Chapter 2
• Define culture and its three levels and explain the role it plays in
leadership
• Apply the following models of national culture to leadership
situations:
– Hall’s cultural context
– Hofstede’s dimensions
– Trompenaars’s model
– GLOBE
Organizational Organizational
culture culture
Organizational
Group culture culture Group culture
Organizational
culture
Group culture
Rituals
Tone
Body of voice
posture
Unstated Verbal
Vague messages
expectations agreements Stated
The expectations
situation
Status Written
Titles documents
Previous Specific
agreements
Nonverbals interactions
Trust
• Individualism—collectivism
• Power distance
• Uncertainty avoidance
• Masculinity
• Time orientation
In individualistic cultures
• Individual is autonomous from the
group
• Personal goals have priority over group
goals
• Individual attitudes determine behavior
• Relationships are based on exchange
• Others are far and not part of self
In collectivistic cultures
• Individual is dependent on in-group
• Group goals have priority over
individual goals
• Social norms determine behavior
• Relationships are based on
communal terms
• In-group members are close
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education 2-10
Individualism—Collectivism
Vertical Horizontal
individualist (VI) individualist (HI)
• Each individual • Each individual
considered considered unique
unique
• Each individual • All members are
is equal to others equal
Hierarchical
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education 2-14
GLOBE Dimensions
H: Humane orientation
H: Humane In-group collectivism
orientation
Hi: In-group
collectivism
L: Performance
H: Assertiveness, in-group and future,
Kazakhstan
Guatemala
El Salvador
Costa Rica
Venezuela
Argentina
Columbia
Hungary
Slovenia
America
Georgia
Eastern
Ecuador
collectivism, gender
Albania
Europe
Greece
institutional
Poland
Mexico
Russia
Bolivia
Brazil
Latin
egalitarianism collectivism,
L: performance orientation uncertainty
avoidance
H: Future orientation,
H: Performance orientation, institutional
assertiveness, future collectivism, gender
orientation, and uncertainty egalitarianism, and
avoidance uncertainty
L: Humane orientation avoidance
L: Assertiveness, in-
group collectivism
H: Performance orientation,
assertiveness, future
orientation, uncertainty H: Performance
avoidance orientation
L: Human orientation, in- L: In-group
group collectivism Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education collectivism
17
2-17
GLOBE CLTs
• Self-presentation
• Verbal and nonverbal cues
• Interpersonal interactions
Behavior • Address cultural issues
• Interpersonal skills
• Communication skills
Skills • Language competencies
Accountability
Organizational Research and
culture
measurement
Recruiting
Education
&
training
Similar role models