Unit 4

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

4.1 Small sample tests(n < 30)

t− tests
Test Test statistic Standard Error Confidence limits

t−test for single

mean
x−µ     
t= s s s s
√ √ x − tα √ , x + tα √
n−1 n−1 n−1 n−1
Degrees of Freedom: ν =n−1

t−test for difference

of means
t=
x1 − x2
s
n1 s21 + n2 s22
 
1 1
+
s
n1 s1 + n2 s22 1
2
 
1 n1 + n2 − 2 n1 n2
+
n1 + n2 − 2 n1 n2
Degrees of Freedom: ν = n1 + n 2 − 2
Paired t−test
d s
t= s √
√ n−1
n−1
Degrees of Freedom: ν =n−1

1
Unit IV − ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE 2

F − test
Test Test statistic

F −test for equality

of variances
For S12 > S22 ,
S12
F = ,
S22
where
n1 s21
S12 = ,
n1 − 1  P 
x21 x1 2
P
2
s1 = − ,
n1 n1
n2 s22
S22 = ,
n2 − 1  P 
x22 x2 2
P
s21 = − .
n2 n2
Degrees of Freedom: N r = ν1 = n1 − 1
Dr = ν2 = n2 − 1
F −table
The table value of F is
Fα (N r, Dr)
For S22 > S12 ,
S22
F = ,
S12
where
n1 s21
S12 = ,
n1 − 1  P 
2 x1 2
P
x1
s21 = − ,
n1 n1
n2 s22
S22 = ,
n2 − 1  P 
x22 x2 2
P
s21 = − .
n2 n2
Degrees of Freedom: N r = ν2 = n2 − 1
Dr = ν1 = n1 − 1
F −table
The table value of F is
Fα (N r, Dr)

M. Radhakrishnan, Asst.Professor, SRMIST

Bio Statistics 3

Problems

Problem 1 A machinist is making engine parts with axle diameter of 0.7 inch. A random sample of 10
parts shows mean diameter 0.742 inch with a S.D. of 0.04 inch. On the basis of this sample, would you
say that the work is inferior?

Solution:
Given size n = 10(< 30) ∴ small sample.
Sample mean x = 0.742
Population mean µ = 0.7
Population S.D. s = 0.04

We want to test the difference between sample mean and population mean. ∴ we apply t−test for single
mean.
H0 : µ = 0.7
H1 : µ 6= 0.7 ∴ two tailed test

Under H0 , the test statistic is

x−µ
t = σ
√
n−1
0.742 − 0.7
=
0.04
√
10 − 1
√
0.042 × 10 − 1
= = 3.16
0.04
|t| = 3.16

∴ Calculated |t| = 3.16

LOS:α = 5% ∴ tabulated value t0.05 = 2.26 ∴ |t0.05 | = 2.26

Inference:
Since Calculated |t| > 2.26, H1 is accepted at 5% level.

∴ the work is inferior.

Problem 2 Eight individuals are chosen at random from a population and their heights are found to be
in cms 163, 163, 164, 165, 166, 169, 170,171. In the light of these data discuss the suggestion that the
mean height in the universe is 165cm.

M. Radhakrishnan, Asst.Professor, SRMIST

Unit IV − ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE 4

Solution:

Given size n = 8(< 30) ∴ small sample.

Population mean µ = 165
First we find sample mean and s.d. for the given data.

x d=x−A d2
A=163
163 0 0
163 0 0
164 1 1
165 2 4
166 3 9
169 6 36
170 7 49
171 8 64
27 163

Sample mean:
P
d 27
x=A+ = 163 + = 166.375
n 8

Sample s.d.:
 P 2  2
d2
P
d 163 27
s2 = − = − = 8.984
n n 8 8

√
∴ s= 8.984 = 2.997
H0 : µ = 165
H1 : µ > 165 ∴ Right tailed test.

Under H0 , the test statistic is

x−µ
t = σ
√
n−1
166.375 − 165
=
2.997
√
8−1
√
1.375 × 8 − 1
= = 1.214
2.997
|t| = 1.214

M. Radhakrishnan, Asst.Professor, SRMIST

Bio Statistics 5

Degrees Of Freedom:ν = n − 1 = 8 − 1 = 7
LOS:For ν = 7, α = 5% ∴ tabulated value t0.05 = 2.365 ∴ |t0.05 | = 2.365

Inference:
Since Calculated |t| < 2.365, H0 is accepted at 5% level.

∴ the mean height can be regarded as 165cm.

Problem 3 Two horses A and B were tested according to the time (in seconds) to run a particular race
with the following results.
Horse A 28 30 32 33 33 29 34
Horse B 29 30 30 24 27 29
Test whether horse A is running faster that B at 5% level.

Solution:Let µ1 and µ2 be the means of the populations.

Given sizes n1 = 7(< 30) and n2 = 6(< 30) ∴ small sample.

Sample I Sample II

x1 d1 = x1 − A1 d21 x2 d2 = x2 − A2 d22
A1 = 33 A2 = 30
28 −5 25 29 −1 1
30 −3 9 30 0 0
32 −1 1 30 0 0
33 0 0 24 −6 36
33 0 0 27 −3 9
29 −4 16 29 −1 1
34 1 1
−12 52 −11 47

Sample means: P
d1 −12
x 1 = A1 + = 33 + = 31.29
n
P1 7
d2 −11
x 2 = A2 + = 33 + = 28.17
n2 6

M. Radhakrishnan, Asst.Professor, SRMIST

Unit IV − ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE 6

Sample standard deviations.:

2
d21 −12 2
P P  
d1
52
s21 = − = − = 4.5
n n 7 7
P 1 2  P 1 2  2
d2 d2 47 −11
s22 = − = − = 4.48
n2 n2 6 6

H0 : µ1 = µ2
H1 : µ1 > µ2 ∴ Right tailed test

Under H0 , the test statistic is

x1 − x2
t =s
n1 s21
+ n2 s22 1
 
1
+
n1 + n2 − 2 n1 n2
31.29 − 28.17
=s  
7 × 4.5 + 6 × 4.48 1 1
+
7+6−2 7 6
3.12
= = 2.49
1.2816
t = 2.49

∴ Calculated |t| = 2.49

Degrees Of Freedom:ν = n1 + n2 − 1 = 7 + 6 − 2 = 11
The table value |tα | at 5% level is 1.796.
Inference:
Since Calculated |t| > |tα |, H0 is rejected at 5% level. ∴ H1 is acceptable.

∴ Horse B runs faster that Horse A.

Problem 4 IQ tests were administered to 5 persons before and after they were trained. The results are
given below.

Candidates 1 2 3 4 5
IQ before training 110 120 123 132 125
IQ after training 120 118 125 136 121

Test whether there is change in IQ after the training.

Solution: Let µ be the difference between mean IQ of all the persons before and after training.

Given size n = 5(< 30) ∴ small sample.

M. Radhakrishnan, Asst.Professor, SRMIST

Bio Statistics 7

H0 : µ = 0
H1 : µ > 0, ∴ Right tailed test

We find d and s :

x y d=y−x d2
110 120 10 100
120 118 −2 4
123 125 2 4
132 136 4 16
125 121 −4 16
10 140
P
d 10
∴d= = =2
n 5
and P  2
d2 √
P
2 d 140 10
s = − = − = 24 s = 24 = 4.899
n n 5 5
Under H0 , the test statistic is

d
t = s
√
n−1
2
=
4.899
√
4

= 0.816

∴ Calculated |t| = 0.816

Number of degrees of freedom:
ν =n−1=4
For ν = 4, t0.05 = 2.132 at 5% level.
Inference:
Since Calculated |t| < 2.132, H0 is accepted at 5% level.

∴ there is no change in IQ after the training.

M. Radhakrishnan, Asst.Professor, SRMIST

Unit IV − ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE 8

Problem 5 Two independent samples of sizes 7 and 6 have the following values

Sample A 28 30 32 33 31 29 34
Sample B 29 30 30 24 27 28
Examine whether the samples have been drawn from normal populations having same variance using
0.05 level of significance.

Solution: Let σ12 and σ22 denote the variance of the two populations. Given sizes n1 = 7(< 30) and
n2 = 6(< 30) ∴ small sample. We use F −test for equality of variances.

H0 : σ12 = σ22
H1 : σ12 6= σ22 ∴ Two tailed test

Sample I Sample II

x1 d1 = x1 − A1 d21 x2 d2 = x2 − A2 d22
A1 = 33 A2 = 30
28 −5 25 29 −1 1
30 −3 9 30 0 0
32 −1 1 30 0 0
33 0 0 24 −6 36
31 0 0 27 −3 9
29 1 1 28 −2 4
34 1 1
7 35 −12 50

Sample s.ds.: 2
 2
d21
P P
d1
35 7
s21 = − = − =4
n1 n1 7 7
P 2  P 2
−12 2
 
2 d2 d2 50
s2 = − = − = 4.33
n2 n2 6 6
n1 s21 7×4
∴ S12 = = = 4.67
n1 − 1 6
and
n2 s22 6 × 4.33
S22 = = = 5.196
n2 − 1 5

M. Radhakrishnan, Asst.Professor, SRMIST

Bio Statistics 9

∵ S22 > S12

Under H0 , the test statistic is

S22
F =
S12

5.196
=
4.67

= 1.1126

Degrees of Freedom:
N r = ν2 = n2 − 1 = 6
Dr = ν1 = n1 − 1 = 7
The table value of F is F0.05 (6, 7) = 4.39 at 5% level.

∴ Calculated |F | = 1.1126 and |Fα | = 4.39

Inference:
Since Calculated |F | < 4.39, H0 is accepted at 5% level. ∴ Samples are taken from populations having
same variance.

Problem 6 The nicotine contents in two random samples of tobacco are given below.

Sample I 21 24 25 26 27
Sample II 22 27 28 30 31 36

Can you say that the two samples came from the same population?

Solution: Now, we want to test the two samples could have been drawn from the sample normal
population. ∴ we use both the test. i.e., t−test for difference of means and F −test for equality of
variances. Let σ12 and σ22 denote the variance of the two populations. First we find two sample means
and variances.

M. Radhakrishnan, Asst.Professor, SRMIST

Unit IV − ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE 10

x1 d1 = x1 − A1 d21 x2 d2 = x2 − A2 d22
A1 = 25 A1 = 30
21 −4 16 22 −8 64
24 −1 1 27 −3 9
25 0 0 28 −2 4
26 1 1 30 0 0
27 2 4 31 1 1
36 6 36
−2 22 −6 114

Sample means: P
d1 −2
x 1 = A1 + = 25 +
= 24.6
Pn1 5
d2 −6
x 2 = A2 + = 30 + = 29
n2 6
Sample standard deviations.:

2
 2
d21
P P
d1
22 −2
s21 = − = − = 4.24
n n 5 5
P 1 2  P 1 2  2
d2 d2 114 −6
s22 = − = − = 18
n2 n2 6 6
Population standard deviations.:
n1 2 5
S12 = s = × 4.24 = 5.3
n1 − 1 1 4
n2 2 6
s22 = s = × 18 = 21.6
n2 − 1 2 5

Test for equality of means Test for equality of variances

H0 : µ1 = µ2 H0 : σ12 = σ22
H1 : µ1 6= µ2 ∴ Two tailed test H1 : σ12 6= σ22 ∴ Two tailed test

Under H0 , the test statistic is

x1 − x2 Under H0 , the test statistic is

t =s
n1 s21 + n2 s22 1
 
1
+ S22
n1 + n2 − 2 n1 n2 F = ∵ S22 > S12
S12
24.6 − 29
=s  
5 × 4.24 + 6 × 18 1 1 21.6
+ =
5+6−2 5 6 5.3
−4.4
= = −1.92
2.29 = 4.07
|t| = 1.92

M. Radhakrishnan, Asst.Professor, SRMIST

Bio Statistics 11

D.O.F. D.O.F. ν2 = n2 − 1 = 6 − 1 = 5 &

ν = n1 + n2 − 2 = 5 + 6 − 2 = 9 ν1 = n1 − 1 = 5 − 1 = 4
∴ t0.05 = 2.26 ∴ F0.05 (5, 4) = 6.26
Inference: Inference:
Since calc. |F | < 6.26, H0 is
Since calc. |t| < 2.26, H0 is accepted.
accepted.

∴ the two samples could have been drawn from the sample normal population.

Exercise
1) A random sample of 10 boys has the following IQ’s 70,120,110,101,88,83,95,98,107,100. Do these
data support the assumption of a population mean IQ of 100? [ Answer:t = 0.62; H0 is accepted. ]

2) The heights of 10 males of a given locality are found to be 70,67,62,68,61,68,70,64,64,66 inches.

Is it reasonable to believe that the average height is greater than 64 inches? [ Answer:t = 2; H1 is
accepted. ]

3) Two random samples gave the following results

Sum of squares of
Sample Size Sample mean deviations from the
mean

I 10 15 90

II 12 14 108

Examine whether the samples come from the same normal population. [ Answer:t = 0.74; H0 is
accepted. ]

4) A group of 10 rats fed on a diet A and another group of 8 rats fed on a different diet B, recorded the
following increase in weight. Does it show the superiority of diet A over diet B.

Diet A 5 6 8 1 12 4 3 9 6 10
Diet B 2 3 6 8 1 10 2 8

[ Answer:t = 0.869; H0 is accepted. ]

5) The table below represent the values of protein content from cow’s milk and buffalo’s milk at a certain
level. Examine if these differences are significant.

Cow’s milk 1.82 2.02 1.88 1.61 1.81 1.54

Buffalo’s milk 2 1.83 1.86 2.03 2.19 1.88

6) A company arranged an intensive training course for its team of salesman. A random sample of 10

M. Radhakrishnan, Asst.Professor, SRMIST

Unit IV − ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE 12

salesmen was selected and the values (in 1000) of their sales made in the weeks immediately before
and after the course are shown in the following table.

Salesmen 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Sales before 12 23 5 18 10 21 19 15 8 14
Sales after 18 22 15 21 13 22 17 19 12 16

Test whether there is evidence of an increase in mean sales. [ Answer:t = 2.76; H1 is accepted. ]

7) Two random samples from two normal population are given below.

Sample I 24 27 26 21 25
Sample II 27 30 32 36 28 25

Test if the two population have the same variance. [ Answer:F = 2.918; H0 is accepted. ]

8) Two random samples gave the following data:

Sample Size Mean Variance

I 8 9.6 1.2

II 11 16.5 2.5

Can we conclude that two samples have been drawn from the same normal population? [ Answer:F =
2.007; H0 is accepted& t = −10.05; H1 is accepted. ∴ two samples could not have been drawn from
the same population. ]

M. Radhakrishnan, Asst.Professor, SRMIST

Bio Statistics 13

4.2 One way classification − CRD

Working Procedure:

H0 : µ1 = µ2 = µ3 = · · · = µc
H1 :Not all equal.

x1 x2 ··· xc x21 x22 ··· x2c

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. . . . . . . .
P P P P 2 P 2 P 2
x1 x2 ··· xc x1 x2 ··· xc

Step1:
N = Total No. of observations = r × c. “r and s are no. of rows and columns in the given data”

Step2:
P P P
T = x1 + x2 + · · · + xc

Step3:
T2
C.F. =
N

Step4:
x21 + x22 + · · · + x2c − C.F.
P P P
T SS =

Step5:
x1 )2 ( x2 )2 ( xc )2
P P P
(
SSC = + + ··· + − C.F.
n1 n2 nc
where n1 , n2 , · · · , nc are no. of entries in each columns.

Step6:
SSE = T SS − SSC
Step7:
ANOVA table
Source
Sum of F − table
of d.f. Mean square F − ratio
squares value
variation
Between SSC
SSC c−1 M SC =
columns c−1
M SC


 if M SC > M SE
F = M SE
M SE F0.05 (N r, Dr)
if M SE > M SC


M SC
Error SSE SSE
N −c M SE =
N −c

M. Radhakrishnan, Asst.Professor, SRMIST

Unit IV − ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE 14

Here N r =corresponding degrees of freedom of the Numerator in F − ratio

and Dr =corresponding degrees of freedom of the Denominator in F − ratio.
Step8:
Inference:
If Cal.F <tab. F, we accept the H0 .
If Cal.F >tab. F, we reject the H0 .

4.3 Two way classification − RBD

Working Procedure:

H0 : There is no significant difference between row factor and column factor.

H1 : There is a significant difference between row factor and column factor.

x1 x2 ··· xc Total x21 x22 ··· x2c

.. .. .. .. P .. .. .. ..
y1 . . . . y1 . . . .
.. .. .. .. P .. .. .. ..
y2 . . . . y2 . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. P .. .. .. ..
yr . . . . yr . . . .
P P P P 2 P 2 P 2
x1 x2 ··· xc T x1 x2 ··· xc

Step1:
N = Total No. of observations = r × c. “r and s are no. of rows and columns in the given data”

Step2:
P P P
T = x1 + x2 + · · · + xc

Step3:
T2
C.F. =
N

Step4:
x21 + x22 + · · · + x2c − C.F.
P P P
T SS =

Step5:
( x1 )2 ( x2 )2 ( xc )2
P P P
SSC = + + ··· + − C.F.
n1 n2 nc
where n1 , n2 , · · · , nc are no. of entries in each columns.

Step6:
( y1 )2 ( y2 )2 ( yr )2
P P P
SSR = + + ··· + − C.F.
m1 m2 mr
where m1 , m2 , · · · , mr are no. of entries in each rows.

M. Radhakrishnan, Asst.Professor, SRMIST

 Bio Statistics 15

Step6:
SSE = T SS − SSC − SSR
Step7:
ANOVA table

Source
Sum of F − table
of d.f. Mean square F − ratio
squares value
variation
Between SSC
SSC c−1 M SC =
columns c−1
M SC


 if M SC > M SE
FC = M SE
 M SE

if M SE > M SC
F0.05 (N r, Dr)
M SC
Between SSR
SSR r−1 M SR =
rows r−1
M SR


 if M SR > M SE
FR = M SE
M SE F0.05 (N r, Dr)
if M SE > M SR


M SR
Error SSE SSE
(r − 1)(c − 1) M SE =
(r − 1)(c − 1)
Total TSS (rc − 1)
Here N r =corresponding degrees of freedom of the Numerator in F − ratio
and Dr =corresponding degrees of freedom of the Denominator in F − ratio.
Step8:
Inference:
For Between columns:
If Cal.FC <tab. F, we accept the H0 .
If Cal.FC >tab. F, we reject the H0 .
For Between rows:
If Cal.FR <tab. F, we accept the H0 .
If Cal.FR >tab. F, we reject the H0 .

M. Radhakrishnan, Asst.Professor, SRMIST

Unit IV − ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE 16

Problems

Problem 1 Four machines A, B, C, D are used to produce a certain kind of cotton fabric. Samples of
size 4 with each unit as 100 square meters are selected from the outputs of the machines at random and
the number of flaws in each 100 square meters are counted, with the following result.

A B C D
8 6 14 20
9 8 12 22
11 10 18 25
12 4 9 23

Solution: Here only one factor is involved, namely performance. We want to test with 4 samples for
each.
So, we use one-way classification.

H0 : µ1 = µ2 = µ3 = µ4 i.e., the machines do not differ significantly in their performance.

H1 :Not all are equal in performance.

x1 x2 x3 x4 x21 x22 x23 x24

8 6 14 20 64 36 196 400
9 8 12 22 81 64 144 484
11 10 18 25 121 100 324 625
12 4 9 23 144 16 81 529
40 28 53 90 410 216 745 2038

Step1:
N = Total No. of observations = r × c = 4 × 4 = 16.

Step2:
T = 40 + 28 + 53 + 90 = 211

Step3:
T2 2112
C.F. = = = 2782.56
N 16

Step4:
x21 + x22 + · · · + x2c − C.F. = 410 + 216 + 745 + 2038 − 2782.56 = 626.44
P P P
T SS =

M. Radhakrishnan, Asst.Professor, SRMIST

Bio Statistics 17

Step5:
x1 )2 ( x2 )2 ( x3 )2 ( x4 )2
P P P P
(
SSC = + + + − C.F.
n1 n2 n3 n4
(40)2 (28)2 (53)2 (90)2
= + + + − 2782.56
4 4 4 4

= 400 + 196 + 702.25 + 2025 − 2782.56 = 540.69

Step6:
SSE = T SS − SSC = 626.44 − 540.69 = 85.75
Step7:
ANOVA table
Source
Sum of
of d.f. Mean square F − ratio F − table value
squares
variation
Between 540.69
540.69 c−1=3 M SC = = 180.23
columns 3
180.23
F =
7.15 F0.05 (3, 12) = 3.49
Error 85.75 85.75
16 − 4 = 12 M SE = = 7.15
12

Step8:
Inference:
Since Cal.F >tab. F, we reject the H0 . ∴ the 4 machines differ in their performance significantly.

Problem 2 The sales of 4 salesmen in 3 seasons are tabulated here. Carry out an analysis of variance.

Salesmen
Seasons A B C D
Summer 45 40 38 37
.
Winter 43 41 45 38
Monsoon 39 39 41 41

Solution:
In this problem the data is given according to two factors season and salesmen. So, we do a two-way
analysis of variance.
In order to simplify computations we shall code the data by subtracting 40 from each value.

H0 : There is no significant difference between salesmen and between seasons.

H1 : There is a significant difference between salesmen and between seasons.

M. Radhakrishnan, Asst.Professor, SRMIST

Unit IV − ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE 18

x1 x2 x3 x4 Total x21 x22 x23 x24

y1 5 0 −2 −3 0 25 0 4 9
y2 3 1 5 −2 7 9 1 25 4
y3 −1 −1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
Total 7 0 4 −4 7 35 2 30 14
Step1:
N = r × c = 4 × 3 = 12.

Step2:
T =7+0+4−4=7

Step3:
T2 72
C.F. = = = 4.083
N 12

Step4:
x21 + x22 + · · · + x2c − C.F. = 35 + 2 + 30 + 14 − 4.083 = 76.917
P P P
T SS =

Step5:
( x1 )2 ( x2 )2 ( x3 )2 ( x4 )2
P P P P
SSC = + + + − C.F.
n1 n2 n3 n4
(49)2 (4)2 (−4)2
= +0+ + − 4.083
3 3 3
81
= − 4.083 = 22.917
3
Step6:
( y1 )2 ( y2 )2 ( y3 )2
P P P
SSR = + + − C.F.
n1 n2 n3
(7)2
=0+ + 0 − 4.083
4

= 12.25 − 4.083 = 8.167

Step6:
SSE = T SS − SSC − SSR = 76.917 − 22.917 − 8.167 = 45.833

M. Radhakrishnan, Asst.Professor, SRMIST

 Bio Statistics 19

Step7:
ANOVA table

Source
F − table
of Sum of squares d.f. Mean square F − ratio
value
variation
Between 22.917
SSC=22.917 c−1=4−1=3 M SC = = 7.639
columns 3
7.639 F0.05 (3, 6) =
FC = =1
7.6388 4.76
Between 8.167
SSR=8.167 r−1=3−1=2 M SR = = 4.0835
rows 2
7.6388 F0.05 (6, 2) =
FR = = 1.87
4.0835 19.33
Error 45.833
SSE=45.833 (r − 1)(c − 1) = 6 M SE = = 7.6388
6
Total TSS=76.917 (rc − 1) = 11

Step8:
Inference:
For Between columns:
If Cal.FC <tab. F, we accept the H0 .
For Between rows:
If Cal.FR <tab. F, we accept the H0 .
∴ There is no significant difference between the salesmen and between the seasons so far as sales is
concerned.

Exercise

1) A completely randomized design experiment with 10 plots and 3 treatments gave the following
results:

Plot No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Treatment A B C A C C A B A B
Yield 5 4 3 7 5 1 3 4 1 7

Analyze the results for treatment effects.

2) The following are the number of mistakes made in 5 successive days by 4 technicians working for a
photographic laboratory test at a level of significance α = 0.01. Test whether the difference among
the four sample means can be attributed to chance.

M. Radhakrishnan, Asst.Professor, SRMIST

Unit IV − ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE 20

Technician
I II III IV
6 14 10 9
14 9 12 12 .
10 12 7 8
8 10 15 10
3) The following data represent the number of units of production per day turned out by different workers
using 4 different types of machines

Machine type
A B C D
1 44 38 47 36
2 46 40 52 43
Workers .
3 34 36 44 32
4 43 38 46 33
5 38 42 49 39
(a) Test whether the five men differ with respect to mean productivity and

(b) Test whether the mean productivity is the same for the four different machine types.

4) The sales of 4 salesmen in 3 seasons are tabulated here. Carry out an analysis of variance.

Salesmen
Seasons A B C D
Summer 36 36 21 35
.
Winter 28 29 31 32
Monsoon 26 28 29 29

M. Radhakrishnan, Asst.Professor, SRMIST