Many people don't think much of paper, just something you write on, or even

make origami, or even when it was first made. Paper has been here for a long time,

made around 100 BC in China, but in 105 AD under emperor Ho-Ti, a government

official named Ts’ai Lun began the paper making industry (Carr, 2018). Paper is

something that is essential to life in our day and age that is used everyday

(Harford,2017). Even in past paper was an essential invention that can be credited to

helping civilizations become advanced faster (Mitenbuler,2016). Technology is

advancing to the point where schools and business can become “paperless” but at the

current state paper is still being used by the millions (Pay,2015). According to the

website ​The World Counts​ ​as of right now April 2018, 163 millions tons of paper are

printed​(​Fao,2009​)​. This is an alarming rate of paper usage as it will only increase with

the modern day need of it everywhere in our lives (Pay,2015). Also according to the

document ​Green Facts ​“Production of 1 ton of copy paper uses 11,134 kWh (same

amount of energy used by an avg household in 10 months)”(GreenFacts). This is a

serious problem as the environment is being threatened by the over abundance of co2

in the air. The production of virgin paper is slowly leading to the end of clean air.

Richard Smith of University of Pennsylvania wrote ​The Environmental

Sustainability of Paper​(Smith 2011) and​ was posted in the ​UPenn​ library. Richard Smith

researched and compiled a data analysis on the usage, creation, and the negative

effects on the destruction of paper. The author goes into detail about the production of
paper itself. He talks about how the paper business brings in billions to big paper

companies. The amount of paper are being printed in tons by the millions. The current

amount of paper being printed is 165 tons (Fao,2016). This number is expected to not

only rise but it’s expected to double (Fao,2016). The 165 tons is currently for april of

2018 and following the same pattern will increase to 495 tons (citation). This is half a

billion tons of paper for the whole year of 2018 which can become catastrophic to not

only the environment but for humans as well(Harvey,2016). Paper is mainly made using

tree’s. One mature tree can support about 18 people with oxygen.( Phantom

Forest,2016). This can be a big problem with all the deforestation that is happening for

the sake of paper production. The problem doesn't end here however, the production of

paper needs certain chemicals that are not only toxic to the environment but can also be

deadly to humans as well. By using many chemicals in the process of processing the

tree’s this creates water and air pollution. As the author mentions“ the most commonly

used of which are chlorine, mercury, adsorbable organic halogens, nitrates, ammonia,

phosphorus, and caustic soda, each of which damages the environment differently”(

Smith,P.). These chemicals can cause massive amounts of damage not only to the

environment but to humans as well. These chemicals are very toxic to humans if

exposed to a large amount of it, the damage that it can bring to the environment is

unthinkable. The environment is also already at risk but with the increase in demand

for paper, may it be for schools, work , government etc. This causes a serious risk that if

not dealt with now may be irreversible (Harvey,2016) . Another big issue with the paper

printing demand is that it requires massive amounts of electricity, one ton of paper takes
up 11134 kWh which is approximately a household consumption of power. (Csu). This

is a major double whammy in the sense of the environment as it causes double the

stress to our already polluted atmosphere. . Another concern is the disposal of mass

amounts of paper. This creates another hazard for our environment as it creates more

landfill’s to be filled up with waste. This will create more methane gas to be made and

thrown into our atmosphere. Our ozone level has been a worry for many years as the

theory of global warming, with much evidence supporting the theory showing that the

north pole has gotten worse and wildlife are going extinct( ​Arctic Sea Ice,​2018). Richard

Smith talks about how many corporations are just our for profits and not really for the

sustainability of the planet we live in. There are business who do have a program to try

and save on paper however most companies do not care and simply continue on

making money not realizing or not caring what happens to the planet (Cohen,2011).

This article is relevant because even to this day our ecosystems are being poisoned

and at risk of collapsing. We need to address this issue now as if we don’t the

consequences are dire(Harvey,2016). We may not be able to turn back around from this

issue if we don't stop it now. We also need to stop this from continuing to happen as it's

not only affecting the environment but for humans as well. Pollution is causing many

deaths within infants either by causing premature birth or respiratory diseases. This is

especially true in mongolia where the problem is out of control already.(Bono,2018) It is

possible that if we do not stop these effects from happening we will leave out future

generation with an abundant amount of more sick children that will be impossible to deal

with and in turn we will be setting our offspring up for a slow death and much sorrow.
This article also teaches us that although paper may be useful, but at what cost? Are

people really paying more attention to money and profits more than the planet they are

living on? This is a serious issue that needs to be addressed now and it has to start with

the big corporations who need to man up and take charge in our efforts to save the

planet we live on and keep it healthy for years and our generations to come. A good

example of a company that needs to change is chevron who has attributed 3.52% of

global emissions(kantamneni,2014). Companies such as chevron need to understand

the point that if they continue this path there will be no earth to have business on. Many

companies like this seem to not care at all about what they are doing and simply get a

fine which they pay off way too easily for the damage that they have

done(Kantamneni,2014). Companies like Chevron need to stop being careless and by

taking that extra step of not polluting they will still be able to have a successful

business. Smaller companies also need to do their part.​ It's also understood that many

small businesses don't have the money to pay for the pick up of these recyclable

materials. This however is a great opportunity to save money and the reasons are

because you will be putting less into garbadges and that will lead to lower disposal

cost(Pillon,2017). Little mom and pop shops don't need to go all out recycling but doing

a little on their part will make a big difference(Pillion,2017).​ In the context of pollution,

discussing the topic as a whole rather than how it’s only affecting a certain area like

Antarctica but the effects on the world itself. It is also focusing on how the world itself is

being endangered by the uses of natural resources and gives specific examples of

pollution killing our earth.

 Lead researcher Sarah Ives with additional researchers Mary Lee Haughwout,

Aimee Baxendell, and Aaron Firestone focuses on electricity and how it contributes the

most to the problem of pollution for the environment. Just the disposal of paper during

our daily lives plays a huge impact in the environment. Something so simple as throwing

away paper and making virgin paper can cause loss of forests that also affect climate

change, many plants and animals will lose their homes, and more importantly it can

cause pollution of water and air with dangerous and toxic chemicals (Kinsella, 2007).

There are many questions about the safety of of making virgin paper like “How can a

product that is so interwoven in our lives have such devastating effects? And how can

we stop or slow it down the consequences?” All of this caught the attention of the

Environmental Paper Network (EPN) in 2002. The EPN is a non-profit organization with

a group of members that have one common goal, “socially and environmentally

sustainable transformation within the pulp and paper industry.” The way they will

accomplish this, they will define 4 major key points: minimize paper consumpions,

source fiber responsibly, maximize recycled content and employ cleaner production

practice. The Paper Industry violates land rights in many places where fiber for paper is

sourced in both plantation establishment and natural forests with the consent of the

local people (Sheehan, 2007). The Industry's actually compete for forests and water, by

doing that they harm natural resources and cause health threatening pollution. As of

2005, electric utilities is the top toxic release inventory, 47% to be exact of air pollution,

following that 20% is other substance, 13% is chemicals, 12% is paper, and 4% is both

Transportation Equipment and Plastic. The Papermaking Industry used about 12% of
total manufacturing energy use in the United States. This is much better then 1998

when they use to use 84% of total manufacturing energy use, and we should thank

environmental regulations such as the Clean Air and Water Act, Cluster Rules and the

Endangered species Act. Thank to them, paper mills have cleaned up a lot, they dont

drop any dirty liquid waste into streams rivers or lakes.(EPN, 2007) Even with the help

of these environmental regulations, paper industry, with its chemical intensity is at or

near the top for the manufacture industry that produces the most pollution. The

Industry's don't just destroy the forests, but the cause greenhouse gases, which we

know makes the atmosphere weak (Mills, 2007). This isn’t a surprise that Paper

production, besides fiber, is the most resource-intensive and highly polluting of all

manufacturing industries (Ives, 2007) In the US alone, paper is the largest user per ton

of product of industrial process water and is third for most energy consumed (Ford,

2007). This makes sense since tons of paper have to be made for lots of schools and

business, even though they are trying to go ‘paperless’ (Martin, 2007). The US paper

industry released about 318,000 tons of nitrogen oxides in 2001. They ranked fifth in the

top industries that release nitrogen oxide, they aren't far behind ground transportation,

fossil fuel electric power, concrete industries, and oil and gas extraction (Rycroft,

2007).Pollution specifically towards our water supplies are going to be the main focus of

environmental pollution. The environment that is going to be focused on is the great

lakes which supply humans with an abundant amount of water. The great lakes could

be considered our main water supply and pollution from the big paper industry is slowly

killing it.
 Eugene Park focuses on a collaboration of many teams attempting to find a

solution to the problem of pollution by the paper companies. The main focuses are the

great lakes. The research was done by a collaboration of the U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency and New York Department of Environmental Conservation, the New

York State Pollution Prevention Institute (NYSP2I) worked with pulp & paper companies

in the Great Lakes Basin. The main reason they are focusing on the great lakes are

because they are the main water supply(EPA,2017). This can be troubling as we

depend on this for clean drinking water and to be continuing to contaminate this source

can be detrimental. Another organization also says “​Pulp and paper mills use a variety

of chemical substances potentially hazardous to human health”(PubMed,2010).

Knowing that there are carcinogenic substances within their product they still dump it

into our drinking supply(Finch,2014). The main focus of the research was to see if there

was a way that they can reduce the dumping of the chemicals from the paper pulp into

the water source. This also shows the struggle of making raw virgin paper pulp. The

outcome was a multitude of ways the company could reuse the chemicals. One

company was able to make a solvent recycling program which saved them 180,208

kWH and about 9000$ worth of savings(​Pollution Prevention,2017).​ Although this was

quite successful that company discontinued their work with the solvent recycling. They

might have stopped however in the end they found a way to reduce the amount of

chemicals from being dumped into the lake. However a different company who had
changed their shower head equipment was able to save 158,148 kWh per year. In the

end the author was successful in his research of finding ways to sustain the great lakes

and the air. This shows that no matter how difficult that there are ways we can stop from

polluting our environment further. It shows that all of us need to take a hand in the

movement and continue to find ways to have a futuristic clean environment in which our

future generations will be able to live clean and healthy lives. We also need to think

about the fate of our planet as its the only one we have right now(Harvey,2016). This

relevancy of this study is on point, we have been struggling with ur environment since

we started the industrial revolution and its only been going deeper into rock bottom. We

have not had one year since then that we have gone down with all of our pollution.

There also have been thousands of other articles released about our environment and

how its going rotten. We can also take a look at the ice caps and how they are melting

and killing off species such as polar bears due to no land being available( WWF,2018).

We can also relate this to colleges that have many programs and courses who have

attempted to find problems with our pollution and solve them such as recycling

machines or plant a tree day in which they plant a tree in neighborhoods for the sake of

keeping our planet healthy. air pollution is not only affecting the planet. It can also affect

human lives. This is why we need to get a grip now before it's too late.

This next article will focus on the THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION

AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR CONTROL(E.J. Cassell, 1968). Air pollution is an

interesting topic to talk about since pollution is just the beginning of something much
worse if we continue the path of destroying the Earth (Cassell, 1968). As we study more

about this problem, scientist aren't just looking for one substance that is accountable for

the health effects on air pollution, but are looking for and trying to understand the overall

chemistry occurring in the atmosphere and the result in the chemistry in the animals and

our human health. We have figured out that there isn't just one thing that causes

pollution, but rather many numerous things such as infections, hereditary predisposition,

and cigarette smoking. During our human history we had have many air pollution

disasters, although the list isn't that long, we should still be casus and aware so we

won't happen again. The first incident was in Meuse Valley, Belgium, 1930; then

following many incidents like Donora, Pennsylvania, 1948; Poza Rica, Mexico, 1950;

and London, 1952 and 1962 (Cassell, 1968). All of these were unplanned and scientist

say impressive. The Meuse Valley, Donora and London incidents all have something in

common, the air pollution was frequent but did not cause a great mortality or morbidity.

The final article that will be by the the american lung association. In this article

they will be focusing on the effects of air pollution on human health. This article also

focuses on how urban areas where poverty is high and the correlation with higher

respiratory diseases. The article acknowledges the fact that families who live in urban

area’s are much more likely to develop these ill effects(Katz,2012). This is due to big

corporations locating near homes of the poverty stricken families. They also go into how

as children these kids would experienced decreased lung function. At such a young age

these ill effects are detrimental as oxygen is a necessity to humans and if they can't
process it then they are essentially deprived of a basic necessity. According to Science

Daily “​Low oxygen levels in cells may be a primary cause of uncontrollable tumor

growth in some cancers, according to a new University of Georgia study. “The authors'

findings run counter to widely accepted beliefs that genetic mutations are responsible

for cancer growth.”(University of Georgia,2012). This means that air pollution is

essentially the cause of cancer, and although its not proven the article also states that

there is definitely a link between air pollution and cancer. Also according to Inverse ​ “A​ir

pollution in ​China​ appears to have improved over the past year, though it’s still really,

really bad. Last month Beijing saw ​smog so thick​ that just breathing for a day was as

unhealthy as smoking 40 cigarettes.” (Ronson,2017). This shows the true deadly effects

that air pollution can cause. In our age pollution is prevalent as ever as many

businesses are being built and the need for supplies are increased with population.

China is a great example as well according to NCBI china has double the amount of

lung cancer than america at 21% compared to the us which is 15% (NCBI,2012).

Although china has a bigger population you can see there is a correlation with their

pollution problem and lung cancer problem(NCBI,2012). The last part of the article

mentions how minorities are more increased risk to the ill effects of air pollution and its

basically due to their social status. The article wants to relay the message about how

low social status families are being treated unfairly and at the cost of their own lives

they try and live giving them low chances in life and something needs to be done.
 In most parts of the world an essential item to life is paper, you can go to

any office or school and it is guaranteed that you will see paper. Unless you live

in a rural area or in an isolated area you most likely will see paper everywhere

you go. We use it to communicate and to teach our future leaders either by giving

worksheets in class or getting mail from your grandmother on your birthday. We

depend on it so much yet it’s one of the main reasons why our planet is suffering.

This is why we need to recycle, it could possibly save us the pain of losing our

planet to pollution. Not many people are aware of the toxic air that are killing kids

prematurely all around the globe and giving them toxic are to

breath(Harvey,2016). If those reasons don’t convince you another main reason

we should recycle is because it can save us money.

The earth and the humans on it are all in danger of dying before they even

get a chance to grow up(Sifferlin,2017). This is due to the many mistakes by

humans and scientist are even begging to stop the destruction of the

earth.(Starkey,2017) According to Department of environmental protection “In

addition, long-term exposure to air pollution can cause cancer and damage to the

immune, neurological, reproductive, and respiratory systems. In extreme cases, it

can even cause death.” (Department of environmental protection,2018). When

asking my fellow peers if they had any knowledge of the ill effects of the repeated

exposure they were in shock. This shows that we are not truly educated on the

topic of pollution and need to further expand the movement to expand the

knowledge of others on the facts that pollution can cause major problems. A

major problem as of right now is climate change. The ice caps melting have

caused a plethora of problems. One of the main problems is are the polar bears

being endangered due to there being no land for them to rest upon and in turn

drowning. They are also unable to find food as there is almost no land to search

on and they end up starving. The reason for this is the melting of the ice caps

which has caused sea levels to rise. This can be serious as according to NAT

GEO “If we keep burning fossil fuels indefinitely, global warming will eventually

melt all the ice at the poles and on mountaintops, raising sea level by 216 feet”.

(Nat Geo, 2013). The main concern however with the water and temperature

levels rising is the increased power of natural disasters. According to The

Weather guys “The secret energy source of a hurricane is the large latent heat of

water”( Weather Guys editor,2012). This means as we continue to pollute the air

we are continuously ending our lives. Many people disagree with global warming

and the main argument as of right now is “ If global warming exist why was it

snowing near the spring and why was it still snowing”. The problem with this

argument is that they are referring to the weather which is for our own area.

Climate change is the overall area and when scientist say global warming or

climate change they are referring to how we are experiencing more extreme
warm days to cold days. According to Climate signals we are experiencing more

record high temperatures vs lower ones(Climate Nexus,2018).

Another reason we need to develop a society that recycles is because its

a health hazard to not only creatures but to all of us. As I mentioned before it can

cause us to develop problems such as cancer or worsen respiratory problems.

This also means that anyone with problems with their lungs will be agitate even

more and may cause problems we can't fix with medicine. Although recycled

paper does have a problem with bacteria being grown within the recycling

compounds, however the bacteria is close to not being harmful to us humans.

According to paper net “While the amounts of bacteria found would likely have

little effect on healthy people”(Papernet,2015) A great example of something

harmful is china with their giant smog cloud covering their city. According to

Inverse “Air pollution in China appears to have improved over the past year,

though it’s still really, really bad. Last month Beijing saw smog so thick that just

breathing for a day was as unhealthy as smoking 40 cigarettes.” (Ronson,2017).

This is truly appalling, this problem is so bad that entrepreneurs are actually

selling air to the chinese people. The worst part is that they are als​o selling air

within restaurants. When someone can make a profit on a basic necessity that

should be the warning sign that something is going wrong. This currently is only

happening in china where the population is much bigger than the US. The state

that china is in is only a matter of time that it will spread to the rest of the worlds
 causing a apocalypse. Although that sounds very absurd it very well could

happen. When our resources are depleted and we are having trouble regrowing

those resources we will be put in another great depression.

The last reason we should recycle is because it could save us some

money. It is true that the worth of recycled material is declining and cost more to

recycle the material versus putting it in a dump(florio,2015). This is true, however

According to Kumar “The amount of energy reduced by reusing paper rather than

manufacturing it from scratch is nearly sixty percent. The cost of manufacturing is

also reduced.”(Kumar,2011). This saves the environment and your wallet and

although it might not be directly saving materials its saving other resources being

used and that is in the long run causing pollution. Electricity is 47% of pollution

caused(Ives). This means by saving on electricity we as a whole can save money

and the environment at the same time. By recycling we can also change the way

schools run, they could get that new renovation they need. School kids always

complain about school lunches being bad and with all the money they save they

can get healthier foods to help the kids eat healthy with good tasting food. This is

only one of the many possibilities.

Materials you would need are basic construction tools which are hammers, nails,

a drill,a saw, and a tape measure. You will also need a price computing digital scale by

esophorus. We will also need to get the incentive that the people chose to have.
 Air Pollution is a common topic with the link to global warming or climate change

but not a lot of people are doing anything or don’t realize that most of a landfill trash can

be recycled. San Diego miramar landfill had 76% of recyclable materials that

should not have been thrown out and that people are getting lazy and it is becoming a

serious problem. An example of this already taking effect is the air pollution in china and

the air quality so bad that breathing the air for a day is equivalent to smoking 40

cigarettes. The materials that were chosen are for the creation of a basic model that will

show the people what is happening and give an example of how it will work so that they

have a visual of the machine and understanding of what will happen with their paper.

The machine will only be a prototype and show the basics of the machine and we will

also show how the actual machine will be designed and how it will function. We also

wanted to create a basic model so that the users can get a good idea of what they have

and how much all that paper they are throwing away could be worth and how just by

recycling small amounts they can still bring a big impact.

First an online survey will be created based on user opinions on what rewards

they would prefer for their recycled paper. Based on the response of the users, we will

create a program that will keep users interested but able to create revenue at the same

time. Then create an incentive program based on the results created by user feedback

on surveys. When creating incentive program make sure that they are profitable but still

tempting enough to continue the donations of paper.

 We also recommend that you use safety protocols while using the tools as it can

be hazardous and can severely injure a person if handled incorrectly. Proper safety

equipment such as glasses and gloves are highly recommended as they will prevent

common injuries. Also do not attempt to use tools that you are not familiar with. Ask an

adult or a person with experience of using the tools. This will also prevent injury to self

and other who might be working with you.

Our project has limitations based on funding and deals and the people who will

participate in the testing. Some of which include the time of the year specifically near

the end of the school year where students will be emptying their folders and old school

work. This might seem good however this would mean that we might only get paper

during that time which can be bad as we need a steady flow of paper to keep the

machine running. Another type of limitation we have and will always have is money. The

biggest problem is to be able to make a profit for this machine and being able to make is

eco friendly at the same time. We are currently looking to find a way to make the

incentive great enough for people to want to use it however we still want to make it

profitable so that whoever wants to install the machine will have a reason to want to put

it in. Another limitation and the most important one is the fact that we have to try to build

a prototype which we lack the skills to create such complex machine. We also lack the

funding to start the project itself. We also need to test if people would go for the

incentive because there would be no point of continuing if no one would even recycle in
the first place. We could try a survey but a survey could be misleading as some may

say they will do it but may not do it.

The data we are going to receive is very important to how our project will run.

When we do get the data we plan to create a program adapted to our results as it’s the

people who we need to reach out to. We will be able to determine what people want and

adapt the rewards that are given after recycling a certain amount. We also will use the

statistic of how much paper is being used by the schools in bridgeport to calculate the

success of the program. We also plan to use the information to create awareness of air

pollution and its effects to human health. This will cause students and parents to

understand that doing something as simple as throwing your paper in a recycling bin

can impact the air quality by a ton. The point of the machine is to create awareness of

air pollution and its problems of causing respiratory disease and premature births and if

the machine fails to make money and launch but still provides information and causes

change then it was a success.

 This is a gantt chart, and it is supposed to show what our tasks are and when we

plan on completing them. As it shows we plan on building our model throughout the

semester. Also to finish our lit review by half of the semester, and we also plan on

getting mentors and gathering material for the model before october. Once we get our

mentor we plan on meeting up with them time from time throughout the rest of the

semester. By the time the semester is over and when Expo is coming up we want to be

fully complete with our physical model.

 This is why you need our machine the PaperMach. It will give schools and

students the chance to reduce their carbon footprint. The machine will gives

student the chance to get some cash in their pockets to do what they need, say

they want a snack well they can throw away their old papers and get money

while at the same time feeling good about it. When someone recycles in those

blue bins they don’t know where it goes but with PaperMach we will tell them

where it’s going and give them a range of options to do with their cash. They can

donate to charity or start a college fund a little at a time. We will offer students

and schools a chance to be better. We have also developed a plan where it's

going to be profitable to where recycling companies and schools will work

together to help our environment. We also plan to make this public so that paper

can be recycled everywhere just like bottle recycling machines at the grocery

store. This machine will lead our future generations to have the pollution free

world that they deserve and that we would want for them. This is the big step

towards the perfect world. “It Pays to Be Green”

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