Manufacturers use different affect the
techniques to control the level grease.
and consistency of color in a
given grease. Different batches
may require different amounts
of dye to maintain the same It’s easier to go in this order to
color. Some use in-house colo- minimize contamination in the
rimetry equipment, and oth- kettles,” Madius explains.
ers use eye matching against a Usually the gray and black
standard. It’s not very scientific. products are kept separate from
Photo courtesy of Grease Technology Solutions LLC.
People measure the color from the non-moly and graphite con-
a manufacturing quality containing products. They require
trol perspective, not to predict separate equipment in the pro-
performance in the field, which Titration analyses started to ter or air bubbles from grease duction line because of con-
tackiness can indicate. be performed to determine if returns it back to its normal tamination issues. “Only a few
Coe agrees that color is grease is made correctly and is color,” says Mallory. greases have the color come
mainly an identifier that helps suitable for high-temperature While color is an important from additives. The majority
keep different greases sepa- or extreme-pressure applica- part of grease presentation, it of colored grease are dyed to
rate from others and the dyes tions. There are many more is not an indication of quality. a specific color. It adds a lot of
don’t affect anything in terms tests available today to deter- “Even greases without added complexity,” Madius says.
of performance. “Subjectively, mine the quality and usage ar- colors tend to change color, Whenever manufacturers
people may have preferred col- eas of grease. too,” says Mallory. Color indi- create grease with color, they
ors based on their experience. However, according to Mal- cates you’re buying a brand that have to flush equipment, tanks
Some users identify grease by lory, there are no test methods you want to look the same ev- and piping that touch the grease
its color and have a bias toward that accurately measure the ery time it’s purchased. It helps so the coloring agents won’t in-
its performance if it’s the right color of grease. “Colorimetry buyers assume that all of the teract with the next batch. “We
color. But dyes are used at very is used, but color doesn’t re- rest of the components in the clean equipment whenever
low concentrations and don’t main consistent over time. grease are the same. changing from producing one
physically or chemically affect Grease drifts away from color grease to another, but we have
the grease at all,” he says. standards after a few weeks or Complexity using dyes to be more thorough when us-
There are perceptions months. We have to change our Madius says using dyes reduces ing colors. It’s harder to get out
around color because some lab’s color standards every few flexibility in the manufacturing of the pumps and pipes and
additives that do impact perfor- months to make sure they have plant, especially when it comes adds time to the manufacturing
mance, molybdenum disulfide the same color today as years to planning. When producing process,” says Mallory. “Most
or graphite, cause the grease to ago,” he says. colored grease, plants have to greases are amber colored and
be gray or black. But the grease Also, many factors affect the ensure the color won’t contam- are color compatible to a point.
is not heavy duty just because apparent color of grease. It can inate the following batch pro- When artificial colorants, mo-
it’s black. appear to have different colors duced. One way to do this is by lybdenum or graphite powders
in different types of lighting. extensively cleaning. Another are used, cleaning becomes
Difficulties testing color And the type of base oil used way is with wash outs that cre- very important.”
Over the years, evaluating and can make it look brighter or ate color-contaminated oil that
testing grease has evolved. duller. Exposure to air when can be re-used in the next batch Texture and tackiness
Penetration tests then dropping left in a room, normal oxidation of color. Grease can have a smooth or
point tests were used mostly to or water will change its color. “Manufacturers plan in col- fibrous texture, which can af-
make sure that manufacturing “Lighter greases will darken or sequence from light to dark. fect pumpability. Long-fibered
was correct and consistent. and look creamier over time. Start with the red greases, then greases are more difficult to
Then mobility testing, FTIR, Air or air bubbles gives a grease green and end up with the blue, pump through central systems
four-ball EP and Karl Fischer a brighter look. Removing wa- usually the darkest color used. than a smooth, buttery grease.

n FEATURE ARTICLE
Pumpability also could im- the grease. “Small amounts of

ply adhesion properties of a polymers can be there for cos-
grease. Coe says users prefer metic purposes. But if the right
both types depending on their types and amounts of polymer
experience, preference and, are present, it can improve wa-
sometimes, what looks nicer. ter resistance and wet adhesion
Users who want grease to to metal surfaces, which affect
work not only as a lubricant but a grease’s performance,” Coe
for its sealing ability typically fa- says.
vor tacky grease with polymers Tackier is not necessarily
added to improve their perfor- better, and excessive quanti-
mance. In bearings, for example, ties may adversely affect the
greases’ properties. “If it is too
tacky and stringy, it will be too
FEW ADDITIVES cohesive and the grease will
GIVE GREASE A stick to itself rather than stick
COLOR. to a surface. The force needed
to rotate a bearing also would
grease can protect against both increase if the grease was too
solid and liquid contaminants tacky, the opposite of what lu- White grease in double row spherical roller bearing. (Photo courtesy of
that come from the surround- bricants should do. We want Grease Technology Solutions LLC.)
ing environment. Tackifiers them to decrease friction and
increase viscosity to create a energy consumption. Polymers
stickier material and also can with a high degree of tackiness better water resistance. Anoth- typically use a gear oil additive
enhance the ability to act as are usually easy to shear, which er myth is that tacky grease will package that tends to give a sul-
a sealant. They also can help means they quickly lose their stay put better. These could be furous smell. To some the sulfur
grease stick to metal surfaces, tackiness when worked,” Ma- true, and typically they are, if smell indicates a good, heavy-
having an adhesive quality. dius explains. enough of the correct polymer duty grease. Some prefer a mild
Grease tackiness depends According to Coe, tackiness was used to change a grease’s odor to help confirm that the
for the most part on the per- is full of myths and truths. One properties. But this is not true if grease was manufactured prop-
centage and type of polymer in myth is that tackier greases have just enough polymer was added erly. If it was overheated dur-
to provide a cosmetic level of ing manufacturing or stored in
tackiness. tanks that overheated, it could
Subjective tests like hitting produce an undesirable burnt
grease with a hammer to see if smell. To others the gear oil
it stays put or a finger test pull- smell is offensive, and strong
ing the grease between a finger odors can be a workplace issue
and thumb to see how stringy it where people are sensitive to
is may fool the eyes or fingers health and safety.
into thinking it is or feels tacky “Odor from additives have
enough to have improved adhe- become more significant over
sion. “There are better and more the last few decades. More
repeatable ways to approach manufacturers are choosing
adhesion and cohesion testing additives with the lesser odor.
and measuring, and the indus- Grease formulators don’t nec-
try is developing new methods essarily have a goal to produce
as we speak,” says Coe. a grease that smells a certain
way, but they typically want
Odor minimal smell,” says Coe.
Additive packages that affect
odor can indicate some quali- The food industry
ties about grease, but the smell In the food-processing indus-
doesn’t predict the perfor- try, grease and other lubricants
mance. For example, heavy- are used as protective anti-rust
Photo courtesy of Axel Americas. duty extreme-pressure greases f ilms, release agents

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n FEATURE ARTICLE
on gaskets or seals of tank what amounts. The NSF Regis- of a detectable odor when the Product Certification at NSF in
closures, and as lubricants for tration Guidelines also specify product is applied and used Ann Arbor, Mich., says the ma-
machine parts and equipment. odor and color limitations that according to manufacturers jority of lubricant and grease
The NSF International is a non- manufacturers must comply use instructions. The concern formulations submitted for
profit testing, inspection and with in order to register their around odor in a lubricant is NSF registration do not have
certification organization that products for use in a food-pro- that a fragrance may mask an intentionally added colors or
evaluates and registers inci- cessing facility. inspector’s ability to detect un- dyes in their formulations.
dental food contact lubricants sanitary conditions or cleaning Grease formulators seeking
from the standpoint of safe toxi- or spoilage issues in the food NSF registration understand
cology. NSF reviews grease for- Greases used in processing facility. that fragrances and dyes are
mulations (and labels) to ensure less-developed Regulations also specify not desirable in a food facility
products are acceptable for use countries are less that colorants or any other com- from a compliance standpoint,
in a food facility and offers vol- likely to be dyed. ponents can’t have unfavorable and most formulate according
untary registration to grease toxicology. And, per the USDA, to the requirements outlined in
producers. no red colorants can be used. the FDA regulation.
Where there is possibil- NSF guidelines state that This is a visual safety measure
ity of incidental food contact, products should not leave a de- when processing meat or poul-
preparations must comply with tectable odor. In cases where a try, since red colors would not Debbie Sniderman is an engineer
FDA regulation 21 CFR, Sec- finished product or an ingredi- be seen or detectable if it con- and CEO of VI Ventures, LLC,
tion 178.3570. This regulation ent may produce a detectable taminated the meat supply. an engineering consulting
specifies which substances can odor, NSF will conduct odor Sarah Krol, global manag- company. You can reach her at
and can’t be included and in testing to verify the absence ing director of Food Safety info@vivllc.com.
OUR WORD
IS OUR BOND
For more than 75 years, customers have counted on us to
supply the products they need when they need them. Today, that
includes responsibly sourced, sustainable products and innovative
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800-223-7054 • acme-hardesty.com

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PEER-REVIEWED
Effect of Temperature on
Grease Flow Properties in Pipes
Jiabao Pana, Yanhai Chenga, Andrea Vaccab, and Jinyong Yanga
aSchool of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China;
bMaha Fluid Power Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
ABSTRACT ABSTRACT HISTORY

The effect of temperature on grease flow properties in pipes was investigated using Received June 4, 2015
both theoretical and experimental methods. A theoretical model for pipe flow was Accepted Sept. 8, 2015
obtained by using the Herschel-Bulkley (H-B) rheology model. The H-B parameters at Review led by Piet Lugt
different temperatures were obtained from flow curves measured on a rheometer. The © 2016 STLE
flow properties in the pipes were studied and combined with the theoretical model and
H-B parameters. In addition, pressure drop experiments were carried out to verify the KEYWORDS
theoretical model. The model can be used to predict the critical temperature at which Lubricating grease; lubrication systems;
a lubrication system would no longer be able to deliver a sufficient grease flow rate. grease flow; grease rheology
EDITOR’S NOTE: INTRODUCTION temperature (Delgado, et al. (7)). Yeong, et

Centralized grease systems Lubricating greases are semisolid, two-phase al. (5) studied the flow and viscoelastic prop-
can be a boon with regards dispersed systems consisting of a soap thick- erties of lithium grease at various thickener
to lubricating certain types ener in lubricating oil. In cases of high tem- concentrations. Paszkowski (6) found that wall
of machines—that is, as perature and high bearing load, additives may materials, which display different abilities in
long as they operate as be added to improve performance (Ji, et al. adsorbing the soap thickener on their respec-
intended. One critical fault (1); Bakunin, et al. (2)). The dispersed system tive surfaces, have an effect on the formation
that can occur is a lack of displays a unique microstructure and rheolog- of the surface and boundary layers. Delgado, et
flow through the piping, ical behavior (Sanchez, et al. (3)). This unique al. (7) investigated the viscous and viscoelastic
particularly in colder microstructure and rheological behavior play responses of lubricating greases due to ther-
outdoor applications. This a significant role in the lubrication and seal- mal- induced changes within a temperature
month’s Editor’s Choice ing properties of lubricating grease (Cann (4)). range of 0– 175°C. These unique rheological
paper seeks to verify Thus, it is also widely used to reduce wear and properties not only play an important role in
the theoretical model friction between the machined contact surfac- the lubrication and sealing functions but also
using an NLGI 3 lithium es of friction pairs, such as in plain or rolling have a great influence on grease flow in pipes
grease. While the test bearings. Lubricating grease maintains its sol- (Delgado, et al. (8)). Westerberg, et al. (9) in-
temperature range only id form instead of flowing or creeping under vestigated grease flow in a rectangular channel,
dealt with moderate to certain loading conditions, even when it is ap- including wall slip effects, using microparticle
high temperatures, the fact plied to an inclined or vertical surface (Yeong, image velocimetry. They also studied the flow
that the data supported the et al. (5)). Therefore, the flow of lubricating in an elbow using the combination of an ana-
model was encouraging grease is more complex than that of lubricat- lytical model and measurements (Westerberg,
nonetheless. ing oils. et al. (10)). Green, et al. (11) presented a new
Grease flow is influenced by many factors, method to visualize and quantify grease flow
Evan Zabawski, CLS such as thickener concentrations (Yeong, et between two types of sealing lips. Li, et al. (12)
Editor al. (5)), wall materials (Paszkowski (6)), and studied the grease velocity profile in a channel

Nomenclature C
g i i component of gravitational acceleration
k Consistency factor
570 J. PAN ET AL.
n Shear-thinning index F
p Pressure
Nomenclature Continuity @p equation:
6 @z Pressure gradient
g i i component of gravitational acceleration @r R@.rrv Pipe r / radius
@.rvu / @.rvz / n-D
570 J. PAN ET AL. C C C D0 [1]
k Consistency factor @t r r@rRadius r@u @z
NOMENCLATURE n Shear-thinning index Force balance requations:
0 Flow core radius
Nomenclature p Pressure Continuity r, equation:
u, z Directions of the cylindrical coordinates
@p 6 @zg i Pressure i component gradient
of gravitational acceleration @r@vt @.rrv Time r / @.rv u
@vr C vu @vr Cv u
/ @.rv
2 z /
n-Direction @t C r
r vi Cir@r vcomponent C r@uof ¡ C vz D
@v r0
D ¡ [1]
@p
Rk Pipe radius factor
Consistency velocity
r @z @z
r
@t: @r r @u @r
rn RadiusShear-thinning index Force balancegequations: Shear rate ; u-D
1 @ 1 @s ru s uu @s rz
r0p Flow core radius
Pressure C r : Density .rs rr / C : ¡ C C rgr
r, u, z Directions of the cylindrical coordinates r @r r @u r @z
@p 6 @z Pressure gradient s ii , s ij .i 6¼j/ Normal stress, tangential stress
@vr @vr vu @vr v2 u @vr @p
tR Time Pipe radius n-Direction r t C Shear
vr stress C ¡ C vz D ¡ [2]
vi r i Radius
component of velocity t@t @r r @u r @z
@r
@vu0 Yield @vu stressvu @v1u @svr vu s @vu @s 1 @p ;
gr: 0 ShearFlow rate
core radius u-Direction r Cv C1vOscillatory @ C
:r @r.rs rr /r C@u ¡ ru
frequency
: r ¡ z @zC vuu
C Drz ¡ C :
@t r rg@ur
r, u,rz DensityDirections of the cylindrical coordinates r @r r @u r @z ; z-D
1 @ 2 1 @s uu s uu @s uz
s ii , s ij .i 6¼ j/ t Normal Time stress, tangential stress C 2 : .r s ru / C : ¡ C C rgu [2]
r @r r @u r @z
tvi Shear stress of velocity
i component
v v v 1 @p
D ¡ : [3]
Theoretical @v @v
u analysis @v @v
Cand experiments
u u u r u u
tg0 : YieldShearstress
rate u-Direction r C vr ¡ C vz
@t @r r @u r @z r @u
vr Oscillatory
Density frequency Pipe flow of @vzlubricating
@vz grease vu1@v@sz @v z

@p ;
z-Direction 1 C @ C
vr.r2 sand C s
uu vz uu D ¡ @s
using
s ii , s ijtwo
.i 6¼different
j/ Normal flowstress,
restrictions to understand
tangential stress transverse model for grease
r C pipe : flow / to
C investigate
: ¡ the Cinfluence
uz
C of
rgtem- T
@tr 2 @r @r ru r r @u@u @zr aim @z u
grease flow during t Shear the stress
relubrication of a bearing. Cho, et al. (13) Figure
perature 1a shows
on flow a characteristic
properties within pipes. flow
The @z
curveis toofprovide
: lubricating
[4] a leng
1 @ The flow1 conditions @s rz @s uzcan be classified
investigatedt0the Yield hydrodynamic
stress properties of grease pipe flow grease in
temperature Cpipes.
window : in .rs
whichrz / Ca central
: lubrication
C C rgz can[3]
system be as ter (
Theoretical r r
vanalysis and experiments
and designed a Oscillatory
capillary tube viscometer to measure the rhe- static, plug
operated safely. In @r laminar @ror @z
turbulent The lubri-
@vzthis study,@vz NLGI vu @v3z lithium @vzgrease, which @p dis-
frequency flow, flow, flow. in th
ological cating grease will only when the external force reaches
flowparameters in the pipe flow process. Although other plays high viscosity
z-Direction and
C vr poorCfluidity at C low/room
vz D temperature,
¡ ity g
r flow
Pipe of lubricating grease @tcan bestress@r r @ufor
studies have considered the flow properties in pipes or similar was or exceeds
These equations
selected critical
as the simplified
representative (yield pipe@zflow.
stress),
experimental as shown
@z inthe
Firstly,
sample. : Figs.
[4] 1b pres
Figure
systems,1aonly shows a fewahavecharacteristic flow curve
included viscosity– of lubricating
temperature effects lengthand of the 1c.pipeline 1 (L) @ is considerably 1 @s rzlarger @s uz than its diame- grad
C : .rs rz / C : C C rgz
grease
(Ruiz-Viera, et al. (14); Xu, et al. (15); Orell (16)). classified as
Theoretical in pipes. The
analysis and
flow conditions
experiments can be terTHEORETICAL
(D; i.e., D D ANALYSIS
Figure 1b r Therefore,
2R).shows @r ANDthe plug ther edge
EXPERIMENTS model.
@r effect
flow @zcanInbethis model, the
ignored igno
static,This plug flow, laminar
is particularly or turbulent
flow, for
relevant systems inflow. which Therelative-
lubri- the cylindrical
inPipe analysis. coordinate
Secondly,
flow of lubricating grease most system
of the flow
.r; u; z/ was
velocities used,
and where the
veloc- the d
Pipe
cating flow
grease of lubricating
will only grease
when the external force reaches
flow
ly stiff greases (NLGI 2 or 3) are used and when temperatures ityFigurelubricating
gradients are
These1aequations grease
zero, except
shows a characteristic
flowed
can be simplified along
for v
flow the
and
z curve
for pipe
@v of6
Z-direction.
z lubricating The
Thirdly,
flow. Firstly,
@r. equations
the
grease
the slip
or
are exceeds
Figureexpected 1a critical stress
to be low.
shows In (yield stress),
that case,
a characteristic the
flow ascurve
shownofsystem
lubrication inlubricating
Figs.may
1b pressure describing
in pipes.
length gradient
of The (@p6
flow conditions
fluid
the pipeline flow in
is a cylindrical
constant,
can be classified
(L) is considerably
@z) coordinates
and the
larger other
as than are listed
pressure
static,itsplug below:
flow,
diame- igno
and
grease 1c.
not be able to deliver the right amount of grease. Therefore, un-
in pipes. The flow conditions can be classified as gradients
laminar
ter (D; i.e., are
flow,
DD zero.
or 2R). Fourthly,
turbulent
Therefore, the
flow. The effect
the edge of
lubricating wall
effect can slip
grease can
be will be
only
ignored
Figure
static, plug 1b shows
flow, the
laminar plug flow
flow, or model.
derstanding and predicting the grease flow in pipes at different
turbulent In this
flow. model,
The the
lubri- ignored
inflow
the whenin viscous flow because
the Secondly,
analysis. external most there
force of theisflow
reaches little difference
or exceeds
velocities between
critical
and stress
veloc-
cylindrical
temperatures
cating grease coordinate
iswill
most only system
relevant for
flow when z/ was
u; the
.r;lubrication used,
systems
external where
force that the
may
reaches the data
(yield
ity given are
stress),
gradients by
as both
zero,techniques
shown in Figures
except forthat
1b consider
vz and 1c.
@vz6 @r. or neglect
Thirdly,wall the
lubricating
or exceeds grease
critical
be operating at low temperatures.flowed
stress along
(yieldthe Z-direction.
stress), as shownThe equations
in Figs. 1b slip (Yeong, et al. (5)). Lastly, gravity
Figure 1b shows the plug flow model. In this model,
pressure gradient (@p6 @z) is a constant, and
and inertia
the forces
other theare
pressure cy-
describing
andThe fluid flow
1c.objective in cylindrical coordinates are listed
of the present study is to establish a theoretical below: ignored.
lindrical coordinate
gradients system (r, the
are zero. Fourthly, θ, z)effect
was used,
of wall whereslipthe canlubri-
be
Figure 1b shows the plug flow model. In this model, the ignored in viscous flow because there is little difference between
cylindrical coordinate system .r; u; z/ was used, where the the data given by both techniques that consider or neglect wall
lubricating grease flowed along the Z-direction. The equations slip (Yeong, et al. (5)). Lastly, gravity and inertia forces are
describing fluid flow in cylindrical coordinates are listed below: ignored.
Figure 1. Flow conditions of the lubricating grease.


and is given ass rz D t D t0 C k g: D t 0 C k�@v @rz �
�n : [7] that the
n �
s rz D t D t0 C k g: D t 0 C k n: [7]
@v
@rz
s rz D t D t0 C k g:n D t 0 C k�@vz �n : [7]
The boundary s rz Dcondition
t D t0 C of k gthe n equations@r
D t 0 C k is : [7] There
n PEER-REVIEWED @ris
The boundary condition 8 of the equations There
The boundary condition 8 vz of
< j r Dthe RD equations
0 is There
The boundary condition < v
@v of
j
z
theDequations
0 : is [8] There
8
: z rjD R D 0
r < r0
< v@v
8 @r j
z D 0 : [8]
: vz j rjDr < R
D0
< @vz z r D R rD
@r 0 0 : [8]
cating grease flowed along the Z-direction. The equations de- The distribution of flow : @vvelocity j in
D 0the : pipes can be obtained [8] Equa
The distribution of flow @r z r < r0 in the
velocity pipes can be obtained
scribing fluid flow in cylindrical coordinates are listed below: by solving Eqs. [5] to [8]:(r0 ≤jrr <≤r0R), D 0as shown in Eq. [9]: varies
Equa di
by solving Eqs. [5] toof[8]
The distribution flow (r@r � r � in
0velocity R),theas pipes
showncan in be
Eq.obtained
[9]:
the pres
varies
Equa di
by solving Eqs. [5] toof[8]
The distribution flow � r � in
(r0velocity R),theas shown
pipes can in Eq.
be [9]:
obtained
Continuity
Continuity equation:
equation:
Continuity equation:
The distribution� [5] �n1 � of flow �velocity
n C 1� �in "
1 as�pipes
¡ the can �n Cobtained
be 1 theEqua
diameter
pres
varies di
@r @.rrvr / @.rvu / @.rvz / by solving Eqs. 1 to [8]
n 0 (r �
n r@p� R), shown
@p 2t0 in Eq. n [9]: varies
the di
on by solving vz DEqs. [5]n to [8] (r0 n� r � R),
� � � � � � " � ¡ in Eq.n [9]:
� diameter
flow
pres
on @r C @.rrvr / C @.rvu / C @.rvz / D 0 [1] 1 n C 1
¡ 1 as shown n C 1
@t C r@r C r@u C @z D0 [1] 1

2k n n 1 n C 1 @p
C @z " @p
@z 2t
R 0 nC1 the
R D pres
r 0 (s
diameter
flow
@t r@r r@u @z vz D � �n � 1 � � �¡1 � ¡ �
1 �1 �n C
2k n 1�n Cn 1 �@p @z � ¡ 1 "�@p @z 2t R0 �n Cn 1 diameter
R To
r0 an
theD flow (s
Force balance equations: vz D � �1 n n � # ¡
Force balance equations: @z ¡ 2t
n n
Force balance equations: @p r n C
n C 1 @p @p the
R DTorvelo
flow
0 an
vz D �2k 2t10 n # @z R0 flow (s
¡ 2k ¡n C 1�n Cn 1 :@z @z R [9] R DTo
flow rvelo
(s
0 an
@vr @vr vu @vr v22 u @vr @p @z Rr
@p 2t
R0 �n C 1 #
n-Direction r @vr C vr @vr C vu @vr ¡ v u C vz @vr D ¡ @p ¡� ¡ : [9] To
flow velo an
n-Direction r @t C vr @r C r @u ¡ r C vz @z D ¡ @r @z Rr
@p 2t
R0 n #

@t @r r @u r @z @r ; ¡ �@p r ¡ 2t 0 �n Cn 1 : [9] flow velo
1 @ 1 @s ru s uu @s rz ; Therefore, ¡ @z
the Rflow¡ Rvelocity :at the wall (r D R) is zero, and [9]
C 1 : @ .rs rr / C 1 : @s ru ¡ s uu C @s rz C rgr Therefore, @z theRflow velocity
Rcore (r � at the wall (r = R) is zero, and the
C r : @r .rs rr / C r : @u ¡ r C @z C rgr the velocity
Therefore, of the
the flow velocity r
at )theis obtained
wall (r D asR) follows:
is zero, and where x
s r @r r @u r @z velocity of the flow core (r ≤ r0) is obtained as follows: 0
s theTherefore,
velocity of the the flow core (r �atr0 )the is obtained where When
x
[2] velocity wall " (r DasR)follows: is zero,#and
[2] velocity �
theTherefore, �n1flow
of 1the � core � (r ��
nvelocity at@p )the� obtained
1 �(r Das
¡wall R)2t is �zero, and ywhereincrea
When
x
nC1
the flow n C 1 r0 is @p follows: n
@vu @vu vu @vu vr vu @vu 1 @p thevvelocity
.r / D �of �
the �
1flow core � R(r n�� r ) �
is "� ¡
obtained as
0
�
follows: nC1 :
# �
ywhere x
@p increa
rWhen
z 0 ¡ 1 2t
u-Direction r @vu C vr @vu C vu @vu ¡ vr vu C vz @vu D ¡ 1 : @p 1 n nC
2k n 1 n C 1 0@p @p 2t ¡ R0
�R n �@z � ¡ 1 "�@z ¡ R0 �n Cn 1 #:
n
�@z RWhen
u-Direction r @t C vr @r C r @u ¡ r C vz @z D ¡ r : @u vz .r0 / D � �n1 � y @p increa
r 2t
R ¡ R
@t yvelocity
@r r @u r @z r @u ; 1
2k nC n 1 n C 1 @p @z " @p @z 2t R0 # 0
vz .r0 / D � 1 �n1 � n �Rn Cn 1 �@p� ¡ 1 �@p ¡ 2t0 �n Cn 1 [10]

1 @ 2 1 @s uu s uu @s uz �@z increa
; : @p r 2t0
C 1 : @ .r s ru / C 1 : @s uu ¡ s uu C @s uz C rg 2k n C 1 @z @z R �@z R corR
velocity
flow ¡
C r 22 : @r .r 2 s ru / C r : @u ¡ r C @z C rguu vz .r0 / D R n ¡ :
[10] @p r
¡ 2tRfl
0
r @r r @u r @z 2k nC1 @z @z R @z RThe
velocity
flow cor
[3] Figure 1c shows the critical state of plug flow in the pipes, [10]
[3] velocity
through
flow The
corfl
whereFigurep0 is1cthe pressure
shows the difference
critical state at oftheplugbeginningflow in ofthe [10]
thepipes,
flow
@vz @vz vu @vz @vz @p Figure 1c shows the critical state of plug flow in the pipes, flow
through corfl
The
z-Direction r @vz C vr @vz C vu @vz C vz @vz D ¡ @p andFigure
where t0 pis0 the
is1ctheyield
shows stress
pressurethe shown
difference
critical by
stateEq.
at of [11]:
the beginning
plug flow in ofthethepipes,
flow
z-Direction r @t C vr @r C r @u C vz @z D ¡ @z where p0 is the pressure difference at the beginning of the flow throughflThe
andFigure
where t pis0 theis1ctheshows
yield the critical
stress
pressure shown
difference state
by at of
Eq. plug flow in the pipes,
[11]:
the

@t @r r @u @z @z : [4] and τ00 is the yield stress shown by Eq. [11]:beginning of the flow through
1 @ 1 @s rz @s uz : [4] where
and t0 pis0 the is the pressure
yield difference
stress shown p0 REq.
by at the[11]: beginning of the flow
C 1 : @ .rs rz / C 1 : @s rz C @s uz C rgz and t0 is the yield stress shown t 0 D by Eq. : [11]: [11]
C r : @r .rs rz / C r : @r C @z C rgz p2L R
r @r r @r @z t0 D 0 : [11]
p2L
0R
Therefore, the pushing force p t 0 D is0 R : [11] Materia
These
These equations
equations can can be be simplified
simplified for for pipe pipe flow. Firstly, the
flow. Firstly, the t 0 D 2L : [11] Materia
bricating These equations can be simplified for pipe flow. Firstly, the Therefore, the pushing force is2L The sam
length of the pipeline (L) is considerably larger than its diame-
bricating
sified as
length
length of of the pipeline(L)
thepipeline (L)isisconsiderably
considerablylarger largerthan thanitsits
diameter
diame- Therefore, the pushing Fforce D p0ispR2 ; [12] Materia
sentative
The sam
ter (D;
(D; i.e., i.e.,
D = D D Therefore,
2R). 2R). Therefore, the the effect
edge edge can effect be can be ignored
ignored in the Therefore, the pushing force is Materia
sified as ter (D; i.e., D D 2R). Therefore, the edge effect can be ignored Therefore, the pushing Fforce D p0ispR2 ; [12] tion sam
and
he lubri- in the analysis.
analysis. Secondly,Secondly,
most ofmost
the of thevelocities
flow flow velocities and and veloc-
velocity gra- sentative
The
he lubri- in the analysis. Secondly, most of the flow velocities and veloc- and the resistance caused by
F D p0 pR ; external2 shear is [12] The
Tablesam
1.
reaches ity gradients
dients are zero,are zero,forexcept
except vz and for
∂v z vz and
∂r. Thirdly, @vz6 the Thirdly,gra-
@r. pressure the tion and
sentative
reaches ity gradients are zero, except for vz and @vz6 @r. Thirdly, the and the resistance caused F Dbyp0externalpR2 ; shear is [12] sentative
Rheo
Figs. 1b pressure
dient gradient
(∂p/∂z) (@p6
is a constant, is a constant, and the other pressure Table
tion 1.
and
(@p6 @z) isand the otherand pressure gradients are
@z)
Figs. 1b pressure gradient a constant, the other pressure f Dby t 0 2pRL: [13] tion
stressand
gradients
zero. are zero.
Fourthly, the Fourthly,
effect of wall the
slip effect
can be ofignored
wall slipin can be
viscous and the resistance caused external shear is Rheo
Table 1.a
odel, the gradients are zero. Fourthly, the effect of wall slip can be and the resistance caused f Dby by external
2pRL:
t 0TRIBOLOGY shear is [13] Table
geometr
stress
Rheo1.a
ignored
flow in viscous
because there flow because
is little difference therebetween
is little difference between
the data given by and the resistance caused externalTRANSACTIONS
TRIBOLOGY shear is
TRANSACTIONS 571
571
odel, the ignored in viscous flow because there is little difference between
here the the
both data given
techniques by both
that techniques
consider or that
neglect consider
wall slipor neglect
(Yeong, wall
et al. When lubricating grease f D t 0TRIBOLOGY
begins to
2pRL: TRANSACTIONS
flow, the pushing 571
[13] Rheo
Paar Gm
geometr
stress a
here the the data given by both techniques that consider or neglect wall force is equal to thegrease D t 0 2pRL:
fresistance only at thethetube [13]
wall. stress a
rotationa
quations slipTherefore,
(5)). (Yeong,
Lastly, et
gravity
the al.basic
(5)).equations
and Lastly,forces
inertia gravity
in are
the and
ignored.
flow inertia are
process forces are
simpli- impliesWhen that lubricating
aa decrease in the begins
resistance to flow,
is inferior pushing
to the Paar Gm
geometr
quations Therefore,
slipTherefore,
(Yeong, et theal.basic
the basic equations
(5)).equations
Lastly, gravity in the
in the flow process
and process
flow are
inertia are simpli-
forces are
simpli- implies
implies that to a decrease in the resistance is inferior to the geometr
d below: ignored. According
forceWhen isthat equal decrease
Eqs.
lubricatingto [12] inresistance
theforce.
greaseand the [13], resistance
begins the
onlytothe is
pushing inferior
atplug theflow force
the tube to (F)
pushingtheis
wall. potentia
rotationa
Paar Gm
fiedTherefore,
follows:the basic equations in the flow process are simpli-
as flow,
d below: fied as follows:
ignored.
as follows:
decrease
decrease
When
decrease
proportional
in
in
in
the
the pushing
pushing
lubricating
the pushing force.
grease
force.
Therefore,
Therefore,
begins
Therefore, tothe
the plug
plug flow
the
profile
profile
pushing
profile Paar
al. Gm
fied
fied as follows: isAccording
forceWhen totoIf
is lubricating
maintained. equal the
Eqs.to
the
square
[12]
the
grease
pushing andofbegins
resistance the
[13],radius.
force tothe
only
flow,
were
In contrast,
flow,
pushing
at
the
greater
flow
the force
pushing the
tube
than
resis-
(F)
forcewall.
the is
is et (7)
potentia
rotationa
is maintained.
force
isequal is
maintained.
tance (f ) equal
is If
If the
to
the
proportional pushing
the
pushingresistance
only force
force
to were
only
were greater
at
greater
radius. the Thisthan
tube
than the
wall.
the rotationa
tures
@v proportional
According
resistance to the to to the
Eqs.
at resistance
the tube square
[12]
tubeonly and
wall,of
at thethe
[13],radius.
thetube the
flowwall. In contrast,
pushing
patternAccording force
wouldthe resis-
finding
(F)
to Eqs.beis et al. of
(7)
potentia
Continuity equation @vzz D 0; [5] resistance
According
resistance at
at to the
Eqs.
the tube[12] wall,
and
wall, the
[13],
the flow
the
flow pattern
pushing
pattern would
force
would (F) be
be is potentia
Continuity equation
Continuity equation ::: @v z D 0;
D 0; [5]
[5] tance
[12] and
more (f
proportional ) is
[13], the
complex. proportional
to the square
pushing
This is shown only
of
force in the to
radius.
(F)Fig. radius.
In
is proportional
TRIBOLOGY 1b contrast,
(Ruiz-Viera,
TRANSACTIONS This the resis-
finding
to the squareet al.
571 tures
et al. of
(7)
@z
@z more
more complex.
proportional
complex. to This
the
This is
is shown
square
shown of in
the
in Fig.
radius.
Fig. 1b
1b In (Ruiz-Viera,
contrast,
(Ruiz-Viera, the et al.
resis-
et al. et al. of
(7)
@z tance
of
(14)). (f ) is In
the radius. proportional
contrast, theonly resistance to the(f )radius. is proportionalThis finding only tures
@p 1 @
11 : @@ ðrs Þ: (14)).
tance (f ) is proportional only to the radius. This finding tures of
Motion
Motion equation
equation : @p
@p DD ððrs rz Þ:
[6]
[6]
(14)).
to the flow
radius. This finding implies that a decrease in the resis-
Therefore, the basic
Motion equations
equation :: @z
@z in
Dthe : @r
flow
rr : @r
rz
rsprocess
rz Þ: are simpli-
[6] The
implies
The flow
The isflow that velocity
a
velocity
velocity
distribution
decrease in
distribution
distribution the ofresistance
of
ofthe
lubricating
lubricating
lubricating is grease
inferior
grease in pipes
in
greaseTherefore,
pipes
to
in pipes the
fied as follows: @z r @r is
istance
given
decrease
given by
by inferior
Eq.
in
Eq. the[9],towhich
the
pushing
[9], which decrease
is typically
force.
is typically in plug
Therefore,
plugpushing
flow.
flow.the Theforce.
plug
The flow
flow
flow core
profile
core is
is
isthe
givenplug byflowEq. [9], which
profile is typically plug
is pushing
maintained. If theflow. The flow core is
The
The term
term s rz in
in Eq.
Eq. [6]
[6] is called the deviatoric stress tensor displayed
is maintained.
displayed by
by the
the divisor
If the
divisor of
of Eq.
Eq. [9],
force
[9], where
where were rrpushing
D
D rr00 .. This
greater Thisforce means
than
meanswerethe
The
The term σs
term s rz inEq.
rz in Eq.[6][6]isis called
iscalled
calledthe the deviatoric
thedeviatoric
deviatoricstress stress tensor
stresstensor
tensor displayed by the divisor of Eq. [9], where r D r0 . This means
greater
that the thanatthethe
algebraic resistance
term of Eq.wall,at the
[9] isthe tube wall, the flow pattern
zero:
and
and is
is given
given as
asrz @v z resistance
that
that the
the algebraic
algebraic termtube
term of
of Eq.
Eq. [9] [9] is zero:flow pattern would be
is zero:
andandis given as
is given as Continuity equation : D 0; [5] would be more complex. This is in shown
@z more complex. This is shown Fig. in 1bFigure
(Ruiz-Viera, 1b (Ruiz-Vi- et al.
�
� �
� n era, et al. (14)). �
� �
�
:: @p 1 �@@v �nn
@vðzzrs (14)). �@p rr 2t
nC
n C 11
�n Cnnn 1
D tt D tt00 C kk g :nn :D t 0D
n D t0 C kk: @v [7] The flow @p 2t
2t 000 of
s
s Motion
rz D D equation
C g
s rz D t D t0 C k g D@zt 0 Crk @r@r
rz C z rz::Þ: [6]
[7]
[7] The flow velocity
velocity @p distribution
r ¡
distribution
¡ of lubricating
D
D
D 0:
0:
lubricating grease
grease in pipes
in [14]
pipes
[14]
@r : @z ¡ R
R is typically 0: flow. The [14]
@r is
is given
given by by Eq.Eq. [9], @z R
[9], which
@z
which R
R
R is typically plug
plug flow. The flow flow core core is is
Theboundary
term s rz condition
in Eq. [6]of displayed
displayed by by thethedivisor
divisorofofEq. Eq.[9], [9], wherewhere r=rr0D . This means
r0 . This that
means
The
The boundary condition ofis thecalled
the the deviatoric
equations
equations is
is stress tensor
Therefore, the diameter of the core is given as follows:
Theis boundary
and given as condition of the equations is the
that algebraic
Therefore,
the algebraic
Therefore, term
the
the of Eq.of[9]
diameter
term
diameter of
of the
Eq. is[9]
the zero:
flow
flow
is zero:
flow core
core is is given
given as as follows:
follows:
8
8
8 vz j
< D 00
< vvzz jj rrr D
< DR D
: D0
R � �n � 4t
�n0C 1
4t
s rz D t D: @v DR
n
t0@vCz kjj rg< r DD
@v :
:
t000 C
@vz [8]
[8] d0 D
D r2r
dd00@p
D 2r
2r¡00 D
D
D2t0 4t00n ::: [15]
[15]
[15]
:
z
z
D : k : [7]
[8] 0 @p
@p 66 @z
@zD 0: [14]
@r j r < r00 D 0
: @r r < r 0 @r @z R R@p 6 @z
@r
Equation
Equation [15]
[15] shows
shows that
that the
the diameter
diameter of
of the
the flow core core
Thedistribution
The
The boundary condition
of flow of the in
velocity equations
the pipesis can be obtained Equation [15]
the shows that the flow
diameter the asflow
core isofgiven flow core
The distribution
distribution of flow velocity
of flow velocity in in the
the pipes
pipes can
can be be obtained
obtained varies varies
Therefore,
directly
directly with
with
diameter
yield
yield
of the
stress
stress and
and is
is inversely
inversely
follows:
proportional
proportional to
to
4by
2 solving
by • M A Y 2 Eqs.
solving 0 1 8 [5]
Eqs. [5] to
to [8]
[8] (r
(r 0 �
� r
r �
� R),
R), as
as shown
shown in
in Eq.
Eq. [9]:
[9]: varies directly with yield stress and is inversely proportional E . to
by solving Eqs. [5] to [8] 8 (r00 � r � R), as shown in Eq. [9]:
T R I B O L O G Y & L U B R I C A T
the
the
I O N T E C
pressure
pressure
H N O L O G Y
gradient.
gradient. However,
However, it
it is
is not
not related
related
W W
to
to
W .
the
the
S T L
pipe
pipe
ORG
< vz j r D R D 0 the pressure gradient. However, it 4t is not related to the pipe
"� diameter. The flow core fills the whole 0pipe, and the velocity of
�
� � �11 �
� �
�@vnC
n C 11 �
� � � ¡ 1""�
: �
�nn CC 11 [8] diameter.
diameter. The The flow flow core
coredfills the
0 D 2r
fills 0D
the whole
whole pipe, : and
pipe, and the
the velocity
velocity[15] of
of
Multi
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TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS
TRANSACTIONS 571 Flow properties TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS 571
T
TRIBOLOGY 571
TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS
TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS 571
571 cal e
Figure 3 shows the variations in shear stress and viscosity binin
Therefore,
simpli- the
ee simpli- implies
impliesbasic equations that
that aa decrease in the flow
decrease in
in the process
the are simpli-
resistance
resistance is
is inferior
inferior implies to that
to the
the as a decrease
a function in the ofresistance shear is rate inferior to the
at different temperatures.
deas simpli-
follows: implies PEER-REVIEWED Kim
decreasethat a pushing
decrease force. in theTherefore, resistancethe theisplug inferior flow to the
n
decrease in decrease in the pushing force. Therefore, the plug profile
in the the pushing force. Therefore, plug flow profile
profile According to Fig. 3a, it can be flow
clearly seen that all of the
decrease
is
is maintained.
maintained. in the pushing If
If thethe pushing force. Therefore,
pushing force
force were were the greater plug is
greater flow than
than profile
maintained. the
the flow If the pushing force were greater than the rheo
is maintained. If the pushing forceflow werepattern greater than the curves have a plateau region where the lubricating flow
resistance
resistance at the
atequation
the tube
tube @vzwall,
wall, the
the flow pattern resistance
would
would beatgrease
be the tube wall, the flow pattern would be
D 0; the
This displays
is shown the shear yield phenomenon. This result
[5] Continuity
[5] resistance
572 J. at
PAN the
ET AL. tube : wall, flow [5]
pattern would be
[5] more
more complex.
complex. This
This is
is @zshown
shown in
in Fig.
Fig. 1b
1b (Ruiz-Viera,
(Ruiz-Viera, more complex.
et
et al.
al. in Fig. 1b (Ruiz-Viera, et al. A
more
(14)). complex. This is shown in Fig. 1b (Ruiz-Viera, (14)). et al. indicates that the lubricating grease is a typical yield mate- were
(14)). @p 1 @
[6] Motion
(14)).
[6] Table The equation velocity: D : ð rs Þ: [6] The rial, which is accompanied
flow velocity distribution of lubricating grease in pipes by the shear yield phenomenon
@z distribution of lubricating grease in
in pipes
1. Main rz
[6] The flowcomposition
flow velocity andr technical
distribution
@r dataof for NLGI 3 lithium
lubricating grease grease. pipes show
is
is given The flow
given by
by Eq. Eq. velocity
[9],
[9], which whichdistribution
is
is typically
typically of lubricating
plug
plug flow. flow. The The grease isflow incore
given pipes
core byis isEq.under
[9], which continuous
is typicallyshear plug flow. conditions.
The flow core It isis well known that
flow Lubricating Oil H-B
The
ss tensor is
term s rzdisplayed
tensor given
in Eq. [6]by
displayed by Eq.
byisthe the[9],
called which
divisor
divisor is
of
the deviatoric typically
Eq.
Eq. [9],
of Thickener [9],stressplug
where
where flow.
tensorrr D The
D rr00 .. displayed flow
This core
means
This Viscosity
means is
byatlubricating
40 C,divisor ofgrease
the Eq. [9],Point,
Dropping has
wherea rfibrous r0 . Thisnetwork
DConsistency meansWorked microstructure
Penetration,
ss r DFluid r00. This means fore,
given as displayed
dssistensor by the divisor of of Eq.Eq. [9], whereBase 2
Thickener
that the Type (% w/w) that the ASTM D-445
algebraic (mm /s) of et
term Eq. ASTM D-566
[9](3);is zero: ( C) et NLGIal. Grade
(18); Xu, ASTM D-217 (d, mm)Flow
that the algebraic
algebraic term
term of Eq. [9]
[9] is
is zero:
zero: (S anchez, al. Shen, et al. (22)). rates
that the algebraic term of Eq. [9] is zero: resistance is obtained by breaking of the fibrous
Lithium 12-hydroxystearate � 12.9 �n�n C 1 Mineral 100 200 3 232 network. curv
�
� � � �n Cn 1
: @v nC 1 Below @p thisr plateau 2t 0 region, the flow curves consistently
C krrr ¡ 2t 2t
z 0 �nnCC n
[7] s rz D t D t0 C k g n D �
[7] t 0@p@p
@p ¡ 2t000 : nn D
n 11
D 0:
0:
[7] [14]
[14] ¡ shear rate, D 0: except at the [14]beginning of the As c
[7] @z R R¡ R @r R D 0: were tested using
increase
[14] experiments. @z Rwith R desc
The flow properties @z of lubricating grease At that time, elastic deformation prevails over
@z R R
continuous shear tests, and the shear rate (g : ) ranged between the viscous flow at low shear rates, and the sample shows show
The boundary ¡2 condition ofthe thediameter
equations is Therefore,
Therefore,
Therefore,
10 Therefore, and 102 the sthe¡1 diameter
.diameter
The Herschel-Bulkleyof
of the
of the
the flow flow core
flow core
core (H-B) is given
is given
is given rheology as
as follows:
as model the
follows:
follows: soliddiameter of the flow core is given as follows:
characteristics. evol
Therefore, the diameter of the flow core is given as follows:
was used8to describe the flow curves (shear stress–shear rate Beyond the plateau region, the trends for the majority of (con
< v j rDR D 0 4t00 4t0
relationship;z Wang, etdal.D(20)): 2r00 D D 4t00 :: 4t [15] the flowd0 D curves
2r0 D fit the power : law function. [15]The flow curves rheo
[8]
[8] @vz d 0 :D 2r [8] [15]
[8] : 0
j r < r0 Dd000 D 2r00 D @p @p 66 @z @z : [15] for the samples at @p 6 higher
@z shear rates and temperatures (25 mod
@r @p 6 : @z and 35 C) show a decreased trend due to the fracture phe-
t D t C k g n
; [18] temp
Equation [15] [15] shows shows that that the 0 the diameter
diameter of of the the flow Equation
flow core [15] nomenon.
shows that Thus, thethe measured
diameter of the results
flow are corelower than the
The
obtained
obtained distributionEquation of flow velocity
Equation
Equation [15]
[15] shows
shows in the that pipes
that thethe can be obtained
diameter
diameter of the ofproportional
the
flow
core
core
coredirectly
flow var-
desc
varies
varies directly with yield stress and is inversely varies to real
with values.
yield stress In andaddition,
is inversely Fig. 3a shows
proportional that
to shear stress
obtained
solving
[9]: Eqs.ies
.. [9]: [5]directly
varies to directly
[8] (rwith
directly 0 �with
with �yield
ryield R),
yield asstress
stress shown
stress and
and
and
is in isEq. inversely
isyield
inversely [9]:proportional
inversely proportional
proportional to the
to
to gradient.
. [9]: the
where
the pressure
pressure t is the gradient.
shear
gradient. However,
stress,
However, t is theit
it is not related
stress, k is the
tothe pressure
the pipe
consis- decreases with
However, temperature
it is not at
related the to same
the shear
pipe rate, which
it is not related to the pipe
0
the
pressure
diameter. pressure gradient.
The gradient. However,
core However, it
the is not
whole is notindex.
related
pipe, related
to
and the the tovelocity
pipe the
diameter. diame-pipe The
of 572
indicates
core J.that
PAN ETthe
the AL. sample flows more easily at higher
whole pipe, and the velocity of
C
C 11
tency
� diameter.
�1 � factor, The and
�n Cn 1flow flow
� � n is
core the "
¡ 1 fills
shear-thinning
fills
� the whole �npipe,
C1 and These
the parame-
velocity of flow fills Flow
n diameter.
1ter.
then The
ters were nflow The
core core
obtained flow
is @p fills
equal core
the
at whole
tofills
various @pthevalue
the whole
pipe,2t0and at pipe,
temperatures.
n the velocity
the wall and
wall The thethe
(v Dvelocity
of the
0) flow
when of istemperatures.
core equal to the value at the wall (vz D 0) when
CCn 11
vz D the flow
flow core is equal to the ¡value at the (v z yield
z D flow
0) stress
when
nn
theD flow
2kcore C 1coretousing
is0n (shown
equal isthe equal
value toatthe thevalue wallR (vatzflow =the wall
when(vR=r
0)curves, zzR DD00) when
r(shown Figure 3bcomposition
shows variations inn Cdata
viscosity
for NLGIwith respect
grease.to shear From
R
was
R D rrrobtained
0 (shown
in
in Fig.
@z
Fig. 1c).
controlled-stress
1c). @z � � which 0 (shown
com- inTable Fig. 1c).
1. Main �and technical � 3 lithium
R D (shown in Fig. 1c). �@p r �nnn CCCnn 111 1
in
bined Figure
To analyze
00 the 1c). analyses the effect
of of
Delgado, the factor
et al. �(7)
@p r and¡ 2t
2t 000�Barnesn 1 in Eq. To
(21). analyze
[9] on
The rate
the at
effect different
of the temperatures.
factor @p r
¡ 2t 0 n
At all
in of
Eq. the
[9] test
on temperatures, typic
To analyze the
# effect effect of the factor @p@p Rr ¡ 2t
@z rR
@z R00 nn in Eq. [9] on
R nnC C 1
@z R R Lubricating Oil
� flow Tovelocity, �n Cna1the the effect of lubricating
the factor
2t
To
controlled-stress analyze new testsfunctionofof the is factor
defined: RR ¡ RR were
grease inflow Eq.velocity,
continuous[9] on a new the viscosity
function decreases
is defined: with increasing
Thickener shear rate. Specifically,
Viscosity at 40
C, obvi
@pflow r velocity, 2t 0 a new function is defined: @z
@z
¡ flow
[9]
[9] flow
shear ¡ velocity,
tests, anda new : function
the range of defined:
isshear
defined: stress was [9] between 100 and as Thickener
shown Type
in Fig. 4a, the viscosity(% w/w) decreases Base
more Fluidnoticeably ASTM D-445
at (mm2/s)
at va
[9] @z R R
low shear rates. Combined with the analysis by Barnes (21), the
2,000 Pa. nC1
D xnnCCnn 11 yDx n
Lithium 12-hydroxystearate
nC1
12.9 Mineral
[16] 100 F
yyy D [16]
nC 1
D xx nn [16]
[16] degree of shear thinning decreases as the fiber sizes decrease. temp
Therefore,
zero,
zero, and the flow velocity at the wall (r D R) is zero, and
and
zero, andof the 2t r Therefore,
2t the of extent ofMCR302. variation in viscosity decreases at math
ero,
velocity
ws: Results
where
where
where flowxx core D
and
D @p
@p rr
@p �¡
@z(rdiscussion
¡r02t 2t00 .
)R00is. obtained as follows: where x D @p Figure¡ 2.0 .Test
Figure
The 2. Testtheory theoryPhysica
propertiesof Physica MCR302.
of lubricating grease were tested using experim
ws:
ws: where x D
@p
@z rRr
R ¡
2tR .
@z R higher R shear flowrates.
When
When xx > @z R
>
@z 0,
R it
0, it isisRRanan increasing
increasing function; function; that that is, is, the theWhen value xof
value of> 0, continuous
it is an increasing
better shear
function;
tests, that
andrheological
the shearis, therate value(gof : ) ranged between
mathemati- the visc
n C 1#
# � Flow y � properties
When
�n1increases x�>as 0, it� x isincreases.
an "� At function;
� ¡increasing the �same # time,
n C 1 that is, ythe the value
increases
factor of as x To increases.
describe
At the
the
same time, the
behaviors,
factor
nC 1
n # 1y When
increases n x > 0,
as C it x is
@p an increasing
increases. 1
@p At function;
the
2t same n that time, is, the
�
the value
factor
� of cal10 ¡2
and
equations 10 2
s ¡1
and . The
models Herschel-Bulkley
were further (H-B) rheology
investigated. model solid ch
Com-
vnzCnn.r1 0 /:: D �yy�Figure
n C
n 1 � increases �nnn CCCn 111 asn x increases. At the0 same time, the factor
n 1 n C 1
increases
@p r
¡ 2t3
2t � shows
nnas Rx increases.
11 plays
the
a variations
negative At the role ¡in
same in shear
time,
Eq. [9]. the stress
: factor
Therefore, and @p r viscosity
the
¡ 2t0 n
flow plays wasa negative
used to role
describein Eq. [9].
the Therefore,
flow curves the
(shearflow stress–shear rate Beyon
: 2k @p@z@p rRr n2t2tC
@p
@z Rr ¡ R
0
00�nnC
1n C
plays a@z negative role
@z in REq. [9]. Therefore, @z R the Rflow bining previous analyses (Yeong, et al. (5); Cho, et al. (13);
as@z@z RR a¡a Rnegative
plays function
R00 n
plays role of shear
a negative Eq. [9].role
inweakened rate inatEq.different
Therefore, [9].the Therefore,
flow velocity temperatures.theisflow ob- was
Kim, used
relationship;
et to describe
al. Wang,
(23)) withetthe flow
al.this
(20)): curves size
study, (shear
the stress–shear
between the rateH-Bre- the flow
velocity
velocity
R
is
is obviously with the ascending velocity
size of is
the obviously weakened with the ascending of
fit the
[10] viously
[10] According
velocity
flow core. core. is obviously
weakened to Fig.with
obviously 3a, weakened
it can
the
weakened ascending bewith
with clearlythe
the ascending
size of [10]
seenthe flow
ascending thatsize
flow
all of
core.
size of the
core.
the rheology
the lationship;model Wang,and et al.the (20)): experimental data in the viscous for the
[10] flow curves have a plateau region where the lubricating
flow
flowThe The flow
core. flow rate
rate of
of the
the lubricating
lubricating greases
greases in
in pipes
pipes is
is obtained
The
obtained flow rate flow of region
the was
lubricating quite greasesgood inand pipes could be clearly observed.
is:n obtained and 35
Figure
he
he pipes, 1c shows
grease The the flow critical
displays rate of
state
the the of lubricating
shearplug yield
flow greases
in the
phenomenon. in
pipes, pipes is
This obtained
result t D t C k g ; [18]
pipes, through
through The flow rate of the lubricating greases in pipes is
throughobtained As shown in Fig. 3a, the data in the viscous flow region nomeno
0
he
erethepipes,
the through
0 is theindicates
pflow pressure difference
through that the lubricating at the beginning greaseofisthe a typical
flow yield mate-
flow were used for data fitting. However, the sample fracture is real val
dthe t 0 isflow the yield
rial,stress which shown by Eq. [11]: by the shear
is RRaccompanied R R yield phenomenon Rshown where τat
tisis25
the shear stress, τR0 tis0the
Rwhich yield stress, k is the
ktoisconsistency
R
D R 0RRR vvzz 2prdr Dconditions. 2 R
CItR rRRR0isvvzz 2prdr: q D 0factor,
Rwhere
vz 2prdr D
theand 2shear
v 35 stress,
C,
C
iscauses
vz 2prdr:
the yield thestress,
data
[17] fit the decrease
the consis-
not
under continuous qq D 2prdr
shear D pr022 vvzz .r
pr 20
.r00 // C 2prdr:known [17]
well [17]
that H-Btency and
factor,
rheology n pr
is 0
and thez
model
.r
n 0
is
/
shear-thinning
the
over rshear-thinning
0
all index.
viscous These
index.
flow parameters
These
regions. were indicate
parame-
There-
lubricatingqtD has D 00vzz.r00/ C
0 r
00pv0zzR2prdr a pr rr00 vzz2prdr: [17]
0
grease
D
fibrous network [11]
microstructure obtained
ters
fore, were
the at various
obtained curves temperatures.
at various
data for The yield
temperatures.
25 and 35 stress
Thewas
C at obtained
yield
high stress
shear tempera
[11]
[11] 0 : flow
[11] (Sanchez, et al. (3); 2L Shen, et al. (18); Xu, et al. (22)). Flow using controlled-stress flow curves,
was obtained
rates should using
be controlled-stress
discarded from which flowcombined
data curves, The
fitting. the fitting
which analy-
com- Figur
resistance and
Materials is obtained
rheological by measurements
breaking of the fibrous network. curves ses
bined of Delgado,
the
for analyses
the et al.of
data at (7) and
Delgado,
25 and Barnes
35et al.(21).
C (7)
are The Barnes
and
provided controlled-stress
in (21).
Fig. The
3a. rate at d
Therefore, the Materials
Materials
pushing and
and
force rheological
rheological
is 3 region, measurements
measurements Materials and rheological measurements
Below
The
Materials sample thisand ofplateau
NLGI
rheological lithium the flow
grease
measurements was curves selected consistently as the rep- As tests of belubricating
controlled-stress
can seen, portions grease
tests of were
lubricating
of the continuous
viscous grease shear
flow were tests,
curves and
can the
continuous be the visco
increase
resentative
The sample
The sample with experiment
of NLGI
of shear33 rate,
NLGI sample
lithium exceptin thisatwas
grease was the
study. selectedbeginning
The main
as The the of
compo-
sample
repre- theof NLGI range
shear3of shear
lithium
tests, byand stress
grease
theH-B waswasbetween
range selected
of shear 100 andrepre-
asstress
the 2,000
was Pa.
between 100
Fig.and 5 as shown
The sample of NLGI 23 lithium
lithium grease
grease was selected
selected as
as the
the repre-
repre- described the rheology model. Moreover,
[12]
[12] sitionsentative andexperiment F
experiment D p
technical data 0 pR ;sample for the in lubricating
this study. [12]
Thegrease main arecomposi-
listed in shows
sentative
composi- experiment 2,000 Pa.sample in this study. The main composi- low shea
[12] tion sentative
sentative experiment sample
sample in
in thisthis study.
study. The The main
main composi- that the values of yield stress were obtained by the
Table
tion and
and 1. technical
technical data data for the
for the lubricating
lubricating grease
grease tion
are
are and technical
listed
listed in evolution
in RESULTS
data forof AND
the DISCUSSION
lubricating
viscosity as agrease
function are listed
of in stress curves degree o
shear
and the resistance tionRheological
Table and caused
1. technical bymeasurements data for
external shear thewereislubricatingperformed grease in aare listed
1. in (controlled-stress
controlled
Table Flow properties results). Table 2 shows the values of the Therefor
Table
Table 1.
1. Results and discussion
stress and controlled
Rheological
Rheological measurements
measurements shear rheometer were performed
were using a plate–plate
performed in aa controlled
in geom- rheological
Rheological
controlled Figure
measurements 3 on showswerethe
parameters variations
performed obtained ininashear stress
controlled
from the and H-Bviscosity
rheology as higher sh
[13] etry
stress Rheological
(50andand f
mmcontrolled D measurements
diameter,
controlled
t 2pRL: 1shear
mm gap),
shear were
rheometer performed
shownusing [13]
in Figure
using in a a controlled
stress2 (Anton model.
plate–plate and aFlow
controlled function shear of shear
rheometer rate at different
using a temperatures.
plate–plate According to To b
[13] stress 0 rheometer a plate–plate properties
These parameters were used to study the effect of
[13] geometry
stressGmbH and(50controlled shear1 mm rheometer usingwas in aFig. plate–plate
Paar
geometry (50 (17)).
mm diameter,
mm The Peltier
diameter, 1 mm heating gap),system
gap), shown
shown in Fig. used
geometry in the
2 (Anton
2 (Anton (50 mm Figure
diameter,
temperature 3a, it1can onmmbe the clearly
gap), flow shown seen
of inthatFig.all
lubricating of the
2 (Anton grease flowin curves
pipes haveas cal equa
When
pushinglubricating
pushing
geometry
rotational
Paar GmbH
Paar GmbH (50
greaserheometer. mmbegins
(17)).
(17)).
diameter,
The
The this1flow,
InPeltier
to
Peltier mm
work,heating
heating
gap),
to exclude
the shownthe
pushing
system
system
in Fig.
was
was effect
Paar
used
used
2 (Anton
of
in po-
GmbH
in the (17)).
the aFigure
plateau 3 region
The Peltier
described
shows where
in theheating
the variations
following. the
system lubricating
was in used
shear instress
grease thedisplaysand the viscosity
shear bining p
ce pushing
be iswall.wall. Paar
equaltential to the
rotational GmbH
thermal (17)).
resistance
rheometer. degradationThe Peltier
only
In this this at heating
at high the temperatures
work, tube system
to exclude wall. the
exclude was used
(Delgado,
the in
effect et
rotational the
ofrheometer. as a function
yield phenomenon.
In this work, This of shear rate
result indicates
to exclude at different
the effectthat temperatures.
of the lubricating Kim, et
be rotational rheometer. In work, to effect of According to at Fig.high 3a, temperatures
it can bewhich clearly
be (F)
cording
ce
ce
wall.
(F) is
rotational
isto al.
Eqs.
potential
potential(7);[12] Shen, thermal
thermal
rheometer.
and et al. [13], (18);the
degradation
degradation
InCann, this
pushing work,
et
at
at al.
high
high force
(19)),totemperatures
exclude
(F)
testing
temperatures is temperaturesthe effect thermal
potential
(Delgado,
(Delgado,
of grease is a typical
degradation yield material, is seen
(Delgado, accompaniedthat all by of thethe rheology
ce (F)
portional is
resis- toof potential
etthe al. square thermal ofwere the degradation
radius. (18);InCann, at
contrast, high temperatures
al.the resis- (Delgado,
et al. (7); Shen,Flow flow curves
et al.pattern
(18); have a plateau region where the lubricating
he
he resis- et 25
al. to
(7);85°C
(7); Shen, et selected.
al. (18); Cann, et al. (19)), testing tempera- shear yield Cann, phenomenon et al. (19)), undertesting continuous tempera- shear conditions. It flow reg
hefinding
ce resis-
(f ) is et al. of
proportional (7);25Shen,Shen, only
et
�et to
al.
al. (18);
the Cann, et
radius. etThis al. (19)),
(19)), testing
testing tures
tempera-
tempera-
of 25 to 85 �grease displays the shear yield phenomenon. This result
C were selected.
finding tures
tures The of flow
25 to
to properties
85
85 �
�
C
C were
were of lubricating
selected.
selected. grease finding were tested using is
From well known
previous that
analyses,lubricating
the flow grease
pattern has ofa fibrous
lubricating networkgrease mi-is As sh
finding tures of 25 to 85� C were selected. indicates that the lubricating grease is a typical yield mate-
continuous shear tests, and the shear rate (g .) ranged between typical crostructure plug (Sánchez,
flow. The et al. (3); Shen,
ascending size etofal.the
(18); flowXu,core
et al. could
(22)). were us
rial, which is accompanied by the shear yield phenomenon shown a
10-2 and 102 s-1. The Herschel-Bulkley (H-B) rheology model obviously Flow resistance weakenis the obtained by breaking
flow velocity. of the fibrous
Therefore, the flow network.
pattern
under continuous shear conditions. It is well known that H-B rhe
atlubricating
various temperatures grease hasis studied a fibrous as follows.
network microstructure fore, the
(SFigure
anchez,6 etshows al. (3); theShen, effect etof al. flow (18);coreXu, diameter at various
et al.W W(22)). Flow rates sh
44 • MAY 2018 TRIBOLOGY & LUBRICATION TECHNOLOGY W.STLE.ORG
temperatures,
resistance is as obtainedbyusing
obtained breaking Eq. [15], of the through fibrous commercial
network. curves f
Figure 2. Test theory of Physica MCR302. mathematics
Below this programming. plateau region, It isthe obviousflow that curves the diameter
consistently of
Figure 3.
Figure 3. Flow
Flowcurves
curvesforfor
lubricating grease
lubricating at various
grease temperatures:
at various (a) shear(a)
temperatures: stress–shear rate relationship
shear stress–shear and (b) viscosity–shear
rate relationship rate relationship.rate relationship.
and (b) viscosity–shear
Figure Flowcurves
Figure 4. Flow curvesforfor lubricating
lubricating grease
grease at 65at

C:65°C: (a) shear-thinning
(a) shear-thinning curve
curve and and (b)
(b) shear shear stress–shear
stress–shear rate plotted
rate relationship relationship plotted
on a linear on a linear basis.
basis.
Figure 5. Viscosity as a function of shear stress at various temperatures. Figure 6. Diameter of flow core as a function of pressure gradient at various
Figure 5. Viscosity as a function of shear stress at various temperatures. temperatures.
Figure 6. Diameter of flow core as a function of pressure gradient at various
temperatures.
Table 2. Yield stress, consistency factor, and shear-thinning index as calculated

from the H-B rheology model.
the flow core is inversely proportional to the pressure gradient
Below this plateau region, the flow curves consistently increase over
Temperature Yield Stress Consistency Factor Shear-Thinning Correlation
flowallcurves
of thefitanalyzed temperatures.
the power law function. It can
Thebeflow
clearly seenforthat
curves the
with the flow core decreases with increasing temperature, mainly
( C) shear rate,

t 0 except
(Pa) at the beginning
k (Pa.s n
) of then experiments.
Index Coefficient RAtxy samples at higher shear rates and temperatures (25 and 35°C)
that time, elastic deformation prevails over the viscous flow at because show a the flow core
decreased merely
trend due torelates to the phenomenon.
the fracture yield stress, which
Thus,
25
low shear rates, 1,187
and the 369.13
sample shows solid0.45
characteristics. 0.994 decreases
the measured with temperature.
results are lowerThis implies
than the that
real the effect
values. In of the
addition,
35 1,103 152.19 0.52 0.995 core3aon velocity
45Beyond the plateau 945 region, the trends for
80.51 0.54the majority of the flow
0.987 Figure showsflowthat shear isstress
weakened at high
decreases with temperatures,
temperature at
55 820 47.54 0.58 0.980 which promotes delivering of the lubricating grease.
65 686 33.04 0.61 0.972 The flow velocity (vz ) varies in pipes. The minimum veloc-
75 627 24.03 0.65 0.980 ity (v D 0) is at the wall, and the maximum velocity is on the
WW85 W . S T L E . O R G 557 11.82 0.70 T R I B O L O G Y &
0.995 L U B R I C A T I O N zT E C H N O L O G Y MAY 2018 • 45
flow core provided by Eq. [10]. From previous analyses, it is
n PEER-REVIEWED
Figure 5. Viscosity as a function of shear stress at various temperatures. Figure 6. Diameter of flow core as a function of pressure gradient at various
temperatures.
Table 2. Yield stress, consistency factor, and shear-thinning index as calculated gradient over all of the analyzed temperatures. It can be clearly
the flow core is inversely proportional to the pressure gradient
from the H-B rheology model. seen that the flow core decreases with increasing temperature,
over all of the analyzed temperatures. It can be clearly seen that
Temperature Yield Stress Consistency Factor Shear-Thinning Correlation mainly because the flow core merely relates to the yield stress,
the flow core decreases with increasing temperature, mainly
( C) t 0 (Pa) k (Pa.sn) Index n Coefficient Rxy which decreases with temperature. This implies that the effect of
because the flow core merely relates to the yield stress, which
the flow core on flow velocity is weakened at high temperatures,
25 1,187 369.13 0.45 0.994 decreases with temperature. This implies that the effect of the
35 1,103 152.19 0.52 0.995 which promotes delivering of the lubricating grease.
flow core on flow velocity is weakened at high temperatures,
45 945 80.51 0.54 0.987 The flow velocity (vz) varies in pipes. The minimum velocity
55 820 47.54 0.58 0.980 which promotes delivering of the lubricating grease.
(vz = 0) is at the wall, and the maximum velocity is on the flow
65 686 33.04 0.61 0.972 The flow
Figureprovided velocity
7. Evolutionby
of Eq. (v z velocity in
)
core varies pipes.temperatures.
The minimum veloc-
75 627 24.03 0.65 0.980 core flow [10]. Fromatprevious
various analyses, it is possible
ity (vz D 0) is at the wall, and the maximum velocity is on the
85 557 11.82 0.70 0.995 to find that
possible to the
findflowthatcore
the plays
flow ancore important
plays anrole in dominating
important role in where bo
flow core provided by Eq. [10]. From previous analyses, it is
lubricating
dominatinggrease flow in pipes.
lubricating greaseTherefore, the flow
flow in pipes. core velocity
Therefore, the
was
flowstudied
core to reveal the
velocity waseffect of temperature.
studied to reveal the effect of
According to Eq. [10], the flow core velocity distribution in
temperature. dy
D
pipes is relatedtotoEq.
According the[10],
rheological
the flowparameters (τ0,k,n),
core velocity the pres-
distribution in d @p
@z
the same shear rate, which indicates that the sample flows more sure
pipesgradient
is related (∂p/∂z),
to the and the pipeparameters
rheological radius (R).(t In0 ,k,n),
particular, the
the pres-
easily at higher temperatures. rheological
sure gradient parameters
(@p6 @z), and (τ0,k,n) at specific
the pipe radiustemperatures are con-
(R). In particular, the
Figure 3b shows variations in viscosity with respect to shear stant. Therefore, the velocity0 at specific temperatures is merelyare
rheological parameters (t ,k,n) at specific temperatures a
rate at different temperatures. At all of the test temperatures, function ∂p/∂z and R.
constant.ofTherefore, the velocity at specific temperatures is
the viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate. Specifically, To further
merely analyze
a function of @p6 the
@z flow
and R.core velocity in terms of ∂p/∂z
as shown in Figure 4a on Page 45, the viscosity decreases more and R, a new function is given as
To further analyze the flow follows:
core velocity in terms of @p 6 @z As co
noticeably at low shear rates. Combined with the analysis by andR, a new function is given as follows: tions are
Barnes (21), the degree of shear thinning decreases as the fiber � � dy 6 dR
sizes decrease. Therefore, the extent of variation in viscosity de- @p increases
y ; R D vz .r0 /; [19]
creases at higher shear rates. @z radius. A
To better describe the rheological behaviors, mathematical
Figure 7. Evolution of flow core velocity at various temperatures.
equations and models were further investigated. Combining where both ∂p/∂z and R are independent variables. Therefore,
possibleanalyses
previous to find (Yeong,
that the etflow coreCho,
al. (5); playsetanal. important
(13); Kim, roleet al.in where both @p 6 @z and R are independent variables. Therefore,
dominating lubricating grease flow in pipes.
(23)) with this study, the fit between the H-B rheology model Therefore, the
"� � ¡ n #n1
and the experimental data in the viscous flow region was quiteof
flow core velocity was studied to reveal the effect
dy
� �n1 �
1 1
�n1
nC1 @p n C 1
� � ¡n2nCC1 1
@p 2t0
temperature.
good and could be clearly observed. D R n Cn ;
According d @p 2k nC1 @z @z R
As shown intoFigure Eq. [10], the data
3a, the flow incore
thevelocity
viscousdistribution
flow regionin @z
were used for data fitting. However, the sample fracture isthe
pipes is related to the rheological parameters (t 0 ,k,n), pres-
shown [20]
sure gradient (@p6 @z), and the pipe radius (R).
at 25 and 35°C, which causes the data to not fit the H-B rheologyIn particular, the � �n1 � � ¡ nnC 1
rheological parameters (t ,k,n) at specific temperatures are dy 1 @p
model over all viscous flow regions. Therefore, the flow curves
0 D : [21]
dR 2k
data for 25 and 35°C at high shear rates should be discarded is
constant. Therefore, the velocity at specific temperatures @z
merely
from dataa fitting.
function Theof fitting
@p6 @z and
curves R. for the data at 25 and 35°C
are provided in Figure 3a. As can be velocity
To further analyze the flow core in terms
seen, portions of of 6 @z
the@pvis- As concluded from
As concluded Eqs. [19]
from Eqs. [19] and
and [20],
[20], both
both derivative
derivative func-
func-
andR, a new function is given as follows:
cous flow curves can be described by the H-B rheology model. tions are greater than zero. That is, dy 6 d.@p
tions are greater than zero. That is, dy / d(∂p/∂z) >0 and dy6 @z/ > 0 and/
Moreover, Figure 5 on Page � 45 �shows that the values of yield dy 6 dR > 0. Therefore, it is expected that the flow
dR >0. Therefore, it is expected that the flow core velocity in-core velocity
@p increasesatathigher
higherpressure
pressuregradients
gradients andand in in pipes
pipes with
y
stress were obtained by the evolution ; R D vzof .r0viscosity
/; as a function [19] creases with aa larger
larg-
@z radius. An example is shown in Fig. 7, where the diameter ranges
of shear stress curves (controlled-stress results). Table 2 shows er radius. An example is shown in Figure 7 on Page 48, where
the values of the rheological parameters obtained from the H-B the diameter ranges from 12 to 22 mm, the pressure gradient
rheology model. These parameters were used to study the effect varies from 0.5 to 1.5 MPa.m-1, and the evolution of flow core
of temperature on the flow of lubricating grease in pipes as de- velocity is between 25 and 85°C. Figure 7 shows that the sur-
scribed in the following. face of the flow core velocity increases with pipe diameter and
pressure gradient at different temperatures. However, the rate
Flow pattern of increase is uneven because the surface increases slightly with
From previous analyses, the flow pattern of lubricating grease pressure gradient and pipe diameter. A clear minimum is seen
is typical plug flow. The ascending size of the flow core could when the pipe diameter reduces to 12 mm and the pressure gra-
obviously weaken the flow velocity. Therefore, the flow pattern dient reduces to 0.5 MPa.m-1. However, completely opposite re-
at various temperatures is studied as follows. sults are displayed when the parameters increase to 22 mm and
Figure 6 on Page 45 shows the effect of flow core diameter at 1.5 MPa.m-1, respectively. As expected, the flow core velocity
various temperatures, as obtained using Eq. [15], through com- increases as the temperature increases. To better describe the
mercial mathematics programming. It is obvious that the diam- effect of temperature on the flow of lubricating grease, the flow
eter of the flow core is inversely proportional to the pressure rate in pipes was studied as follows.

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S ST ne
sit d 2 lis
at in
us 32 018
M
on 8
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n PEER-REVIEWED
574 J. PAN ET AL.
Figure Evolution
7. 7.
Figure Evolutionofofflow
flowcore
corevelocity at various
velocity at varioustemperatures.
temperatures.
possible to find that the flow core plays an important role in where both @p 6 @z and R are independent variables. Therefore,
dominating lubricating grease flow in pipes. Therefore, the
Flow
flow ratecore velocity was studied to reveal the effect of significantly.
� Thus,
�n1 � it is extremely
�n1 "�advantageous
�n¡Cn1 � for�the lubricat-
¡ 2n C 1
#n1
Figure 8 shows the evolutions of flow rate with respect to tem-
temperature. ing dy
grease to1 flow when
1 the n analyzed
C1 @p parameters @p tend to
n C 1 2t
reach
0
D R n Cn ;
perature, as obtained
According to Eq.via commercial
[10], the flow core mathematics program- in
velocity distribution thedupper
@p
@z
limits
2k (22 nC mm,1 1.5 MPa.m @z -1). @z R
ming.
pipesThe flow rate
is related to curves, which evolved
the rheological with(tpipe
parameters diameter
,k,n), the pres- Moreover, the variation of flow rate has different conse-
0 [20]
andsure
pressure
gradientgradient,
(@p6 @z),were
andobtained
the pipeusing
radiusEq. [17].
(R). The trendsthe
In particular, quences as the pressure gradients and pipe diameters vary.
� �n1 � � ¡ nnC 1
of rheological
the flow rateparameters
are similar (t to0 ,k,n)
the flow core velocity
at specific shown inare
temperatures Figure 9 on Page 50 dy shows the 1 minimum
@p and maximum flow
Figure 7. When the delivering parameters tend totemperatures
12 mm and is rate values with respect D : [21]
constant. Therefore, the velocity at specific dR to temperature.
2k @z The minimum values
MPa.ma-1function
0.5merely , the flowof rate is and
@p6 @z nearly
R. zero, which indicates that increase slightly with temperature, and the maximum values in-
flow inTothis situation
further is difficult.
analyze the flow However, the flow
core velocity rate increases
in terms of @p 6 @z crease
Assignificantly
concluded fromwithEqs.
temperature.
[19] and Moreover,
[20], both the maximum
derivative func-
andR, a new function is given as follows: tions are greater than zero. That is, dy 6 d.@p 6 @z/ > 0 and
� � dy 6 dR > 0. Therefore, it is expected that the flow core velocity
48 • MAY 2018 @p TRIBOLOGY & LUBRICATION TECHNOLOGY
increases at higher pressure gradients and in pipesW Wwith
W.STLE.ORG
a larger
y ; R D vz .r0 /; [19]
@z radius. An example is shown in Fig. 7, where the diameter ranges
Figure
Figure8.8.Evolution
Evolutionof of
flow raterate
flow at various temperatures.
at various temperatures.
from 12 to 22 mm, the pressure gradient varies from 0.5 to 1.5

¡1 Flow rate
values of
MPa.m ,flow
and rate increase dramatically
the evolution at temperatures
of flow core velocity is between over
25 mainly occurs because both the pipe diameter and the pressure
65C,
and 85which

C. Figure implies that that
7 shows the the
NLGI 3 lithium
surface grease
of the flow corecan flow Figure
velocity gradient 8 showsinfluence the flow rate
the evolutions of flowandrate
arewith
positively
respectrelated
to tem-to
more
increaseseasily with beyond
pipe this temperature.
diameter and pressure gradient at different perature, that. Secondly,as obtainedthe pipe
viaflow characteristic
commercial curves areprogram-
mathematics obviously
Figure 10 However,
temperatures. on Page 50 thedisplays the pipe
rate of increase flow characteristic
is uneven because the ming. moved The to flow
the leftratewhen the which
curves, temperature
evolvedshifts
withfrom
pipe25 to 85°C,
diameter
curves
surface of lubricating
increases grease
slightly with between 25 and 85°C,
pressure gradient and pipe where the and
diame- which indicates
pressure gradient,that were
both obtained
the pipe using
diameter and the
Eq. [17]. Thepressure
trends
flow
ter. Arateclear corresponds
minimum istoseen 12 L/min
when for
the all
pipeofdiameter
the curves. In Fig-
reduces to ofgradient
the flowdecrease
rate aresharply
similarwith temperature.
to the For example,
flow core velocity shownat in the
ure
12 mm10, it and canthe bepressure
clearly seen that reduces
gradient the pipetoflow curves ¡1
0.5 MPa.m have two Fig.
. How- same flow rate
7. When the of 12 L/min,
delivering the pipe tend
parameters diameter
to 12ismm16 and
mm 0.5 and
obvious
ever, characteristics.
completely oppositeFirstly, it isdisplayed
results are easy to see
when that thethe curve MPa.m
parame- ¡1
the pressure , the gradient
flow rate is 1.123
nearlyMPa.m -1 at 35°C,
zero, which whereas
indicates these
that flow
ters increase to 22 mm and 1.5 MPa.m ¡1
variations are similar to the inverse proportional function. This
, respectively. As in this situation is difficult. However, the -1
parameters are 14 mm and 0.936 Mpa.m at 45°C, respective-
flow rate increases sig-
expected, the flow core velocity increases as the temperature nificantly. Thus, it is extremely advantageous for the lubricating
increases. To better describe the effect of temperature on the flow grease to flow when the analyzed parameters tend to reach the
¡1
ofWlubricating
W W . S T L E . O R Ggrease, the flow rate in pipes was studiedT R I B O Las
O G follows. upper
Y & LUBRICA T I O N Tlimits
E C H N O(22
L O G Ymm, 1.5 MPa.m ). MAY 2018 • 49
Figure 9. Maximum and minimum flow rates as a function of temperature. Figure 11. Grease pipe flow test rig: (1) pressure sensors, (2) testing steel pipe, (3)
grease cylinders, (4) hydraulic cylinders, (5) hydraulic system, (6) data acquisition
Moreover, the variation of flow rate has different conse- unit, and (7) oval gear flow meter.
n PEER-REVIEWED
quences as the pressure gradients and pipe diameters vary. Figure 11. Grease pipe flow test rig: (1) pressure sensors, (2) testing steel pipe, (3)
Figure 9. Maximum and minimum flow rates as a function of temperature. ¡1
Figure 9 shows the minimum and maximum flow rate values grease andcylinders,
0.936(4) hydraulic
Mpa.mcylinders, at (5) 45hydraulic
C, respectively. This finding
system, (6) data acquisition
576 J. PAN ET AL. unit, and (7) oval gear meter.
576 withMoreover,
J. respect
PAN ET AL.to thetemperature.
variation of The rate has different
flow minimum values conse-
increase implies that the pipe diameter and delivery pressure are
flow
quenceswith
slightly as the pressure gradients
temperature, and the and maximumpipe diameters vary.
values increase decreased effectively by enhancing the lubricating grease
¡1
Figure 9 shows
significantly withthe minimum and
temperature. maximum
Moreover, the flow
maximum values andtemperature
rate values 0.936 Mpa.m during atdelivery 45 C, ofrespectively.
lubricating This grease.finding
with respect to temperature. The
of flow rate increase dramatically at temperatures over 65 C, minimum values increase implies that the pipe diameter and delivery pressure are
slightly with temperature, and
which implies that the NLGI 3 lithium grease can flow more the maximum values increase decreased effectively by enhancing the lubricating grease
significantly with
easily beyond this temperature. temperature. Moreover, the maximum values Pressure
temperature drop
during experiments
delivery of lubricating grease.
ofFigure
flow rate 10 increase
displaysdramatically
the pipe flow at temperatures
characteristic 65 C, of
overcurves
which implies that the NLGI 3 lithium grease can flow more
Figure 11 displays the experimental equipment for delivering
lubricating grease between 25 and 85 C, where the flow rate Pressure lubricatingdropgrease,
experiments which consists of pressure sensors, a testing
easily beyond this temperature.
corresponds to 12 L/min for all of the curves. In Fig. 10, it steel pipe, grease cylinders, hydraulic cylinders, a hydraulic
Figure 10 displays the pipe flow characteristic curves of Figure 11 displays the experimental equipment for delivering
can be clearly seen that the pipe flow curves have two obvi- connection system, a data acquisition unit, and an oval gear
lubricating grease between 25 and 85 C, where the flow rate lubricating grease, which consists of pressure sensors, a testing
ous characteristics. Firstly, foritallis ofeasythe to see that the10,curve meter. A stainless
corresponds to 12 L/min curves. In Fig. it steel flow pipe, grease cylinders,steel pipelinecylinders,
hydraulic (inner diameter:
a hydraulic 16 mm,
variations are similar to the inverse proportional function.
can be clearly seen that the pipe flow curves have two obvi- connection system, a data acquisition unit, and an oval gear piece.
length: 520 mm; smooth wall) was selected as the testing
This
ous mainly
characteristics.occurs Firstly,
becauseitboth is easy the to pipeseediameter
that the and curvethe flow During
meter.the test, two steel
A stainless pressurepipeline sensors
(inner were used to16measure
diameter: mm, the
pressure gradient influence the flow
variations are similar to the inverse proportional function. length: rate and are positively pressures
520 mm; at the inlet wall)
smooth and outlet of theaspipeline.
was selected the testing Thepiece.
oval gear
related
This mainly to that. Secondly,
occurs because thebothpipetheflow pipecharacteristic
diameter andcurves the During flow meter
the test,was twoapplied
pressure to sensors
measure theused
were flow to rate of the the
measure lubricat-
are obviously
pressure gradient moved to the the
influence left flow
whenrate theand temperature
are positively shifts pressures
ing grease. The dynamic variations in both
at the inlet and outlet of the pipeline. The oval gear flow pressure and
from
related 85 C,Secondly,
25 toto that. which indicates
the pipe flow that characteristic
both the pipecurves diame- flow rates
meterwere wasrecorded
applied to during
measure the thetestsflowduerate to the
of theinstability
lubricat- of the
ter
areand
Figure
the
obviously
9. Maximum
pressure
moved gradient
and
to the leftdecrease
minimum flowflowrates
when thesharply
as aasfunction
with
temperature
of temperature.
temper-
shifts ingstartup
Figure 11. Grease pipe flow test rig: (1) pressure sensors, (2) testingpart
grease. and
The stop
dynamic phases of
variations the experiments.
in both pressure Onlyand flowof
steel the
pipe, (3)
9. Maximum and minimum as arates
Figure
Figureature.
9.from
Maximum25
For toand 85minimum
example, C, which atflowtheratessame
indicates that aboth
function
flow function
of
rate ofof12
the temperature. Figure
temperature.
pipe diame-the rates
L/min, 11.were
Figure Grease
11. Grease
experimental
grease
pipepipe
recorded
cylinders,
flowflowtesttest
during
data,
(4) hydraulic
rig:rig:
which (1) (1)
the pressure
tests due
maintained
cylinders, (5)
sensors,
pressure to (2)instability
sensors, testing
thestable
hydraulic system,
steelof
(2) testing pipe,
steel
conditions,
(6) data the (3)
was
acquisition
ter and the pressure gradient grease cylinders, (4) hydraulic cylinders, (5) hydraulic system,
pipe, (3) grease cylinders, (4) hydraulic cylinders, (5) hydraulic system, (6) (6) data acquisition
pipe
Moreover,
diameter
Moreover, the the is variation
16 mm
variation of of decrease
and
flow
the pressure
flowrate rate
has
sharply
has
different
with temper-
gradient
different isconse-
conse-
1.123 unit, and
startup
unit,
data (7) and
(7) stop
andacquisition
oval gear
oval gear
unit,
flow
flow meter.
phases
andmeter.
of the experiments. Only part of the
(7) oval gear flow meter.
ature. For
MPa.m
quences
¡1
as example,
at
the
C, at
35pressure the
whereas same
gradients theseflow rate
parameters
and pipe of diameters
12 L/min,
are 14 the mm experimental data, which maintained stable conditions, was
vary.
quences pipeasdiameter
the pressure gradients
is 16minimum
mm and and andpressure
the pipe diameters
gradient isvary.
1.123 ¡1
Figure
Figure 9 shows9 ¡1showsthe the
minimum
and maximummaximum flow flow
rate rate
values values and and
0.936 0.936Mpa.m Mpa.m¡1
at 45at C,45respectively.
C, respectively. ThisThis finding finding
MPa.m at 35 C, whereas these parameters are 14 mm
with respect to temperature. The minimum values increase implies that the pipe diameter and delivery pressure are are
with respect to temperature. The minimum values increase implies that the pipe diameter and delivery pressure
slightly
slightly withwith temperature,
temperature, and and the the maximummaximum values values increase
increase decreased
decreased effectively
effectively by enhancing
by enhancing the the lubricating
lubricating grease grease
significantly
significantly withwith temperature.
temperature. Moreover,
Moreover, the maximum
the maximum values values temperature
temperature during during
delivery delivery of lubricating
of lubricating grease. grease.

of flow rate increase dramatically at temperatures over 65 C,
of flow rate increase dramatically at temperatures over 65 C,
whichwhichimplies implies that that the NLGI
the NLGI 3 lithium
3 lithium grease grease
can canflowflow moremore Pressure drop experiments
easily
easily beyond beyond this this temperature.
temperature. Pressure drop experiments
Figure 10 displays
Figure 10 displays the pipe flow characteristicthe pipe flow characteristic curves
curves of Figure of Figure 11 displays the experimental equipment for delivering
11 displays the experimental equipment for delivering
corresponds to 12 L/min for all of the curves. In Fig. 10, it steel
corresponds to 12 L/min for all of the curves. In Fig. 10, it steel pipe, grease cylinders, hydraulic cylinders, a hydraulic pipe, grease cylinders, hydraulic cylinders, a hydraulic
can can be clearly
be clearly seenseen that that
the pipethe pipe flowflow curves curveshavehave two twoobvi-obvi- connection
connection system, system,a data a data acquisition
acquisition unit,unit,
and and an ovalan ovalgear gear
ous characteristics. Firstly, it is easy to see that the curve meter. A stainless
ous characteristics. Firstly, it is easy to see that the curve flowflow meter. A stainless steelsteelpipelinepipeline(inner (inner diameter:
diameter: 16 mm, 16 mm,
variations
variations are are similar similar to the to theinverse inverse proportional
proportional function. length: 520 mm; smooth wall) was selected as the testing piece.
function. length: 520 mm; smooth wall) was selected as the testing piece.
ThisThis
mainly mainly occurs occurs becausebecause bothboth the the pipepipe diameter
diameter and and the the DuringDuring the test,
the test, two two pressurepressuresensors sensors
werewere usedused to measure
to measure the the
pressure gradient influence the flow rate and are positively pressures at inlet
the inlet
pressure gradient influence the flow rate and are positively pressures at the and and outlet outlet
of the of pipeline.
the pipeline. The Theoval ovalgear gear
related
related to that.to that. Secondly,
Secondly, the the pipepipe flowflow characteristic
characteristic curves curves flow Figure meter
12. was
Theoretical applied
and to measure
experimental the
results of flow
pressurerate of
drop the
as a lubricat-
function of
flow meter was applied to measure the flow rate of the lubricat-
are
Figureobviously
Figure10.10.
are obviously moved Pipe flow
Pipe moved
flow to
characteristic the
characteristic left
curves atwhen
curves various
at the
various temperature
temperatures.
temperatures.
to the left when the temperature shifts ing grease. The shifts ing
Figure
Figure
flow rate
12.
12. at
grease. 25 C.
The
Theoretical
Theoretical dynamic
and
and experimental
experimental variations
results
results of of in both
pressure
pressure drop pressure
drop
as aas a and
func-
function of flow
Figure25 10.toPipe characteristic curves at various temperatures. tion rate
at 25rate
of flow
dynamic variations in both pressure and flow
C. at 25°C.
fromfrom 85flow C, which indicates that thatbothboth the pipe diame- flow
25 to 85 C, which indicates the pipe diame- ratesrates
werewere recordedrecorded during during
the teststhe tests
due to duethe toinstability
the instability of theof the
ter and the pressure gradient decrease sharply with temper- startup
ter and the pressure gradient decrease sharply with temper- startup and and stop stopphases phasesof the of experiments.
the experiments. OnlyOnly part partof the of the
ature.
ature. For For
example,example, at at the
the same sameflow flow
rate rate
of 12of L/min,
12 L/min, the the experimental data, which maintained stable conditions, was
ly. diameter
This finding implies that the pipe diameter and delivery experimental data, which maintained stable conditions, was
pipepipe
diameter is 16 is mm16 mm
and and
the the pressure
pressure gradient
gradient is is 1.123 flow meter was applied to measure the flow rate of the lubricat-
1.123
pressure¡1 are decreased effectively by enhancing the lubricating ing grease. The dynamic variations in both pressure and flow
MPa.mMPa.m ¡1 at C,
at temperature
35 35whereas
C, whereas these parameters are 14 mm
grease duringthese delivery parameters
of lubricating are 14 mm
grease. rates were recorded during the tests due to the instability of the
startup and stop phases of the experiments. Only part of the
Pressure drop experiments experimental data, which maintained stable conditions, was
Figure 11 displays the experimental equipment for delivering selected as effective data. Moreover, room temperature (25°C)
lubricating grease, which consists of pressure sensors, a test- was selected for the experiment because the rheological prop-
ing steel pipe, grease cylinders, hydraulic cylinders, a hydrau- erty factors are not unique for a given system but are a function
lic connection system, a data acquisition unit, and an oval gear of temperature.
flow meter. A stainless steel pipeline (inner diameter: 16 mm, Figure 12 shows the theoretical and experimental results
length: 520 mm; smooth wall) was selected as the testing piece. of pressure drop as a function of flow rate. As expected, both
During the test, two pressure sensors were used to measure the the theoretical and experimental results show the same trends,
pressures at the inlet and outlet of the pipeline. The oval gear where the pressure drop increases with an increase in

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n PEER-REVIEWED
the flow rate. The experimental results are always lower than CONCLUSIONS
the theoretical results due to the effect of wall slip, which could Pipe flow models of lubricating grease were established based
improve the ability to pump the lubricating grease. Moreover, it on the equations of fluid flow and the H-B rheology model. The
can be clearly seen that both the theoretical and experimental effect of temperature on the flow properties of NLGI 3 lithium
results become more consistent with an increase in the flow rate. grease was further studied using a combination of rheological
This occurs because the shear rate on the pipe wall increases experimental results. The conclusions are as follows:
with an increase in flow rate. In addition, a more stable flow is
acquired because the influence of wall slip is weakened at higher 1. The flow of lubricating grease in pipes is typical plug flow.
shear rates (Yeong, et al. (5)). Therefore, it is confirmed that the In addition, there is a flow core in the pipe flow. The flow
experimental data on flow rate and pressure drop correspond rate is obviously weakened with an increase in size of the
well to the results of the theoretical model. Unfortunately, some flow core. The diameter of the flow core relates merely to
deviations between the theoretical and experimental results the yield stress and pressure gradient. The effect of flow
were found in this article, which is a disadvantage for predicting core on the flow rate is weakened due to the low yield
pressure drop during the delivery of lubricating grease. In future stress at high temperatures.
work, these deviations will be evaluated, and the corrected re- 2. According to the theoretical model, the flow rate increas-
sults will be reported. es with pipe diameter and pressure gradient. This
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n PEER-REVIEWED
effect becomes more obvious at higher temperatures. The and the experimental data tends to be more obvious as
critical temperature (65°C) for NLGI 3 lithium grease the flow rate increases.
pipe flow is obtained by combining the theoretical mod-
FUNDING
el with the rheological experimental results. In addition,
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foun-
the flow rate increases rapidly past this temperature
dation (51006117), the Graduate Student Innovation Training
point.
Project in Jiangsu Province (KYLX_1372), the Fundamental
3. The theoretical model of the flow rate is verified based Research Funds for the Central Universities (2015XKMS027),
on experimental data on flow rate and pressure drop. It is and a project funded by the Priority Academic Program Devel-
found that the consistency between the theoretical model opment of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.
REFERENCES
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(2) Bakunin, V. N., Suslov, A. Y., Kuzmina, G. N., and Parenago, O. P. (2004), “Synthesis and Application of Inorganic Nanoparticles as Lubricant Compo-
nents—A Review,” Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 6(2), pp 273–284.
(3) Sánchez, M. C., Franco, J. M., Valencia, C., Gallegos, C., Urquiola, F., and Urchegui, R. (2011), “Atomic Force Microscopy and Thermo-Rheological
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(4) Cann, P. M. (1999), “Starved Grease Lubrication of Rolling Contacts,” Tribology Transactions, 42, pp 867–873.
(5) Yeong, S. K., Luckham, P. F., and Tadros, Th. F. (2004), “Steady Flow and Viscoelastic Properties of Lubricating Grease Containing Various Thickener
Concentrations,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 274, pp 285–293.
(6) Paszkowski, M. (2015), “Effect of Grease Thickener and Surface Material on Rheological Properties of Boundary Layer,” Colloids and Surfaces A: Physi-
cochemical and Engineering Aspects, 480(5), pp 462–467.
(7) Delgado, M. A., Valencia, C., Sánchez, M. C., Franco, J. M., and Gallegos, C. (2006), “Thermorheological Behaviour of a Lithium Lubricating Grease,”
Tribology Letters, 23, pp 47–54.
(8) Delgado, M. A., Franco, J. M., Partal, P., and Gallegos, C. (2005), “Experimental Study of Grease Flow in Pipelines: Wall Slip and Air Entrainment Ef-
fects,” Chemical Engineering and Processing, 44, pp 805–817.
(9) Westerberg, L. G., Lundström, T. S., Höglund, E., and Lugt, P. M. (2010), “Investigation of Grease Flow in a Rectangular Channel including Wall Slip
Effects Using Microparticle Image Velocimetry,” Tribology Transactions, 53(4), pp 600–609.
(10) Westerberg, L. G., Farré-Lladós, J., Li, J. X., Höglund, E., and Casals-Terre, J. (2014), “Grease Flow in Elbow Channel,” 2014 STLE Annual Meeting &
Exhibition, Lake Buena Vista, FL, May 18–21.
(11) Green, T. M., Baart, P., Westerberg, L. G., Lundström, T. S., Höglund, E., Lugt, P. M., and Li, J. X. (2011), “A New Method to Visualize Grease Flow in a
Double Restriction Seal Using Microparticle Image Velocimetry,” Tribology Transactions, 54(5), pp 784–792.
(12) Li, J. X., Höglund, E., Westerberg, L. G., Green, T. M., Lundström, T. S., Lugt, P. M., and Baart, P. (2012), “µPIV Measurement of Grease Velocity Profiles
in Channels with Two Different Types of Flow Restrictions,” Tribology International, 54, pp 94–99.
(13) Cho, Y. I., Choi, E., and Kirkland, W. H., Jr. (1993), “The Rheology and Hydrodynamic Analysis of Grease Flows in a Circular Pipe,” Tribology Transac-
tions, 36, pp 545–554.
(14) Ruiz-Viera, M. J., Delgado, M. A., Franco, J. M., Sánchez, M. C., and Gallegos, C. (2006), “On the Drag Reduction for the Two-Phase Horizontal Pipe
Flow of Highly Viscous Non-Newtonian Liquid/Air Mixtures: Case of Lubricating Grease,” International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 32, pp 232–247.
(15) Xu, J. Y., Wu, Y. X., Li, H., Guo, J., and Chang, Y. (2009), “Study of Drag Reduction by Gas Injection for Power-Law Fluid Flow in Horizontal Stratified
and Slug Flow Regimes,” Chemical Engineering Journal, 147, pp 235–244.
(16) Orell, A. (2005), “Experimental Validation of a Simple Model for Gas–Liquid Slug Flow in Horizontal Pipes,” Chemical Engineering Science, 60, pp
1371–1381.
(17) Anton Paar GmbH. (2011), Anton Paar MCR 302 Series Instruction Manual, Software Version 3.62, Document C92IB001EN-C, Graz, Austria.
(18) Shen, T. J., Hu, M.H., Liu, R. G., and Liu, Q. L. (2011), “The Influence of Static Thermal Degradation on Microstructure and Rheological Properties of
Lithium–Calcium Base Grease,” Tribology, 31(6), pp 581–586.
(19) Cann, P. M., Webster, M. N., Doner, J. P., Wikstrom, V., and Lugt, P. (2007), “Grease Degradation in R0F Bearing Tests,” Tribology Transactions, 50, pp
187–197.
(20) Wang, X. L., Gui, C. L., Zhu, T. B., and Liang, H. F. (1997), “Study on Rheological Parameters of Domestic Lubricating Grease,” Tribology, 17, pp 232–237.
(21) Barnes, H. A. (1999), “The Yield Stress—A Review,” Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluids, 81, pp 133–178.
(22) Xu, J., Xu, N., Wang, X. B., and Liu,W.M. (2013), “Rheology of Lithium Greases under Iced Water and Room Air,” Tribology, 33(4), pp 406–412.
(23) Kim, J. Y., Song, J. Y., Lee, E. J., and Park, S. K. (2003), “Rheological Properties and Microstructures of Carbopol Gel Network System,” Colloid and Poly-
mer Science, 281, pp 614–621.

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hemic
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Van
LLC
Registered and pending trademarks appearing in these materials are those of R.T. Vanderbilt Holding Company, Inc. or its respective O 46
1
IS
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wholly owned subsidiaries. For complete listings, please visit this location for trademarks, www.rtvanderbiltholding.com. 0 1:2 02
008 100
NEWSMAKERS
TOP STORIES Formulated using leading-edge lubricant as formulation proficiency, and we can now
technology to combine the best additives deliver an exceptional experience for our
Royal Manufacturing Bought by AXEL with some of the world’s purest base oils, customers.”
DURON next generation was uniquely engi- UCON™ is a leading brand of polyal-
European lubricant manufacturer AXEL neered to meet and exceed the latest API kylene glycol fluids and lubricants utilized
Christiernsson has acquired the operating performance specifications and advanced in a wide variety of applications and end
assets and the majority of other assets of Tul- OEM engine performance requirements for markets, including compressor and gear
sa, Okla.,-based Royal Manufacturing Co. LP. ultimate protection and fuel efficiency. lubricants, hydraulic fluids, metalworking
The business will be carried forward as According to the Frost & Sullivan awards fluids, turbine lubricants, greases and food
AXEL Royal LLC, a subsidiary of AXEL Amer- report, PCLI’s DURON next-generation grade lubricants.
icas LLC. heavy-duty engine oils provide “greater “The combination of Univar and
Since 1914 Royal, which also has a plant efficiency in terms of engine protection, du- ChemPoint representing this product line of-
in Schertz, Texas, and its predecessors have rability, extended oil drain intervals and re- fers Dow market-leading capabilities to help
provided high-performance oils and greas- duced wear of engine components.” In addi- drive our growth,” says STLE-member An-
es. STLE-member Bill Mallory, president of tion, the reliability and design of the DURON drew Larson, North America market manager
Royal, has also brought Troco and Wright next generation product line is said to be for Dow. “Customers across North America,
into the same structure. “enhanced by a positive customer purchase in key end market segments such as indus-
Royal’s bulk storage facility in Browns- experience.” trial lubricants and metalworking fluids, will
ville, Texas, is not included in the transaction. “The New Product Innovation Award is benefit from Univar’s extensive supply chain
The AXEL Christiernsson Group has ex- a true testament to the dedication, inno- network, commitment to customer success
panded to become one of the leading pro- vation and expertise within Petro-Canada and leading digital technology.”
ducers and suppliers of lubricating greases Lubricants,” says Barnaby Ngai, category
in Europe, with state-of-the-art manufactur- portfolio manager, Petro-Canada Lubricants. Schaeffler pushes ahead
ing facilities in Sweden, the Netherlands and “With a best-in-class product supported by with key future program
France, while AXEL Americas is a significant strong technical service, we’re excited to be
player in the U.S. recognized for the quality, design, value and Global automotive and industrial supplier
“I am pleased to see Royal becoming a service experience provided by the DURON Schaeffler, based in Herzogenaurach, Ger-
part of the AXEL Group and believe our com- next generation product line.” many, is pushing ahead with its transfor-
panies will work very well together, building mation process by launching Agenda 4 plus
on the knowledge and skills that prevail on Univar and Dow Chemical One, a program that launched in 2016 and
both sides,” says Mallory. Expand Relationship now comprises 20 initiatives. The program
Johan Stureson is CEO of AXEL Christ- is structured into four plus one categories:
iernsson. Downers Grove, Ill.-based, Univar Inc., a customer focus, operational excellence, fi-
“We are excited to take this important global chemical and ingredient distributor nancial flexibility, leadership and talent man-
step to grow our platform in the U.S.,” he and provider of value-added services, is agement and—as the plus One—securing
says. “We look forward to this great oppor- expanding its relationship with The Dow long-term competitiveness and value cre-
tunity, and our commitment is to offer all our Chemical Co. to include exclusive distribu- ation. These categories are further broken
customers, existing and new, remarkable tion rights for UCON™ fluids and lubricants down into 20 individual initiatives, including
products and excellent services through our in North America. This authorization for Uni- E-Mobility, Industry 4.0 and Digital Agenda.
talented people.” var complements an already long-standing The objective of the Agenda 4 plus One
relationship between Dow and ChemPoint. program is to sustainably grow the Schaef-
Petro-Canada Lubricants com Inc. (ChemPoint), a technology-enabled fler Group’s value and secure the group’s
Receives Product Innovation Award sales and marketing organization that is a competitiveness. The program will add
wholly owned subsidiary of Univar. some €300 million to Schaeffler’s earnings
Mississauga, Ontario, Canada-based, Pet- “Univar and Dow have enjoyed a strong by 2022. It also is the basis on which the
ro-Canada Lubricants Inc. (PCLI) is the re- relationship that spans approximately 75 company intends to bring its EBIT margin
cipient of the Frost & Sullivan’s 2018 New years of serving customers in a wide vari- before special items back up to its long-
Product Innovation Award for its DURONTM ety of industries,” says Brian Jurcak, vice term average of 12%-13% and achieve the
next generation product line. president of product management for Uni- financial targets set for 2020. In addition,
Benchmarked against 10 key criteria var. “Dow’s global leadership, reputation for Schaeffler will invest about a billion euros in
including reliability, quality and customer quality and its commitment to growth in key relation to the Agenda 4 plus One program to
service experience, DURON next generation end markets creates tremendous value. Pair safeguard the Schaeffler Group’s operating
has been recognized for its product innova- that with Univar’s industry know-how and profitability and put it on a sustainable, long-
tion and readiness to cater to future market value-added services, including excellent term footing. Thirty-five percent of the over-
requirements. technical and laboratory support, as well all Agenda 4 plus One program, including the

newly launched initiatives, has already been to increase 12%-13% in total versus 2017. acquisitions and favorable currency.
implemented. Worldwide there are currently Within its operating segments, the company
about 1,000 Schaeffler employees actively estimates: • Process industries sales to be up ap-
involved in implementing the program. proximately 11%-12% in 2018, driven
• Mobile industries sales to improve 13%- by organic growth in the industrial sec-
Spectro Scientific 14% in 2018, driven primarily by organ- tors, including distribution, services and
Wins Gold Supplier Award ic growth in the off-highway and heavy original equipment as well as favorable
truck sectors as well as the benefit of currency.
Chelmsford, Mass.-based, Spectro Scientific,
one of the world’s largest suppliers of oil,
fuel and processed-water analysis instru-
mentation and software, has won a Gold
Supplier Award for its 2017 service from
BAE Systems’ Electronic Systems sector, a
global aerospace and defense manufactur-
You use it.
er. Spectro provides BAE Systems with the
SpectrOil M series—RDE elemental analyzer Calcium, Barium Sodium Sulfonates
for oil and fuel, a compact, rugged, trans- Neutral, Overbased, Natural, Synthetic
portable and easy-to-use optical spectrom-
eter that meets military shock, vibration and
environmental test standards. Oxidized Waxes and Petrolatums
On March 6 in Manchester, N.H., BAE Sys- Various acid values, esters and soaps
tems hosted its first Partner 2 Win Supplier
Symposium to recognize suppliers, including Rust Preventive Packages
Spectro, who have provided outstanding ser- Calcium or barium sulfonate-based
vice and partnership in exceeding customer
requirements. Spectro achieved gold-tier
Water displacing and water-emulsifiable
status by scoring 100% in both product qual-
ity and delivery, measurably exceeding the Emulsifier Packages
average performance of other companies in Soluble and semi-synthetic bases
its subcontracts commodity group. For naphthenic and paraffinic base oils
Yuegang Zhao, Spectro Scientific senior
vice president, says, “This Gold Supplier
Award recognizes our company’s ability to
Metalworking Processing Additives
provide top quality products in a timely way, Corrosion Inhibitors, amides, lubricity additives
as well as Spectro’s technological leader-
ship in fluid analysis systems and software.” Gelled Calcium Sulfonates
Oil, solvent and water soluble
Timken Increases 2018 Outlook
North Canton, Ohio-based, The Timken Co.,

a world leader in engineered bearings and
We manufacture it.
mechanical power transmission products,
is increasing its sales and earnings outlook
for 2018.
“We’ve had a strong start to 2018, with
shipments and incoming orders exceeding
what we anticipated earlier this year,” says
Richard G. Kyle, president and chief execu-
tive officer. “As a result of the improved mar-
ket strength and our continued outgrowth ISO 9001-2008
and operational excellence initiatives, we
are increasing our sales and earnings out- 4302 James P. Cole Boulevard, Flint MI 48505 • (810) 789-8330
look for 2018.” customerservice@Lockhartchem.com • www.Lockhartchem.com
The company now expects 2018 revenue

n NEWSMAKERS
Timken now anticipates 2018 earnings “Oliver Jung has many years of expe-
per diluted share to range from $3.35-$3.45 been with Schaeffler rience at Schaeffler
for the full year on a GAAP basis. Excluding AG since February not only in Germany
anticipated restructuring expense of $0.15 2008 and a member but also abroad and
per share, the company expects 2018 adjust- of the Board of Man- an in-depth knowl-
ed earnings per diluted share to range from aging Directors since edge of our pro-
$3.50-$3.60. October 2013. He duction and plants.
contributed greatly As regional CEO
PROMOTIONS & TRANSITIONS to the successful Asia-Pacific he also
development of the Andreas Schick has gained experi- Corinna
Changes to the board of Schaeffler AG operations function. ence with the work Schittenhelm
This is in particular on the Executive
The Supervisory Board of Schaeffler AG true for the worldwide plant network of Board.”
appoints Andreas Schick to the Board of Schaeffler Group and its production sys- The Supervisory Board also extended
Managing Directors of Schaeffler AG. He will tems.” the contract of Corinna Schittenhelm, chief
take over the role as chief operating officer Regarding Schick, Schaeffler says, “With human resources officer, for a term of five
of Schaeffler AG from Oliver Jung who has the appointment of Schick we have again years ending on Dec. 31, 2023.
decided not to extend his contract and left promoted an internal top executive to be- “On behalf of the Supervisory Board, I
Schaeffler AG in March. come a member of the Board of Managing wish Schittenhelm and Schick all the best
Georg F.W. Schaeffler, chairman of the Directors of Schaeffler AG. Schick has been and every success for their challenging
Supervisory Board of Schaeffler AG, says, with Schaeffler Group since 1994. He has roles,” says Schaeffler.

73rd STLE Annual Meeting & Exhibition
May 20-24, 2018
Minneapolis Convention Center
Minneapolis, Minnesota (USA)
Exhibitor Appreciation Hour

YOU’RE
INVITED!
Monday and Tuesday
May 21 & 22
3-4 pm both days
Refreshments will be served!
The trade show is a major component of STLE’s

Annual Meeting. In 2018 STLE is making it
even easier for you to fit a visit to the exhibition
into your personal itinerary with two hours of
dedicated exhibit time—no need to worry about
missing an education course or technical session!
Come view the newest products and services

from the lubricant industry’s leading companies.
More than 100 exhibitors are in Minneapolis
looking to do business with you.
As part of the Exhibitor Appreciation Hour,

Evonik Oil Additives is holding raffles on
Monday and Tuesday, May 21 and 22, at 3:30 pm
in the exhibit hall. You must be present at Evonik
Booth 103 at time of drawing to win. Evonik is
raffling three Fitbit Alta activity trackers.
2018 Exhibit Schedule

Monday: Noon-5 pm (Exhibitor Appreciation
Hour 3-4 pm)
Tuesday: 9:30 am-Noon & 2-5:30 pm (closed
for Presidents Luncheon - Noon-2 pm.
Exhibitor Appreciation Hour 3-4 pm)
Wednesday: 9:30 am-Noon
Exhibitors: To reserve a spot at the 2019 STLE

Download the 2018 STLE 365 App. exhibition at the Omni Nashville Hotel in
Annual Meeting section sponsored Nashville, Tenn., contact Tracy Nicholas VanEe
by Focus Chemical. at (630) 922-3459, tnicholas@stle.org.
Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers, 840 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068, 847-825-5536, www.stle.org, info@stle.org.
n NEWSMAKERS
Sea-Land Chemical company, now is director of commercial sible for oversight and reporting of com-
Announces New Promotions operations position. Levandowski as- pany financial results and management
sumes responsibility for directing the of information systems.
Westlake, Ohio-based, Sea-Land Chemical supply chain management and customer
Co. is pleased to announce the following service functions of the business. “We are enthusiastic about the recent
promotions within the company. Jennifer changes and promotions within the orga-
Altstadt was appointed as president by • Joe Ramey is controller to director of nization,” says Don Smith, chairman of the
the board of directors, previously serving accounting and MIS (controller), respon- board of directors. “We are confident that
as chief operating officer and director of
operations and strategic planning for the
past two years. Altstadt was the president
of Weatherchem and Libra Industries for 14
years before joining Sea-Land.
Along with the appointment of Altstadt,
the following changes have been made to the
executive and senior management teams:
• STLE-member Craig Lundell is senior

vice president of commercial operations
for the U.S. and Europe. In his new role
Lundell leads all the commercial oper-
ations for the company, which includes
supplier relations, supply chain, custom-
er service and marketing.
• STLE-member Christy Henley is vice

president of sales for the company. Hen-
ley is supported by an experienced sales
team of 12 account managers in the U.S.
• Former STLE board member Jack McK-

enna, in addition to his current roles
as national account manager and vice
president of business development, will
support the growth of the business in
Canada as vice president of Sea-Land
Chemical Canada, Ltd.
• STLE-member Mark Christeon is na-

tional account manager for strategic
accounts. Christeon also has responsi-
bility for business development efforts
in Mexico and Latin America.
• STLE-member Sakura Olah, after 20

years of leading the customer service
group for the company, has accepted
the newly created position of director of
business processes. Olah continues in
her role as director of international op-
erations for Sea-Land Chemical Canada,
Ltd., and Sea-Land Chemical Europe Ltd.
• Jeff Levandowski, after serving for 10

years as supply chain manager with the

with Jennifer’s experience and leadership, Inc. He also was CEO and chief scientific of- degree in materials science and engineering
Sea-Land will continue to reach new heights ficer of Boron Lubricants, Inc. Olliges was a in 2014. Barati’s research work focuses on the
and achieve great success. Jennifer is sur- member of the Federation of American Sci- investigation of plasma electrolytic oxidation
rounded by a talented team, a strong em- entists and held 38 patents. mechanism for coating of alumina-zirconia
ployee ownership culture and a drive by nano-composite. Her current research work
all to succeed, positioning the company to STLE LOCAL SECTION SCHOLARSHIPS is concentrated on developing novel wear re-
deliver maximum value to our stakeholders sistant composite coatings on an aluminum
for many years to come.” STLE North Texas Section alloy. By applying the nano-coating under
Awards Scholarships optimum condition, she achieved significant
IN MEMORIAM improvement in the tribological properties
The STLE North Texas Section has awarded of the Al alloy having 67% reduction in the
William E. Olliges scholarships at a poster session to five stu- friction coefficient and two orders of magni-
dents engaged in research at nearby univer- tude lower wear rate. The incorporation of
STLE-member Wil- sities. The 1st place winner received $1,000 zirconia with high fracture toughness could
liam E. Olliges of (Asghar Shirani), 2nd place $750 (Nastaran reduce crack propagation leading to the high-
Pa l m C i t y, F l a . , Barati), 3rd place $500 (Jihyung Lee) and er wear resistance. This investigation will help
passed away sud- two honorable mentions $250 (Tyler Torg- aerospace and automotive industries to apply
denly on Feb. 28 erson and Kimaya Vyavhare). this coating method on the aluminum alloy for
surrounded by his increasing the life service of their parts.
loving family. Ollig- Dr. Nastaran Barati is a graduate research
es was CEO and chief assistant in the materials science and engi- Jihyung Lee, a second-year graduate stu-
technical officer of neering department at the University of Texas dent in materials science and engineering at
Proton Engineering, William E. Olliges at Arlington. She started her second doctorate the University of North Texas working
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n NEWSMAKERS
North Texas Section

Scholarship Winners
From left to right: Michael

Holloway, chair of the STLE
North Texas Section; Pranesh
Aswath, member of the STLE
North Texas Section and board
of directors; scholarship
winner Kimaya Vyavhare;
Diana Berman, member of the
STLE North Texas Section;
scholarship winner Tyler
Torgerson (front) ; Thomas
Scharf, member of the STLE
North Texas Section and board
of directors; scholarship winner
Asghar Shirani (front) ; and
scholarship winner Jihyung Lee.
with STLE-member professor Diana Berman, strates excellent lubricative properties and ing high-temperature solid lubrication.
is applying atomic force microscopy for anal- thermal stability of the newly discovered
ysis of the evolution of the single-asperity Chinese Violet Seed oil that is correlated Kimaya Vyavhare is a graduate teaching
contact between 2D materials and a conduc- to high concentration of estolides in the oil. assistant in the materials science and en-
tive AFM tip as a function of load, velocity These results are important for creating a gineering department at the University of
and the substrate material. Lee has explored new class of environmentally friendly lubri- Texas at Arlington whose research focuses
how the softness of the substrate material cants, compatible with bio-friendly applica- on developing high-performance antiwear
affects the stability of graphene-metal con- tions and minimizing adverse impact to the and antifriction additives for lubricating
tact and, thus, changes both the tribological environment. greases and oil. Her current research has
behavior of the system and electrical current contributed in the development of a novel
flow through the contact. This work will open Tyler Torgerson is a graduate student in environment-friendly extreme-pressure
new routes for incorporation of 2D materials materials science and engineering at the binary additive system containing multi-
into electromechanical systems and flexible University of North Texas working with walled carbon nanotubes and phospho-
electronics devices. STLE-member professor Thomas Scharf. He rous-containing ionic liquids for lithium
is studying the processing-structure-prop- greases. Using surface characterization
Asghar Shirani is a first-year materials erty relationship of novel high-temperature techniques, she revealed that superior tri-
science and engineering graduate student coatings used on aerospace components. bological performance of prepared grease
working under the direction of professor Torgerson’s research for the competition fo- is due to inherent mechanical and physical
Diana Berman at University of North Texas. cused on the tribological properties of a cold- properties of nanotubes and tribofilm form-
His research is focused on understanding sprayed Ni-WC composite coating, which ing capability of ionic liquids. This study
the fundamental mechanism of lubricity of exhibited good wear resistance under dry introduces new antiwear and antifriction
vegetable oils through comparative analysis sliding condition up to 400 C. Furthermore, additives capable of outperforming conven-
of the oil molecule structure and the corre- he revealed that the coating demonstrated tional hazardous additives (like ZDDP) for
sponding friction and wear reduction capa- self-adaptive friction behavior, making it a applications requiring extreme-pressure
bilities. Shirani’s experimental work demon- potential candidate for applications requir- operating conditions.
Want to be recognized in TLT? If you have news about a new employee or if someone in your company has been recognized with an award or any other interesting items, let us know.
Please send us your news releases and photos for publication in Newsmakers to TLT Magazine, Attn: Rachel Fowler, 840 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068, rfowler@stle.org.

PLUS
Free lead-retrieval
system for
exhibitors and
The STLE
attendees!
Annual Meeting
in an all-new app.
Available Now: STLE 365 App
73rd STLE Annual Meeting & Exhibition

May 20-24, 2018
Minneapolis, Minnesota (USA) Download the app—
STLE’s Annual Meeting offers so much programming that keeping
and don’t miss a thing!
track of what’s happening when and where can be a challenge.
Download the app from The App Store
The STLE 365 App lets you plan your itinerary, schedule appoint-
(Apple products) or The Play Store (An-
ments and stay on top of fast-breaking meeting updates every
droid products). Log in using your STLE
minute of the day. Download the 365 app—and don’t miss a thing!
member ID and password.
The Annual Meeting section of STLE’s 365 app (under the Event
Once in the 365 app, go to Event Apps
Apps section) lets you track, schedule and connect with:
to find STLE’s 73rd Annual Meeting &
Exhibition.
• Nearly 500 technical session abstracts—push a button and it’s
on your itinerary!
For additional questions about the app,
• Paper presenters—easily find your favorite authors
please contact Bruce Murgueitio at
• 12 lubrication-specific education courses bmurgueitio@stle.org.
• More than 100 exhibitors at the trade show
• Special events and networking opportunities
• Floor plans of the Minneapolis Convention Center
and exhibition
• 1,600 international attendees
• Meeting sponsors STLE 365 App
• Local dining options Annual Meeting section sponsored by
• Meeting updates—stay on top of late-breaking news. Focus Chemical.
Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers • 840 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068
Phone: 847-825-5536 • Fax: 847-825-1456 • info@stle.org • www.stle.org
SOUNDING BOARD
© Can Stock Photo / mikdam

Q.1 Identify the most regularly used and trusted
information from your oil analysis program.
Depending on the equipment analyzed, a thorough OA program can include tests for
oxidation, acid number, contamination, moisture, particle counts and more. All are
important, but according to TLT readers, viscosity remains the single most important data
element in an OA report. Readers noted that, in addition to viscosity being a lubricant’s
most important attribute, viscosity testing is fast and reveals information on more than one
lubricant property. Wear metals data was the No. 2 most-cited survey answer, although
readers stressed the importance of understanding the lubricant’s work environment for
best results. Those involved with metalworking fluids were understandably concerned about
additives issues, which they ranked second in importance only to viscosity. Readers agreed
that the biggest problem with OA testing programs also might be the oldest—improper
sampling technique.

All lab-reported data. Need to Viscosity. Incorrect oil For metalworking fluids, Viscosity is probably the
see the wear metals for viscosity can cause severe viscosity and additives most trusted. ICP/RDE has
equipment. Need to see the machine damage or failure. concentration are the key limitations that can be
additive contents to ensure no parameters. misleading. ISO particle
cross contamination. Physical No single test can determine counting also has room for
properties to see the operating the total oil condition, but Viscosity is required as it error. Trending all of our oil
conditions. viscosity is probably the most tells us if the lubrication analysis results is the most
important since it indicates film is thick enough. Total powerful tool we have.
I first look at the attention code more than one property, contamination is an easy test
and the highlighted source of followed by wear metals. and very important as the pH, acid number and viscosity
less-than-normal code. Then contamination of a lubricant are most relevant for PAGs.
the iron and copper for Water content and wear is closely related to wear and
abnormal wear. Then I look metals. Always ask—what lubricant-related equipment
for high silicon for intake happened and why? problems.
problems. I then look for high
sodium and/or potassium for I would have to say that wear Wear metals is the information
What percent of your
coolant contamination. Last metals are the most used that predicts failures.
condition monitoring
but not least is the oxidation information in our lab due to
program is based
and nitration levels, followed the fluctuation of how much Viscosity is always the key.
on oil analysis?
by base number or acid sample our customers send in.
number for the life condition It doesn’t take much sample Viscosity to determine any Less than 25% 10%
of the oil. Silicone and coolant to test for wear metals, so we comingling or severe service.
are probably the most common can almost always get those Acid number to determine 26%-50% 38%
problems detected, followed results. It’s also some of the the amount of oxidation
by wear metals. I sampled the most useful information that degradation. Wear debris to 51%-75% 22%
oil on a freshly re-manned Cat we gather, since the elemental help determine if components
76%-100% 30%
engine. When I checked the analysis shows us the additive are failing. Particle count to
intake system we found a hole package of the oil, wear metals determine cleanliness level.
Based on responses sent to 15,000 TLT
the size of a thumbnail in a and also contamination. Additive levels to determine readers.
rubber elbow rubbing on a if the additives are being
metal component. But it was Depending on the system, depleted or comingling with
too late. The engine had to be typically particle counts and another product. All of these
re-manned again. Cost of two water are the most important values are important—which is
re-mans: $16,000 plus down information to track as they more important depends on Viscosity is the most frequently
time. are the first indicator of a the kind of equipment. used piece of information for
change within the system. If our facility. It helps us head off
ISO count, viscosity, wear it’s for a turbine, acid number ISO count, acid number and equipment issues due to our
metals and degradation also is on the top of this list. moisture content. two most-common problems:
readings (oxidation, sulfation, If there are varnish-related incorrect oil added to a piece of
nitration and base number) are problems, then MPC is on Oxidation. This is how I judge if machinery and excess water
all used together to get the top. Once a change has been the oil needs to be changed. in a system.
complete picture. Sometimes detected, this is when we
there is a question with some look at wear particles, etc. Viscosity because it’s a very We use the entire range of
of the elemental and ISO if it’s fast test. results as they are all
suspected that the tech got We look at all the basic info, interdependent.
dirt in the sample during including viscosity, water To me it’s always a
collection, so those could be content, wear metals, additives combination of information Viscosity: lubricant health.
considered the least trusted and particle counts. We just and the individual type of ISO count: lubricant health,
on some samples. want to ensure the right equipment analyzed. machine condition. Flashpoint:
product is being used and is lubricant dilution, safety
Neutralization number and not contaminated. Viscosity at 40 C and 100 C, concerns.
elemental analysis. as this is the most important
Viscosity and wear metals property of a lubricant. ASTM We do not perform an oil
Wear metals, acid, elements, identify the cause of most D445 test is a well-established analysis program such as is
viscosity. failures. and reliable procedure. used for in-use lubricants.

n SOUNDING BOARD
Viscosity is most important Wear metals, especially in a Moisture percentage. If it’s Viscosity/ISO count and
in the initial use of fluid. dusty environment. wet, nothing else matters. wear metals. Dirt levels are
Other things become more important to valves, and wear
important later. Viscosity, ISO count, wear Visual, viscosity, X-ray and metals help determine if you’re
metals, RULER, varnish FTIR show contamination and having motor problems.
Both the viscosity and wear potential MPC (dE) are the performance additive levels.
metals profile results are key. most used and trusted Elemental spectroscopy
In addition to providing insight information in regards to our Viscosity and particle analysis (contaminants, wear metals
into the lubricant’s condition, oil analysis program to help of any sort. Those two pieces and additives) because it
additional information such predict and trend potential of information can help measures contaminants at
as airborne contaminants, bad actors before they become predict/prevent catastrophic their most damaging size,
dilution and introduced catastrophic and take down failure. wear metals in their earliest
contaminants can be detected the equipment. form and helps confirm (along
and are indicators of the Elemental analysis via ICP. It with viscosity) that the correct
system’s overall health. Viscosity. Because your lube gives you a good indication of lubricant has been applied.
could degrade quickly. whether your oil is indeed your
Wear metals and fuel dilution. oil and if it is contaminated or Viscosity. It is the most
Viscosity. It is a quick and shows wear metals, etc. repeatable measurement
It is very hard to determine easy way to check the integrity from our lab.
which test is the most of the fluid, whether it has Wear metals. Done properly, it
important, as they all are oxidized or is contaminated gives a good picture of the More Sounding
valuable in their own way. with another fluid. overall health of the system. Board on Page 68
PARTICLE COUNTS FOR INDUSTRIAL FLUIDS

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marks used herein are trademarks or registered trademarks of Beckman Coulter, Inc. in the United States and other countries.

You work in a
technical world.
Should you belong to
a technical society?
Keeping current with technical changes in the lubricants
field is a daunting task.
More than 3,000 of your peers have solved this problem by
joining the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers.
STLE is the premier technical organization representing
tribology researchers and lubrication professionals.
Men and women from industry, academia and government join
because they know STLE provides the lubricant industry’s
highest level of technical training and career development.
But the benefits of membership don’t stop there.
STLE membership is a mark of distinction and affiliates you and
your organization with the world’s leading experts in lubrication.
You work in a technical world. You belong in
a technical society. You belong in STLE.
Learn more about the benefits of STLE
membership and how to join at
www.stle.org.
© Can Stock Photo Inc. / yellowcrest
Follow us on
Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers, 840 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068 • 847-825-5536 • info@stle.org • www.stle.org
n SOUNDING BOARD
Q.2
What is the No. 1 fault/factor that invalidates or
calls into question your oil analysis results?
No. 1 problem: incorrect info Improper sampling methods. To have a better Customer not including
on analysis sheet with the We do not support the bag understanding of the issue. enough information on oil type,
sample. I ask for copies of the method as bottles typically equipment type, service time
sheets so I can check them. have 10 ppm 10 micron and Responsible people are not on oil, etc.
larger, and this will skew always familiar with the
Silicon, aluminum and ISO results in clean systems. advantages of oil condition Oil sampling practices.
have been thrown off by poor monitoring. I have organized Dedicated oil sampling ports
sampling practices. To combat Improper sampling. Repeated many training sessions fitted to all critical plant, train
we discuss it with the techs training classes. dedicated to maintenance personnel on the importance
when we notice a trend and people. of correct sampling
work on keeping training up to Often our lab will report the procedures and educate on the
a high standard. Continuous heavier gear oils, 320 and 460, principles of rubbish in,
improvement. as being light, but when they rubbish out.
are resampled they test Has oil analysis saved your
Oxidation. normal. The have told us they company (or your custom- Variation in acid number from
do so many lighter samples er’s company) substantial the lab.
Poor sampling technique/ that cross contamination can money through allowing
procedure. Must obtain a occur. predictive maintenance? Sample quality is the biggest
quality sample to produce issue we have with the
quality analysis results. I Time and distance of the Yes 87% accuracy of our oil analysis.
collect the critical oil samples damage site from which the oil We have had a huge turnover
myself. samples were taken. No 13% in people, and it is difficult to
get someone trained and keep
Based on responses sent to 15,000 TLT
Sampling method, including Contamination/filtration. readers. those same people on that
interval. sampling routine.
Validating alarm limits. The
Particle counting; faulty lab has no idea of conditions of Additives and wear metals
sampling procedure. Supplying environment that the asset is concentration. Some elements
clean and suitable sample ingesting. are harder than others to
bottles, plus training. Response time to review detect, a situation also affected
External contamination with reports and after-sales service by contamination. We often
There are so many factors that different fluids/lubricants. and technical support. retest to confirm results.
can invalidate our oil reports,
from customers not indicating Calibration or verification for Contamination of the sample. When there is an obvious
which product they’re using to analyzer. Solution is proper training and error and it is apparent the
not having a baseline for FTIR procedures when obtaining the person has not looked at the
comparison. We encourage all Delay between getting the sample. sample before being released.
of our customers to fill out all sample to the lab and
the information on their receiving the results. Water in the sample. Make High number of largest
sample forms and also to send Samples couriered to the lab sure the oil is up to operating particle sizes suggests poor
in a clean oil to use as a and results are cloud based temperature before taking a sampling technique. We then
baseline. and easily accessible. used-oil sample. resample.

Technical Education. Career Development.
International Networking.
73rd STLE Annual Meeting 2018 TECHNICAL TRACKS

& Exhibition
• Biotribology
May 20-24, 2018
• Commercial Marketing Forum
Minneapolis Convention Center (Purchased time slots only)
Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
• Condition Monitoring
• Contact Mechanics (new track)
• Engine and Drive Train
• Environmentally Friendly Fluids
• Fluid Film Bearings
• Fluid Film Bearings with
Engineered Surfaces.
Fluid Film & Surface
Engineering Joint Session.
• Gears
• Grease
• Lubrication Fundamentals
• Materials Tribology (including
Solid Lubricants and Ceramics
and Composites)
• Tribochemistry - Materials
Tribology and Nanotribology
Joint Session
Whether you work in the field or lab—in industry, academia or • Metalworking Fluids
government—STLE’s Annual Meeting has programming designed • Nanotribology
specifically for you. Please join 1,600 of your peers from around • Nonferrous Metals
the globe for five unique days of technical training and industry
• Power Generation
education that could change your career.
• Rolling Element Bearings
Program Highlights: • Seals
500 Technical Presentations • 12 Lubrication-specific Education • Seals Technology Review
Courses • 100-exhibitor Trade Show • Commercial Marketing Forum
• Surface Engineering (including
• Business Networking • International Audience
Hard Coatings)
Register now! • Synthetic and Hydraulic
Log on to www.stle.org to register for the meeting and make Lubricants
your sleeping room reservation at the Hilton Minneapolis (HQ) • Tribotesting
& Hyatt Regency Minneapolis hotels. • Wear
Early Birds! Register by April 18 and save $100 on your meeting fee. • Wind Turbine Tribology.
Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers, 840 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068
info@stle.org, www.stle.org, 847-825-5536 • Follow us on #STLE2018
n SOUNDING BOARD
Improper identification of the Additive metals don’t match High particle count and/or The use of automatic
equipment sampled. We have baseline. silicon with no associated wear viscometers and duplicate
gone to entering all equipment metals often indicates a poor runs.
into a database and using QR Calibration of the X-ray. sampling procedure. I usually
codes to tie the equipment and re-sample to confirm but Particle wear—it’s key to make
sample together. Inconsistent results endanger recommend that a better sure sample oil is collected at
confidence in the oil analysis sample valve and/or the right spot.
Sampling. Error taking and/or program/company. Mitigation procedure be implemented
properly labeling samples. efforts include training in oil in the future. Base number measurement.
sampling and submission Sent out samples to outside
The variance of a Varnish processes, re-submission Need to trust that the sample labs. Ordered a new titrator.
Potential MPC (dE) and Karl alerts to the analysis company was taken properly. If you
Fisher oil sample result. We and, in rare instances, don’t know what you are Elemental analysis
usually re-test and compare changing to another analysis testing then it’s impossible to inaccuracies. Modify the
the results. company. draw any conclusions. method used accordingly.
Editor’s Note: Sounding Board is based on an informal poll of 15,000 TLT readers. Views expressed are those of the respondents and do not reflect the
opinions of the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers. STLE does not vouch for the technical accuracy of opinions expressed in Sounding Board,
nor does inclusion of a comment represent an endorsement of the technology by STLE.

LUBRICANT INDUSTRY
CAREER OPPORTUNITIES
Pelichem has 40 years of recruitment experience and is dedicated to serving clients globally in lubricant and additive
industries. According to ADP reports, the U.S. economy grew at a steady pace in 2017 averaging more than 210,000
private sector monthly job gains. The economy is still growing at a strong pace in 2018 with 244,000 and 235,000 private
sector job gains in January and February. Several current career opportunities with client companies are listed below.
*DIRECTOR TECHNICAL SERVICES* *BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT MANAGER*

(Midwest Region) (Home-based – Location Flexible)
100+ year old leading supplier of industrial and automotive Global specialty chemicals company has created a new
lubricants has a key position open due to internal promotion. position within a small, rapidly growing lubricant additive
This engineering professional will manage several direct business group. Responsibilities include sales, marketing,
reports in support of a large sales force throughout North business development, strategic planning and logistics for a
America. Products include engine oils, greases, hydraulic line of EP additives for metalworking / industrial lubricant and
fluids, gear oils, and compressor oils for maintenance of grease applications. 40% travel throughout North America.
mobile equipment in industries such as agricultural, mining,
construction, and transportation. 20% travel. *COMPLIANCE MANAGER*
(Northeast Region)
*SALES REPRESENTATIVE – MINING*
(Home-based – Location Flexible) Long-established manufacturer of specialized fluids for the
metalworking industry needs an individual to manage
Highly competitive specialty lubricant / grease manufacturer environmental / safety compliance programs such as storm
is searching for an individual with solid experience selling / industrial waste water, hazardous chemicals, and chemical
lubricants, bearings, gearing or other equipment / chemicals handling. Will also manage raw material ordering / receiving
to the mining industry. This person will focus on new and maintaining the data base and approved vendors.
business development in markets such as coal, gold, lead,
taconite, copper, cement and power. 50%+ travel. *FORMULATION CHEMISTS*
*REGIONAL SALES ENGINEER* 1) Metalworking Lubricants – International specialty

(Southern Region) chemicals supplier in the Southeast U.S. region has
an expansion position available for a chemist to do
Global distributor of fuels, lubricants and base oils needs an formulation, testing, and customer support
individual to manage key account sales of high performance 2) Industrial Lubricants & Greases – Leading high-
base stocks to lubricant blenders. This person will assist in performance lubricants manufacturer in the Midwest
executing sales and marketing strategies and be groomed to U.S. region needs a chemist to perform new product
manage a sales team over the next few years. 40% travel. development, formulation, testing, and customer
technical support in areas of hydraulic fluids, gear
*SPECIALTY GREASE SALES oils, engine oils, and food grade & specialty grease..
REPRESENTATIVE* (Midwest Region) Please call or send resume at your earliest convenience if
you are considering a new position. Your response will be
Custom blender and contract manufacturer of silicone and handled promptly and with the utmost confidentiality. If you
synthetic greases is seeking an individual to sell specialty plan to attend the STLE Annual Meeting in Minneapolis
lubricants, greases, and metalworking fluids direct to May 20-24, please contact me in advance or during the
industries such as automotive, electrical, electronic, meeting to arrange a time to meet and discuss your career
medical, and heavy equipment. Will cover IL/IN/OH/MI. situation or your company's hiring interests.
*TECHNICAL DIRECTOR* Ken Pelczarski

(Midwest Region) Pelichem Associates
928 Warren Avenue
Small well-established manufacturer of metalworking fluids Downers Grove, IL 60515
and related industrial lubricants is searching for a chemist 630-960-1940 (office)
with leadership abilities to manage a laboratory of 2-3 630-207-5676 (cell)
chemists and technicians in R&D, formulation, testing, and 630-960-1942 (fax)
customer technical support. pelichem@aol.com
www.pelichemsearch.com
TLT ADVERTISERS INDEX
MAY 2018 • VOL. 74, NO.5
Company Page Next in TLT:

Abitec Corp. 76 June
Acme-Hardesty Co. 38 STLE Convention Issue
Advanced Chemical Concepts 27 (1,600 bonus distribution in
AXEL Royal LLC 61 Minneapolis.)
Ad close: April 16
BASF 9
Materials: April 19
© Can Stock Photo / m3ron

Basic Handbook of Lubrication,
73
Third Edition Book • Medical Tribology
Beckman Coulter 66 • Seals
Bruker 23 • Computer-aided Modeling
Calumet Specialty Products Partners, L.P. OBC • Automotive Tribology
Cannon Instrument Co. 52

Chevron Oronite Co., LLC 37 July
(Post-convention Issue &
Colonial Chemical 51
Summer Sales Special. Special
CRC Press - Taylor & Francis Group 81
terms apply.)
Daubert Chemical 70 Ad close: May 25
Dover Chemical Corp. 39
© Can Stock Photo / ShutterM
Materials: June 1
Ducom Instruments 31
• Oil Analysis
Eastman Chemical Co. 75
• Aviation Lubricants
Evonik Oil Additives 5 • Bearings
ExxonMobil Chemical Co. 3 • STEM
Formulaction 53
GEO Specialty Chemicals 47 August
Huntsman Petrochemical Corp. 7 (Exhibitor Special—Buy an ad,
J.A.M. Distributing Co. 85 get your 2019 exhibit booth in
King Industries, Inc. 11 Nashville, Tenn., free. Special
terms apply.)
Lockhart Chemical Co. 57
Ad close: June 22
© Can Stock Photo / kadmy
MJ Tribology 86
Materials: June 29
Monson, an Azelis Company 58
Nanovea IFC • Metalworking Fluids
Pelichem Associates 71
• Seals
• Bearings
Pilot Chemical 15
• Automotive Tribology
PolyOne Corp. 17
Rtec-Instruments 43
September
Soltex, Inc. 13 (TLT 15-year Anniversary
STLE 365 App: Annual Meeting 63 Issue.)
STLE 2018 Annual Meeting & Exhibition 69 Ad close: July 25
Materials: August 1
© Can Stock Photo / krasyuk
STLE 2018 Annual Meeting Exhibitor

59
Appreciation Hour
STLE Certification 87
• Additives
• Engine & Drivetrain
STLE Learning Pathways 83 • Oil Analysis
STLE Membership 67 • Nanotribology
STLE 2018 Tribology Frontiers Conference 77
The Dow Chemical Co. 29
The Elco Corp./Italmatch Chemicals 80
For information on how to customize a multimedia marketing program
UL Prospector IBC
that reaches 15,000 lubricant-industry decision-makers, contact:
Vanderbilt Chemicals, LLC 55
National Sales Manager, Tracy Nicholas VanEe
Zschimmer & Schwarz, Inc. 60 (630) 922-3459 • tnicholas@stle.org

Basic Handbook of Lubrication
Third Edition
The only reference you need to
understand tribology fundamentals!
Edited by STLE’s Alberta Section, the Basic Handbook of
Lubrication (Third Edition) is a comprehensive text authored
by more than 25 contributors. At 360 pages, this technical
reference thoroughly covers some 30 topics with material
edited to help newcomers and veterans to the lubricants
industry. This reference is included in the recommended
study material for STLE’s Certified Lubrication Specialist©
and Oil Monitoring Analyst© (I&II) certifications.
CHAPTER TITLES
• Oil viscosity & selecting correct grade • Turbine oils

depending on temperature • Refrigeration system lubrication
• Friction and lubrication regimes • Grease, an introduction
• Mineral base oils • Solid film lubricants
• Synthetic base oils and finished lubricants • Metalworking & preservative fluids
• Used oil re-refining to create base oils • Environmentally friendly lubricants
• Additives used in formulating lubricants • Solvents & cleaners
• New lubricants – analysis & testing • Aftermarket additives
• Bearing lubrication • Centralized lubrication systems
• Engine oils • Pneumatics
• (Stationary) natural gas engine lubrication • Filtration
• Enclosed gear oils: Classifications and • Introduction to seals
additives • Wear types
• Hydraulics fluids & related properties • Degradation and analysis of oils
• Hydraulic system components in service
• Hydraulic system components – sample • Condition monitoring & industrial
calculation machinery
• Hydraulic system components – sample • Effective bearing failure analysis
calculation appendix • A guide to purchasing lubricants
• Air compressor lubrication • Storage of new lubricants (health, safety
• Reciprocating natural gas compressor and environmental considerations)
lubrication • Used oil collection
• Lubrication of electric motor bearings • Glossary of lubrication terms
Price: $155 to STLE members, $189 to others (includes shipping).

Comes in spiral-bound and perfect-bound editions.
Available only through STLE! Order at www.stle.org, or call 847-825-5536.
Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers

840 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, Illinois 60068
P: 847-825-5536 F: 847-825-1456 www.stle.org info@stle.org
RESOURCES
Technical Books STLE Certification Exams
Fundamentals of Polymer Science for Engineers STLE is offering six certification exams in the coming weeks. Here
is the information on each exam:
Author: Stoyko Fakirov
Publisher: Wiley • May 18 from 8-11 a.m. at the Holiday Inn Express & Suites
Brentwood North-Nashville Area, 5566 Franklin Pike Cir.,
Filling a gap in the market, this Brentwood, Tenn.
textbook provides a concise yet • May 18 from 9 a.m. to 12 p.m. at Inntel Hotels Amsterdam Zaan-
thorough introduction to polymer dam, Provincialeweg 102, 1506 MD Zaandam, Netherlands.
science for advanced engineering
students and practitioners. Focus • May 24 from 9 a.m. to 12 p.m. at the Minneapolis Convention
is on the chemical, physical and Center, Minneapolis, Minn.
materials science aspects that • June 15 from 8-11 a.m. at the Holiday Inn Express Raleigh-
are most relevant for engineering Durham Airport, 1014 Airport Blvd., Morrisville, N.C.
applications. After covering poly-
• June 22 from 8:30-11:30 a.m. at Lubrication Engineers Inc.,
mer synthesis and properties, the
1919 Tulsa St. E, Wichita, Kans.
major section of the book is de-
voted to polymeric materials such • June 22 from 9 a.m. to 12 p.m. at Oildoc GmbH, Kerschelweg
as thermoplastics and polymer composites, polymer process- 29, 83098 Brannenburg, Germany. German language only.
ing such as injection molding and extrusion and methods for
large-scale polymer characterization. The text concludes with For the online registration form, go to www.stle.org; click on the
an overview of engineering plastics. The emphasis throughout professional development tab at the top. Then go to certification,
is on application-relevant topics, and the author focuses on re- then registration. Online registration closes two weeks prior to the
al-life, industry-relevant polymeric materials. Available at www. exam date. Onsite registration may be available on a first come,
wiley.com. List Price: $150.00 (USD), hardcover. first serve basis. For more information and for other methods
of registering, you may contact STLE headquarters by emailing
certification@stle.org or calling (847) 825-5536.
Biophysical Chemistry
Industry Conferences
Authors: Dagmar Klostermeier and Markus G. Rudolph
Publisher: CRC Press
LUBMAT 2018
Biophysical Chemistry explores
the concepts of physical chemis-
LUBMAT 2018 is June 5-6 at the Miramar Palace in San Sebastian,
try and molecular structure that
Spain. It is a well-established event in its 6th edition. Contributions are
underlie biochemical processes.
expected on all aspects of three main topics: lubrication and lubrica-
Ideally suited for students of life
tion management, tribology and condition monitoring. Apart from the
sciences but equally accessible
conference itself, there will be an exhibition as well as the possibility
to students and scientists in relat-
of private sponsorship. For more information, visit www.lubmat.org.
ed fields, the book concisely de-
scribes the fundamental aspects
of biophysical chemistry, putting NORDTRIB 2018: The 18th Nordic Symposium on Tribology
them into a biochemical context.
The book is organized in four NORDTRIB 2018: The 18th Nordic Symposium on Tribology is June
parts, covering thermodynamics, kinetics, molecular structure 18-21 in Uppsala, Sweden. It is held biannually, touring around the Nor-
and stability and biophysical methods. Cross-references with- dic countries Finland, Sweden, Norway and Denmark. It is intended as
in and between these parts emphasize common themes and a forum where researchers and developers from universities, research
highlight recurrent principles. End-of-chapter problems illustrate institutes and industries can present their latest contributions and also
the main points explored and their relevance for biochemistry, discuss field related issues. It is hosted by the Angstrom Tribomaterials
enabling students to apply their knowledge and to transfer it group at Uppsala University. Topics include tribology, wear and fric-
to laboratory projects. Available at www.crcpress.com. List tion, lubrication, coating for tribology and more. For more information,
Price: $99.95 (USD), hardcover. contact conference organizers at nordtrib2018@angstrom.uu.se.

Industry Conferences
Gordon Research Conference - Progress in Tribology

at the Interface Between Disciplines
This conference is June 24-29 at Bates College in Lewiston, Maine.

The focus of the conference is on cutting-edge interface research that
is happening at the interface between disciplines. A Gordon Research How long will your
fluid last?
Seminar (GRS) will precede the 2018 GRC on Tribology with a closely
tied focus on multi-disciplinary studies in interfacial science. The GRS
will provide young tribologists from diverse disciplines the oppor-
tunity to come together and present their work to their peers in an
unintimidating atmosphere in preparation for the GRC. Additionally Extend the life of your metalworking
invited keynote speakers at the GRS will provide their perspectives
into how early career tribologists can best prepare themselves for fluids with Synergex™ multifunctional
successful careers within academia and beyond. We expect lively,
informal and informative discussions for the rising generation of tri-
amine additives. This range of lower-
bologists. The GRS is aimed at providing a casual environment for odor, lower-volatility products from
young researchers to learn about cutting-edge tribology research
while building a professional network among their peers. For more Eastman offers excellent buffering
information, visit www.grc.org/tribology-conference/2018/. and pH stability.
Research
Visit us at STLE booth #419
Freedonia Report: Synthetic Automotive Lubricants
in UK to Reach 126,000 Metric Tons in 2021
Demand for synthetic automotive lubricants in the UK is forecast

to rise 2.2% per year to 126,000 metric tons in 2021, according to a
new report published by The Freedonia Group, a Cleveland-based
industry research firm.
Factors supporting demand gains include:
• Tightening emissions regulations and OEM recommendations
that call for low-viscosity lubricants
• Ongoing consumer interest in improving fuel economy
• Arrival of more modern engines in the vehicle fleet due to vehicle
turnover
• Expanding availability of synthetic blends, which offer many per-
formance advantage of full synthetics at a more affordable price.
Learn more at
Demand for synthetic and conventional automotive lubricants www.synergexamine.com
in the UK is forecast to fall slightly to 286,000 metric tons in 2021.
Improved engine technologies and high quality lubricant formula-
tions that will continue to lengthen average drain intervals will play
a part in this decline. These and other trends are presented in the
new study Automotive Lubricants Market in the UK.
Engine oils will make up the largest share of demand, accounting
for 72% of the market in 2021. Light vehicles like cars and SUVs ac-
count for a greater share of lubricant demand in the UK than anywhere
else in the world. These vehicles have an outsized impact upon engine
oils, accounting for nearly three-fourths of demand for this product.
Automotive Lubricants Market in the UK (published January 2018,
80 pages) is available for $2,400 from The Freedonia Group. For details
or to arrange an interview with the report’s analyst, please contact
Corinne Gangloff at (440) 684-9600 or pr@freedoniagroup.com.

n RESOURCES
Events listed here are local section programs. For further details
and a full listing of other upcoming section events in your area,
visit www.stle.org. Meeting announcements can be sent to
STLE Local Section Meeting Calendar TLT Magazine, Attn: Rachel Fowler, rfowler@stle.org.
May 2018 Plane Bearing Materials and Applica- Texas. To register for the event, visit
tions; Engine Oil Friction (Speakers: www.STLENorthTexas.org.
STLE Philadelphia Section: 2nd Annual Fanghui Shi, GM; Robert Adams, Sera-
George Arbocus Education Course, May pid and Tribis Engineering; Arup Gan- STLE Houston Section: Topic and
2, 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. The education course gopadhyay, Ford), May 2, 7:30 a.m. (reg- Speaker TBD, May 11, 11 a.m. (registra-
will focus on ways the automotive industry istration and continental breakfast), 8 a.m. tion and networking), 11:30 a.m. (full buffet
is using lubricants to improve efficiency. (speaker presentations), 11:30 a.m. (brunch), lunch), 12:00 p.m. (business meeting and
Speakers are from Southwest Research In- Oakland University – Engineering Center, technical presentation), Brady’s Landing
stitute, General Motors, The Lubrizol Corp., 115 Library Dr., Rochester, Mich. Contact: Restaurant, 8505 Cypress St., Houston,
Evonik Oil Additives, Driven Racing Oil and Beth Zou, qzou@oakland.edu. Texas. For more information, visit www.
Don Schumacher Racing. Lunch and a tour stlehouston.com/2HoustonSTLE/in-
of the museum will be provided to attend- STLE North Texas Section: Sporting dex.shtml.
ees. Simeone Foundation Automotive Mu- Clay Scholarship Tournament, May
seum, 6825 Norwitch Dr., Philadelphia, Pa. 5 from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. DFW Clay Tar- June 2018
For more information and to register, visit get Sports is hosting the tournament to
www.philadelphia-stle.org. raise scholarship money for undergrad- STLE Hamilton Section Golf Social,
uate and graduate students of the North June 1. More information to come. Con-
STLE Detroit Section Brunch: Tribology Texas Section. DFW Clay Target Sports, tact: Mike Deckert or Greg Pottruff, (905)
Simulation in Powertrain Applications; 13055 Cleveland Gibbs Rd., Northlake, 671-2355.
Abitec_Ad Outilne.pdf 1 3/2/18 1:58 PM
CM
MY
CY
CMY

Mark Your Calendar!
2018 STLE And learn about the technical,

environmental and social issues that
Tribology will most impact tribology research
in the 21st Century.
Frontiers
Conference
For the fourth year STLE is convening an
international community to share tribology’s
most cutting-edge research. Come join us for
four information-packed days with tribology’s top
minds—you’ll leave with a better understanding
of how your company’s products will fit into an
The Drake Hotel Chicago ever-evolving technical future.
Oct. 28-31, 2018 Visit www.stle.org for program updates,
online registration and hotel reservations.
TFC registration opens following
the 73rd STLE Annual Meeting &
Exhibition, May 20-24, 2018, in
Minneapolis.
See you in Chicago!
• Cutting-edge tribology research
• Networking
• Industry recognition
• Leadership opportunities
• Invited speakers
• International community
• Idea sharing
Co-sponsored by ASME Tribology Division.
© Can Stock Photo / malajski
Places of Interest • The Art Institute of Chicago • Museum of Science and Industry • Follow us on:
Field Museum • Shedd Aquarium • Willis Tower • Lincoln Park Zoo •
John Hancock Building • Navy Pier • Millennium Park • Michigan Avenue shopping
Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers, 840 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068 • info@stle.org • www.stle.org • 847-825-5536
CAREER COACH
Getting back on track after multiple job changes

Your task: Convincing potential employers
that you are a long-term fit for their position.
By Ken Pelczarski
© Can Stock Photo / racorn
Y ou may wonder how many job changes it takes to endanger your

industry reputation. There is no magic number. Very simply, the more jobs
you have in a brief period, the more explanations are necessary.
Throughout my 40-years-plus career in the search consulting field, I have
seen many successful lubricant industry professionals go through stretches of
four or five jobs in a brief period. You may suddenly be viewed as a hiring risk due

to several quick job changes after having • You lose sight of the big picture and 2. Better opportunity. This is generally
had a long-term career with one employer. change jobs because of one minor in- viewed as an excellent reason to make a
It can happen to any of us as described in cident. job move, although better opportunity can
the following hypothetical scenario: mean many different things and must be
• Your first inclination is to find a new
job instead of attempting to resolve an explained succinctly. A prospective employ-
• You are successful in your first job out er needs to understand your career goals
issue.
of college (Job No. 1) for 20 years selling through what has motivated you to change
lubricant additives. • You have a history of leaving employers
jobs in recent years. Did you move for (a.)
primarily for more money.
• You change jobs to manage sales for a bigger challenge, (b.) more day-to-day sat-
start-up company (Job. No. 2) and work • You make consistently bad decisions isfaction, (c.) increased responsibilities, (d.)
there for one year until you are recruited about choosing employers that are not better utilization of your skill set and/or (e.)
by an international company (Job No. 3) a good cultural fit. greater chance for promotion?
to manage a large sales staff. • You are critical of top management and
• Your position is eliminated after one direct superiors from each of your past 3. Job insecurity. Job security is widely
year due to the pending sales of your employers. seen as a basic need for individuals. Em-
division. ployers will look at this job changing rea-
• You claim that past employers have had son positively if you are being proactive and
• You manage your own consulting firm unreasonable expectations of you. have valid reasons to be concerned about
(Job No. 4) for a year but miss the team • You do not take personal responsibility losing your position. You must convince the
atmosphere of a large employer. employer there is a significant chance of
for short-term job stints.
• You join a small lubricant additives dis- losing your job in the short term.
tributor (Job No. 5) in regional sales, but Take charge of your career by making
your income and level of responsibility job changes selectively for opportunities 4. Work is unappreciated. Being appre-
are subpar so you begin another job that will benefit your career in the long run. ciated is another basic need for individu-
search having had five employers during Avoid taking risks by changing jobs for rea- als. It is important for you to explain to a
the past five years. sons that will be hard to justify. Below are prospective employer that you have done
common reasons for leaving an employer excellent work over an extended period and
In a perfect world, you will take mea- and the level of difficulty you may have ex- have not been recognized financially or oth-
sures to prevent the too-many-jobs syn- plaining these job moves in an interview. erwise. It helps your case if you have spoken
drome from happening to you. However, to your employer directly about your con-
you will never be 100% immune. All you cerns with no resulting special recognition.
can do is minimize the chances of finding
16 common
yourself in this situation. Below are five 5. Work-life balance. Any upstanding
measures to take when changing employers reasons for employer should appreciate this reason for
to minimize the risk of having several jobs switching jobs changing jobs. You will need to define the
in an abbreviated period:
and how kind of balance you desire, and it will need
to fit with the demands of the job for which
1. Research the prospective employer’s employers you are interviewing. Most employers will
stability, turnover and treatment of em- view them not want to hear that you are unwilling to go
ployees. the extra mile occasionally to do things such
2. Make sure the position is closely aligned 1. More money. Changing jobs strictly for as (a.) staying late, (b.) taking work home
with your career goals. more money is often frowned upon by em- with you and/or (c.) contributing outside
ployers, especially if you have established your job description.
3. Change only for significant improve-
a pattern of switching for modest salary in-
ment in job satisfaction.
creases. On the other hand, employers will 6. Relocation. It is an understandable
4. Make the move only if you see a good understand if there are underlying issues reason to switch jobs if you and your fam-
chance for a long-term fit. involved such as (a.) unkept financial prom- ily desire to relocate to a specific part of
5. Always work hard and aim to be a top ises, (b.) incentive programs greatly reduced the country. A prospective employer also
performer. or abandoned, (c.) salaries frozen for years should understand if you relocated for your
because the company is not doing well, (d.) current job and are now looking to move
After you have made several job chang- you have fallen progressively behind a com- back to your original location because you
es in a brief period, below are some patterns petitive salary range due to small annual in- and/or your family did not like the new
and attitudes with which employers would creases or (e.) you are not being financially area. You need to limit the number of relo-
be concerned: recognized for superior performance. cations that do not work out in your career

n CAREER COACH
as employers might view this as not making resolve the situation internally and (d.) how son you took early retirement. It should be
smart decisions. the situation was unlikely to change in the understood if you retired because of large
near term. financial incentives. If you retired for oth-
7. Shorter commute. A prospective em- er reasons, however, employers will want
ployer may question this reason for switch- 9. Better company. This job-changing to make sure you are returning to the job
ing jobs if it is the primary reason. Employ- reason is similar to leaving for a better op- market for valid reasons and that they are
ers should understand, however, if you are portunity in the respect that better company hiring you for the long term.
currently commuting more than an hour, can mean many different things. Describe to
especially if something has changed in your a prospective employer the specific features 11. Unethical, unsafe or illegal activi-
personal life where you need to spend more of a better company that have motivated ties. It is totally understandable if you leave
time at home. you to change jobs such as (a.) stability, (b.) a company because of unethical, unsafe or
competitiveness, (c.) innovation, (d.) par- illegal activities. The only question a pro-
8. Undesirable boss. There is no denying ticipative management style, (e.) industry spective employer may have is whether you
that a bad boss can make your job miser- leader, (f.) younger culture, (g.) better ben- should have known about this company’s
able. Employers should understand this efits, (h.) excellent growth history and/or undesirable reputation through due dili-
reason for changing jobs, but they will look (i.) high profitability. gence before going to work for them.
closely at established patterns that indicate
you do not get along well with superiors. Be 10. Early retirement. In today’s job 12. Return to your field. A prospective
specific in a job interview about bad boss market, many individuals return to work employer will want to understand the rea-
situations including (a.) how it affected your full time after early retirement for reasons son you originally left your field. You may
ability to do the job, (b.) how it affected that are financial or career-passion related. have wanted to (a.) turn a hobby into a pro-
growth opportunities, (c.) how you tried to Explain to a prospective employer the rea- fession, (b.) try something entirely
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n CAREER COACH
new as a career change, (c.) go back to

school, (d.) help a friend or family member
run a business or (e.) assist a close family
member with a serious health condition.
In any case, employers will want to know
that you still have passion for your chosen Earning
career and that you are not likely to leave an MBA or
your field again. additional
technical
13. Utilize new education. You may
have earned an MBA and now want to uti-
degree is
lize both your business and technical skills. viewed as
Perhaps you earned a degree in chemical an excellent
engineering and now want to work in a reason to
chemical plant after working as a chemist change jobs.
in the lab. This should be viewed by most
© Can Stock Photo / Goodluz

employers as an excellent reason to change
jobs as long as there is not an opportunity
in the short term to use your new educa-
tion with your current employer. Employers
should understand that you have new ca-
reer goals after dedicating time and money
to go back to school.
“always” or “frequently” consider hiring have worked for recently, this can be ac-
14. Start your own business or join a a candidate who was let go from his/her complished by emphasizing the following:
start-up venture. The kind of entrepre- previous employer for performance reasons
neurial spirit and ambition required to start (31 employers said “sometimes” and 12 em- • You have learned a lot through
a business or join a new venture is generally ployers said “never”). It is a tall task in a job job-switching experiences.
admired by employers. During a job inter- interview, but you must (a.) take responsi-
• You are being careful in choosing the
view, your decision-making process at the bility for your past performance, (b.) explain
right long-term employer.
time you made this entrepreneurial move extenuating circumstances, (c.) stress your
will be evaluated. A prospective employ- current motivation and (d.) convince the • You know exactly what you want to do
er will look at your level of planning and employer that your skill set bodes well for for the next few years of your career.
whether you took too much risk with little success in the position being offered.
• You know the kind of position in
chance of success.
which you will be most successful.
In summary, a prospective employer
15. Layoff. Highly talented individuals wants to hear honesty, accountability and • The position at hand closely matches
are often victims of layoffs and downsiz- detailed explanations for recent job moves. your long-range career goals.
ing. Prospective employers understand this An employer will be concerned with job • You will make a significant positive
and simply want to verify the reason for the moves if you have (a.) been reactionary,
impact in the offered position.
layoff. It is usually an acceptable situation (b.) not stuck it out through temporary is-
if you were laid off because of (a.) job con- sues, (c.) blamed others for your problems,
Aim for greater career stability and
solidation, (b.) job elimination, (c.) position (d.) changed jobs without significantly
reduce your number of job changes by fo-
or company relocation, (d.) low seniority or improving yourself, (e.) talked negatively
cusing on the long term and by performing
(e.) high salary level. Employers will often about past employers, (f.) not gotten along
due diligence on prospective employers.
check on your record of performance with well with superiors, (g.) not maintained a
the company that laid you off, especially if good work ethic when dissatisfied and/or
you were the only person let go. (h.) made consistently bad decisions about
cultural fits with new employers.
16. Let go for performance reasons. After making several recent job chang- Ken Pelczarski is owner and founder of
This is the most questionable reason for es, the bottom line is that you need to con- Pelichem Associates, a Chicago-based
leaving a job. Prospective employers will vince a prospective employer you are not search firm established in 1985 and
have concern as indicated in my July 2016 only qualified and interested but that you specializing in the lubricants industry.
survey among lubricant industry employers are a long-term fit for the position and com- You can reach Ken at (630) 960-1940 or at
in which only four of 47 employers would pany. No matter how many employers you pelichem@aol.com.

Education
inDIVIDUALIZED
APPROACH
TO
PROFESSIONAL
DEVELOPMENT
ABOUT THE LEARNING PATHWAYS
STLE has a well-known tradition of providing continuing education to industry
professionals ready to take their career to the next level and create value to their
employers, customers & peers. Now we’ve expanded our online offerings with the
launch of STLE’s Learning Pathways - a reorganization of all STLE content that
is more focused, easier to search & accessible in a variety of formats that is right
for you. This content is organized to allow individuals to continue developing skills
in two major vocational segments: Lubrication Specialists & Oil Analyst.
STLE is a trusted provider of education and a workforce development partner,

and the Learning Pathways is just one more valuable information-sharing service
STLE offers to benefit industry professionals in their career development.
More products & services to come from STLE Education. Please visit www.stle.org.
ARTICLES WEBINARS
SHORT COURSES BOOK CHAPTERS

Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers - 840 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068 - www.stle.org
ON CONDITION MONITORING
Complexity in ISFA (in-service fluid analysis):

Part XXXVIII
© Can Stock Photo / kgtoh

Last installment we mentioned three areas where significant savings could be traced to well-run
condition monitoring programs with respect to in-service fluid analysis (ISFA), aka, oil analysis:
1. Extended lube drains (an easy target that is currently very worthwhile).
Holistic 2. Appropriate action immediately taken. This is very much a triage exercise given the
sparsity of available people in the maintenance environment. There are always things
CM in the that need fixing and insufficient personnel at times, but that doesn’t change the equation:
21st Century:
the advantage of rapid response cannot be overemphasized.
a. no action—it is likely there will be losses.
Part X b. procrastinated action—for example, drain the lube to remove contamination but
don’t diagnose and resolve the problem.
By Jack Poley
c. indicated action performed and verified—maximum money conserved.
3. Root cause. It is nice to identify issues in the early stages, but is one really doing the
most good? If a problem seems to persist in numerous components of the same mfg./
model (or utility purpose), one is likely looking at root cause, a problem or flaw that,
once corrected, will all but eliminate the instance from presenting itself thereafter.

Root cause can occur almost when we took on this customer. manufacturer prob- Root cause mon) sense. Decades
anywhere in the maintenance Company managers in- lems. This resulted ago the lab I worked
can occur
chain. In most instances, and formed us that their two biggest in the immediate ces- for was regularly
certainly with ISFA, it’s about issues were probably coolant sation of root cause almost receiving samples
why certain problems recur. leaks and fuel dilution, a fairly for these particular anywhere from airport vehicles
The more bad things repeated- common situation. While the models and their in the used for baggage
ly happen, the more likely there company was correct, it had no particular problems. maintenance handling, de-icing,
could be a root cause associated relative information to go with Several hundred chain. refueling, etc. One
with it. the observations it made. thousand dollars in exceptionally cold
Decades ago my lab re- What we learned, with soft- annual savings was winter we noticed a
ceived thousands of samples ware assistance, is there were attributed to this focused data tangible increase in silicon (Si)
from a major trucking firm that two engine models in particular mining. And these problems concentrations and (usually)
purchased the vast majority that exhibited relatively exces- never surfaced again to excess. iron (Fe).
of its engines from a specific sive percentages of coolant and While I mentioned that root We r e c o m m e n d e d a i r
manufacturer; however, a mul- internal fuel leaks, respectively. cause can be difficult to iso- cleaner bypass or clogging
titude of engine models existed Each model was prone to only late, today’s intelligent agents checks along with lube drains,
within this vast fleet. We had one of the two problem types. (expert systems informed by but something was suspicious.
developed a prototype expert Upon mining the data, the rel- domain expertise) are readily Nearly every one of the 70-80
system at the inception of the ative excesses were clearly capable of identifying patterns vehicles exhibited high Si and
1980s that was able to probe indicative, though not by a wild that can reveal numbers of Fe. Surely their maintenance
data and render commentary amount. Both models were cam- types of root cause. wasn’t that shoddy. Maybe
in a deep and logical fashion. paigned, redesigned and re-en- In root cause there also is they had a contaminated lube
We had a decade’s experience gineered for these respective the notion of practical (com- supply from a recent
Performance and service that are
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n ON CONDITION MONITORING
delivery. Note: Not all lubes are ally minimal at this time of year. combustion chambers.” Really! should have known better. It
delivered from clean tankers. Little did I fully understand the What was happening, of was always possible to remove
Many companies insist on per- exceptional cleanliness I ob- course, is that these punched the air cleaner housing tempo-
forming a test such as particle served. screwdriver slot holes enabled rarily to start the engine with
count to qualify their lubes as It took a dozen or more Si, i.e., tarmac dust and dirt, to an ether acceleration episode,
received—this is particularly peeks under the hood, but finally get into the combustion cham- rather than irreparably destroy-
critical for lubes servicing hy- something different was visible: bers without any pre-filtration, ing the housing and enabling
draulic systems. But this was an the air cleaner housing of one greatly increasing abrasives in continual abrasive wear in the
engine issue. And this situation vehicle (true in nearly all the the equipment’s engines. bargain.
persisted for months—we were vehicles, but this time readily Here root cause was a re- This root cause was solely
nearing spring. visible from my vantage posi- sult of faulty or careless main- due to lack of common sense.
I became curious about the tion) had been punched full of tenance practices. Not surprisingly, common sense
situation and invited myself to holes, maybe a dozen, that had It is rather sad that a clever is a good attribute in reviewing
the airport’s tarmac. I looked at the distinct look (crude, large idea to start the engines wasn’t data and rendering mainte-
a number of air cleaner systems slots) of having been rendered well thought out by people who nance advisories.
and could find nothing to indi- with a screwdriver. I questioned
cate that the filters or screens my escort who said, “Oh, yeah,
were not properly maintained. we have had lower tempera-
In fact, there seemed to be tures than normal, even for
less dirt in the filters than one winter, and we had to use ether Jack Poley is managing partner of Condition Monitoring
might have suspected. But this to get our engines started. We International (CMI), Miami, consultants in fluid analysis. You can
was winter, and dust and other punched holes like this into the reach him at jpoley@conditionmonitoringintl.com. For more
airborne abrasives were gener- housing to get the ether into the information about CMI, visit www.conditionmonitoringintl.com.

S T L E C E R T I F I C AT I O N
Invest in your greatest
asset—yourself.
Credibility. Respect. Integrity.
Those are the qualities immediately conferred upon you

when you attain one of STLE’s technical certifications.
Becoming STLE certified not only verifies your technical
expertise, it demonstrates your professional dedication
to your employer, customers and peers.
STLE offers four technical certifications:
Certified Lubrication Specialist™

STLE’s signature certification is held by more than
1,500 lubrication professionals and remains the industry’s
standard for technical excellence. Independent studies
show that CLS-certified professionals earn more money,
supervise larger staffs and are more likely to receive raises.
Designed for technical specialists, CLS also is held by
hundreds of sales and marketing reps.
Certified Oil Monitoring Analyst™ I & II

STLE’s OMA certification is for the predictive maintenance
professional and demonstrates proficiency in sampling and
analyzing oil properties. OMA I is for the individual taking
the oil sample on the shop floor. OMA II is for the person
responsible for running the proper tests, interpreting data
and managing the lubrication program.
Certified Metalworking Fluids Specialist™

STLE’s CMFS certification verifies knowledge, experience
and education in this growing and specialized field. CMFS
is for individuals with responsibility for metal-removal
or forming management, application and handling of
metalworking fluids and related materials.
Invest in your greatest asset—yourself. Plan now to attain

your STLE certification.
For more information or to schedule an exam, contact

STLE Certification and Section Relations Manager
Gina Cairo at gina@stle.org, 847-825-5536.
Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers, 840 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068, info@stle.org, www.stle.org.
WORLDWIDE
Tribology in the Earth’s mantle

Water winding its way underground reveals how the planet’s plates are lubricated.
By R. David Whitby
In the July 2017 TLT I wrote a the pressure-induced insertion

column titled Tribology, Water of water into kaolinite. This su-
and Plate Tectonics in which I per-hydrated phase has a unit-
described research that indi- cell volume about 31% larger, a
cated the presence of water density that is about 8.4% lower
deep in the Earth’s crust and than the original kaolinite and,
the effects it might have on the with 29 wt% of water, the high-
ways in which the plates that est water content of any known
make up the crust might be lu- aluminosilicate mineral in the
© Can Stock Photo / jasony00

bricated. At the time of writing, Earth. As pressures and tem-
it was not clear how the water peratures approached 19 GPa
got so deep into the mantle. and about 800 C, they observed
Water is the most abundant the sequential breakdown of
volatile compound on Earth. It the super-hydrated kaolinite.
continuously enters the mantle The formation and subse-
through subduction zones where permost mantle were increased the efficien- quent breakdown of super-hy-
it reduces the melting tempera- considered to be highly Water enters cy of volatile recycling drated kaolinite in cold slabs
ture of rocks to generate mag- diverse and depend the Earth’s over time. subducted below 200 km leads
mantle through
mas. A global compilation of the strongly on rock com- However, toward to the release of water deep in
subduction zones
thermal structure of subduction position and local pres- and reduces the end of 2017 re- the Earth’s mantle. The loss of
zones was used by researchers sure and temperature the melting search work at Yonsei water continues until the kaolin-
at the Universities of Michigan, conditions. temperature of University in Seoul, ite reaches the bottom of the up-
California (Santa Barbara), Wis- They concluded that rocks to generate South Korea,2 looked per mantle. The high water con-
magmas.
consin-Madison and Columbia the upper mantle dehy- at the behavior of ka- tent is roughly twice the 14 wt%
(New York)1 in 2011 to predict the drates at intermediate olinite clay while it is found in serpentines, previously
metamorphic facies and water depths in all but the coldest subducted. Reseachers simu- the most water-rich minerals
content of slabs of rock that are subduction zones and, on aver- lated the heat the clay encoun- widely subducted into the man-
being subducted. age, about a third of the bound ters during its descent into the tle. Kaolinite accounts for be-
Their calculations indicated water subducted globally in mantle. The dehydration pro- tween 5% and 60% of ocean sed-
that mineralogically bound wa- slabs reaches 240 km in depth, cess in subduction zones, which iments depending on location.
ter can pass efficiently through carried principally and roughly determines whether water is This appears to be a major
old and fast subduction zones equally in the gabbro and per- released from the slab or trans- route by which water gets deep
such as those in the Western idotite sections. They predicted ported into the deeper man- underground.
Pacific Ocean, whereas hot global flux of water to the deep tle, is an essential component
subduction zones such as the mantle is smaller than previous of the deep-water cycle. The David Whitby is chief executive
Cascadia subduction zone in estimates but still amounts to researchers used in situ and of Pathmaster Marketing Ltd.
the Eastern Pacific Ocean, see about one ocean mass over the time-resolved high-pressure/ in Surrey, England. You can
nearly complete dehydration age of the Earth. high-temperature synchrotron reach him at pathmaster.
of the subducting slab. The re- At this rate, the overall X-ray diffraction and infrared marketing@yahoo.co.uk.
searchers believe the top of the mantle water content was cal- spectra to characterize the
slab is sufficiently hot in all sub- culated to increase 370 ppm structural and chemical chang- REFERENCES
duction zones so that the upper over the age of the Earth. This es of the kaolinite.
1. J. Geophys. Res.; Solid Earth,
crust, including sediments and was reported to be qualita- At conditions correspond- 116, B10401 (2011). DOI:
volcanic rocks, was predicted tively consistent with inferred ing to a depth of about 75 km in 10.1029/2010JB007922.
to dehydrate significantly. The water concentrations in the a cold subducting slab (2.7 GPa 2. Nature Geoscience, 10,
degree and depth of dehydra- Earth’s mantle, assuming that and 200 C) and in the presence 947-953 (2017). DOI: 10.1038/
tion in the deeper crust and up- secular cooling of the Earth has of water, researchers observed s41561-017-0008-1.

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14 YEARS behind color, Underground Tribology

2018 STLE Annual Meeting

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