Introduction To Navaids

3/08/2017
MODULE 1
Introduction to Navigation Aids
Contents
• Very High Frequency Omni‐directional Radio Range (VOR)
• Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
• Non‐Directional Beacon (NDB)
• Instrument Landing System (ILS)
• Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
2 Introduction to Navigation Aids
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Very High Frequency Omni‐directional Radio Range (VOR)
• The VOR is a short‐range radio navigation aid that produces an infinite number of
bearings that may be visualized as lines radiating from the beacon.
• The VOR system
comprises a ground
transmitter and an
airborne receiver.
• It automatically and
continuously provides
the airborne operator
with the magnetic
bearing of the aircraft
from the beacon.
• A radial is identified by its magnetic bearing from the VOR.
270° RADIAL 090° RADIAL
INBOUND INBOUND
on the 270R on the 090R
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• The radials are generated in space by comparing the phase angle of two equal frequencies
radiated from the beacon.
– One signal, called the reference, radiates omni‐directionally so that its phase is equal in
all directions.
– The second signal, called the variable, radiates from a directional array.
• The phase of the variable signal received at the aircraft is dependent upon the radial on
which the receiver lies with respect to magnetic north.
• Both signals are in‐phase at magnetic north. The phase of the variable signal lags that of the
reference signal by an amount equal to the azimuth angle around the beacon.
Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
• The DME system provides continuous distance
information to an aircraft during approach, departure,
or en‐route procedures according to the location of the
DME.
• The signals can be interpreted either by the pilot from
the display or input directly into the flight management
system(FMS).
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• DME is a secondary radar system, wherein a pair of pulses is transmitted from the
aircraft's DME transmitter (called an interrogator) to a DME ground station where it
is received by a transponder.
• The transmission/reception cycled is measured and converted into an equivalent
distance based on the principle equals speed x time.
• The distance measured has a vertical as well as horizontal component, and is called a slant
range. This is of little significance when the aircraft is at some distance from DME station,
however when the aircraft approaches overhead the station the vertical component
becomes significant.
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Non‐Directional Beacon (NDB)
• One of the oldest types of aeronautical
navigation aids is the ground based Non‐
Directional Beacons (NDB). The beacons are
installed at locations where, when combined
with an airborne automatic direction finding
receiver, they fulfil the operational requirements
for a radio aid to air navigation.
• The equipment used in the aircraft is known as
an ADF (Automatic Direction Finder) and
normally receives signals from ground based
stations operating in the LF/MF bands.
Non‐Directional Beacon (NDB)
• A non‐directional beacon (NDB)
transmits non‐directional signals,
primarily via ground wave
propagation, whereby a pilot can
determine the bearing to the ground
beacon and “home‐in” on it.
• These facilities operate on
frequencies available in portions of
the band between 190 and 1750 kHz
with keyed identification and
optional voice modulation.
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Instrument Landing System ‐ ILS
• The ILS provides precision guidance to an aircraft during the final stages of the
approach.
• The signals can either be interpreted by the pilot from the instruments or be
input directly into the autopilot and flight management system.
• ILS performance is divided into three categories depending on the reliability,
integrity and quality of guidance, with Category III having the strictest
requirements.
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• An ILS comprises the following elements:
– the localizer, operating in the frequency band from 108 to 112 MHz, providing
azimuth guidance to a typical maximum range of 46.3 km (25 NM) from the
runway threshold;
– the glide path, operating in the frequency band from 328 to 336 MHz, providing
elevation guidance to a typical maximum range of 18.5 km (10 NM) from the
runway threshold; and
– the marker beacons operating on the frequency of 75 MHz, providing position
information at specific distances from the runway threshold.
ILS Facility Performance Categories
• Category I (CAT I)
– Operation down to a decision height not lower than 200ft and a runway
visual range of not less than 800 metres.
• Category II (CAT II)
– Operation down to a decision height not lower than 100ft and a runway
visual range of not less than 400 metres.
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• Category IIIA (CAT IIIA)
– Operation with no decision height limitation, to and along the surface of the runway, with
external visual reference during the final phase of the landing and with a runway visual
range of not less than 200 metres.
• Category IIIB (CAT IIIB)
– Operation with no decision height limitation, to and along the surface of the runway
without reliance on external visual reference; and, subsequently, taxiing with external
visual reference with a runway visual range of not less than 50 metres.
• Category IIIC (CAT IIIC)
– Operation with no decision height limitation, to and along the surface of the runway and
taxiways without reliance on external visual reference.
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
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Core satellite constellations are GPS and GLONASS.
• Global Positioning System (GPS)
– GPS is a satellite‐based radio navigation system which utilizes range measurements from
the GPS satellites to determine precise position and time anywhere in the world.
– The system is managed for the Government of the United
States by the United States Air Force, the system operator.
– The GPS space segment is composed of 24 satellites in six
orbital planes that operate in near‐circular 20,200 km
(10,900 NM) orbits at an inclination angle of 55 degrees
to the equator, and each satellite completes an orbit in
approximately 12 hours.
• Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS)
– The GLONASS provides signals from space for accurate determination of position, velocity
and time for properly equipped users. Navigation coverage is continuous, worldwide and
all weather.
– Three dimensional position and velocity determinations are based upon the
measurement of transit time and Doppler shift of RF signals transmitted by GLONASS
satellites.
– The system is managed for the Government of the
Russian Federation by its Ministry of Defence.
– The nominal GLONASS space segment consists of 24
operational satellites and several spares.
– GLONASS satellites orbit at an altitude of 19,100 km
(10,325 NM).

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270° RADIAL 090° RADIAL

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